Earth and Space News: Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings, Ajanta Rain Gardens, Bhimbetka Rain Gardens

Summary: Ancient artisans of Bhimbetka rock shelters and Bhimbetka rain gardens are perhaps ancestors of Ajanta cave wall paintings and Ajanta rain gardens.

Bhimbetka Rock Shelter 9 (No. III C-30) depicts a white horse (right) facing yellow, white and green floral designs (left), described by English photographer Kevin Standage as representing a flower pot, three white lotus flowers, two white buds and two green leaves (Kevin Standage Photography, March 3, 2018); Bhimbetka rock shelters, Madhya Pradesh, central India; Saturday, Sep. 17, 2016, 12:21: Vijay Tiwari, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Central-north India accommodates the Bhimbetka rock shelters and their natural, unofficial Bhimbetka rain gardens, perhaps artisanal antecedents of Ajanta cave wall paintings and their natural, unofficial Ajanta rain gardens of central-west India.

Natural processes of erosion, landslides and settlement and of succession vegetation respectively built the Bhimbetka rock shelters and their surrounding Bhimbetka rain gardens in Madhya Pradesh. Itinerant artisans and monks constructed the Ajanta caves, created Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures and perhaps cultivated natural Ajanta rain gardens in north-central Maharashtra state. The red- and white-painted, 1,000- to 30,000-year-old art in the 100,000-year-old Bhimbetka rock shelters depicts little of the surrounding animals and plants apart tigers (Panthera tigris).

Black-, blue-, green-, red-, white- and yellow-pigmented, 1,600- to 2,300-year-old Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures elaborate few animals and plants evident in Ajanta rain gardens.

Ancient artisans featured foragers felled by farmers and hunters in Bhimbetka rain gardens that still favor 4,677.71-acre (1,893-hectare) Bhimbetka rock shelters and 25,402.43-acre (10,280-hectare) buffer zones.

Ajanta rain gardens and Buddha's (from Sanskrit बुद्ध, "awakened") reincarnations generated iconic banyan, bodhi, elephants, horses, snakes and tigers in Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures. Ajanta rain gardens and Bhimbetka rain gardens have some common animals with Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures and Bhimbetka rock shelters and some common plants. Their incidence by village farmers, from seed dispersals and through wildlife pollinators impedes water erosion and increases atmospheric and soil holding capacities for surface stormwater runoff.

Construction and traffic jeopardize rainfall and runoff journeying downward for soil food webs and upward for atmospheric evaporation in Ajanta rain gardens and Bhimbetka rain gardens.

Semi-cultivated, semi-wild, unofficial Bhimbetka rain gardens traditionally kindle almondette (achar locally, Buchanania lanzan scientifically), Assyrian plum (gondi lasora, Cordia myxa) and banyan fig (bargad, Ficus benghalensis).

Bhimbetka rain gardens traditionally lodge Bengal quince (bel, Aegle marmelos), bitter oleander (kari girdu, Holarrhena antidysenterica), black acacia (khair, Senegalia catechu) and black plum (jamun, Syzygium cumini). They maintain bodhi (pipal, Ficus religiosa), cluster fig (gular, Ficus racemosa), dove tree (haldu, Haldina cordifolia), false myrobalan (bahera, Terminalia bellirica) and flame-of-the-forest (palas, Butea monosperma). They traditionally nurtured near Bhimbetka rock shelters gray downy balsam (gurjan, Garuga pinnata), green ebony persimmon (tendu, Diospyros tomentosa) and Indian butter (mahua, Bassia latifolia) trees.

Bhimbetka rain gardens traditionally offer Indian cedar (tun, Cedrela toona), Indian gooseberry (aonla, Phyllanthus emblica), Indian laburnum (amaltas, Cassia fistula) and Indian laurel (saj, Terminalia tomentosa).

Bhimbetka rain gardens possess male bamboo (bans, Dendrocalamus strictus), mango (am, Mangifera indica), milk-tree (khirni, Mimusops hexandra), mountain-ebony (kachnar, Bauhinia variegata) and neem (nim, Azadirachta indica).

Bhimbetka rain gardens quicken night-flowering jasmine (harsingar, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis), north Indian rosewood (shisham, Dalbergia sissoo), queen dogbane (dudhai, Wrightia tomentosa) and red date (ber, Ziziphus jujuba). They reap near Bhimbetka rock shelters red silk-cotton (semal, Bombax ceiba), tamarind (imli, Tamarindus indica), teak (sagun, Tectona grandis) and wild date palm (khajur, Phoenix sylvestris). Nothing suggests sure sources for Ajanta cave wall paintings and Ajanta rain gardens seeming respectively dissimilar and similar to Bhimbetka rock shelters and Bhimbetka rain gardens.

Ajanta rain gardens transported rainfall away from Ajanta cave wall paintings and toward cisterns even as Bhimbetka rain gardens transported runoff away from Bhimbetka rock shelters.

Annual vines such as lacy-fringed, white flowered snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina) number among thriving flora in Bhimbetka's natural rain gardens; Bhimbetka rock shelters, Madhya Pradesh, central India; Saturday, Sep. 17, 2016, 11:09: Vijay Tiwari, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

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"World Heritage Sites - About Ajanta Caves 01 to 29." Archeological Survey of India > Monuments > World Heritage Site > Ajanta > About Caves.
Available @ https://web.archive.org/web/20120501151253/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ajanta_caves.asp

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Friday, January 10, 2020

Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings, Ajanta Rain Gardens, Bhimbetka Rain Gardens

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