Maunakea Astronomers Ally Disrupted and Ultra-Compact Dwarf Galaxies

Summary: Maunakea astronomers accessing Gemini North telescope ally disrupted and ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs), whose assembly Nature Nov. 8, 2023 avails.

"God talks to human beings through many vectors: through each other, through organized religion, through the great books of those religions, through wise people, through art and music and literature and poetry, but nowhere with such detail and grace and color and joy as through creation. When we destroy a species, when we destroy a special place, we're diminishing our capacity to sense the divine, understand who God is and what our own potential is." Robert Francis Kennedy Jr., April 19, 2023, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts.

“And there’s many people out there who want us to move to the next planet already and I’m like, hang on, let’s not give up on this planet yet," William, Prince of Wales, July 31, 2023, Sorted Food food truck, London, England, United Kingdom.

The altitude-azimuth mounted, 8.1-meter (foot) diameter Gemini North and Gemini South telescopes accommodate world-only large-telescope silver-coated primary mirrors. The Gemini North Observatory aestheticizes snow-tipped Maunakea of Hawaii County and island in Hawaii state (from Hawaiian mauna kea, “mountain white”; ha wai ‘i, “breath life-force supreme”) even as the Gemini South Observatory aestheticizes the Chilean summit Cerro Pachon (from Latin cirrus, “crest, tuft” via Spanish cerro, “hill”; Spanish pachón, “shaggy, slow”); "Gemini North Telescope. Mauna Kea Summit, Big Island, Hawaii, United States," Wednesday, Oct. 29, 2014, 17:16: Robert Linsdell from St. Andrews, Canada, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en, via Wikimedia Commons

Maunakea astronomers accessing Gemini North telescope ally disrupted and ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs), whose assembly Nature journal article An evolutionary continuum from nucleated dwarf galaxies to star clusters avails Nov. 8, 2023.

The afore-mentioned, 24-author article by Kaixiang Wang et al. builds from data brought forth by the Maunakea-based (from Hawaiian mauna kea, “mountain white”) Gemini North telescope. The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey by the Canada-France-Hawai’i Telescope collected images concerning UCD candidates among galactic thousands constellation Virgo-ward (from Latin virgō, “[marriageable-age, sexually-inexperienced] maiden”). That telescope does not distinguish between star envelope-surrounded UCDs and background galaxies far beyond the Virgo Cluster even as spectroscopic studies done with Gemini North do.

Spectroscopic (from Latin specie, “to look at, observe, watch” via spectrum, “appearance, apparition, image”; Greek σκοπεύω, “to behold, examine, inspect”) studies enabled eliminating beyond-Virgo background galaxies.

Blue-shifted and red-shifted light furnished by spectroscopic studies respectively feature galaxies figuring gravitational pull Milky Way-ward and fitting earlier and farther in a Big Bang-expanded universe.

Gemini-North gleanings guarded dwarf galaxies, with ultra-compact central-star clusters, in early stages of transformation processes generated by proximitous massive galaxies gravitating away outer-layer gas and stars. They harvested late-stage UCDs, compacter than other, similar-massed galaxies but simultaneously larger than the large-grouped, self-gravitated star clusters with which they have the closest, classification-hastening resemblances. They included many objects within diffuse, extended stellar envelopes that identify them as in the transitioning throes that dark matter- and star-stripping issues initiate and institute.

Maunakea astronomers with two telescopes, the Gemini North and the Canada-France-Hawai’i, jubilate dwarf galaxies in the Virgo Cluster journeying evolutionarily into disrupted and ultra-compact dwarf galaxies.

The astronomy community worldwide knows about dwarf galaxies since their discovery in 1937 by Harvard College Observatory head (1921-1952) Harlow Shapley (Nov. 2, 1885-Oct. 20, 1972).

The American scientist located the Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy through the 24-inch (60.96-centimeter) Bruce refractor at Boyden Observatory in Maselspoort, Mangaung municipality, Free State province, South Africa. Michael Sandoval and Richard Vo, as San José State University undergraduate students in San Jose, California, manifested UCDs, as densest galaxies ever met observationally, in 2014. The astronomy community immediately nestled UCDs in the classification niche of fossil, high-density, low-mass remnants of ancient dwarf galaxies niched near massive galaxies in galaxy clusters.

Maunakea astronomers obtained galaxies observable Virgo Cluster and beyond by Gemini North but only disrupted and ultra-compact dwarf galaxies by Canada-France-Hawaii Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey.

Maunakea-telescoped images and subsequent spectroscopic studies present evolutionary progress, by environmental transformation perpetrated by proximitous massive galaxies, of dwarf galaxies, through different stage-transitioning objects, to UCDs.

Massive globular cluster-like UCDs’ complex star-formation histories, elevated mass-to-light ratios, stellar-enveloped extensions, supermassive black holes perhaps quarter ancient compact or tidally stripped dwarf galaxies’ star-cluster remnants. One-hundred-and-six Virgo-Cluster galaxies morphologically between normal, nucleated galaxies and single-component UCDs, between size-gapped star clusters and galaxies, remain as stripped-satellite galaxies starting pericentrically around massive galaxies. Some such UCDs suggest evolutionary-path early phases as nucleated ultra-diffuse galaxies in their passages elliptically, proximitously around massive galaxies and in their tidal-stripped, tidal-ultra-diffuse tidal features.

Maunakea astronomers team high-density, high half-light, red-shifted tidal-stripped structures spatially tailing tremendous-sized galaxies to theorize disrupted and ultra-compact dwarf galaxies as transformed, traumatized, troubled dwarf galaxies.

Its images of background galaxies to the Virgo Cluster of galaxies articulating different evolutionary phases from dwarf galaxies to disrupted and ultra-compact dwarf galaxies arise from its Canada-France-Hawai'i telescope in white-domed, white-walled Canada-France-Hawaii Observatory atop snow-tipped Maunakea (from Hawaiian mauna kea, "mountain white"). Spectroscopic studies of such images arise from the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer, alike in its white dome and white walls; comparison of (left) Canada-France-Hawai'i telescope (CFHT) and Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE), sourced from Doug Simons, Executive Director, CFHT: CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

The altitude-azimuth mounted, 8.1-meter (foot) diameter Gemini North and Gemini South telescopes accommodate world-only large-telescope silver-coated primary mirrors. The Gemini North Observatory aestheticizes snow-tipped Maunakea of Hawaii County and island in Hawaii state (from Hawaiian mauna kea, “mountain white”; ha wai ‘i, “breath life-force supreme”) even as the Gemini South Observatory aestheticizes the Chilean summit Cerro Pachon (from Latin cirrus, “crest, tuft” via Spanish cerro, “hill”; Spanish pachón, “shaggy, slow”); "Gemini North Telescope. Mauna Kea Summit, Big Island, Hawaii, United States," Wednesday, Oct. 29, 2014, 17:16: Robert Linsdell from St. Andrews, Canada, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gemini_North_Telescope._Mauna_Kea_Summit_(503906)_(21639393669).jpg;
Robert Linsdell (Bob Linsdell), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/boblinsdell/21639393669/

Its images of background galaxies to the Virgo Cluster of galaxies articulating different evolutionary phases from dwarf galaxies to disrupted and ultra-compact dwarf galaxies arise from its Canada-France-Hawai'i telescope in white-domed, white-walled Canada-France-Hawaii Observatory atop snow-tipped Maunakea (from Hawaiian mauna kea, "mountain white"). Spectroscopic studies of such images arise from the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer, alike in its white dome and white walls; comparison of (left) Canada-France-Hawai'i telescope (CFHT) and Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE), sourced from Doug Simons, Executive Director, CFHT: CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maunakea_Spectroscopic_Explorer_will_look_similar_to_CFHT.png

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