Uranian Moon Bianca Was Discovered Jan. 23, 1986, in Voyager 2 Images

Summary: Uranian moon Bianca was discovered in images taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.

Bianca, new Uranian satellite discovered Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, in discovery image obtained by NASA's Voyager 2 robotic space probe: NASA, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Uranian moon Bianca was discovered in images acquired Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the interstellar and planetary space probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.

Bianca participates is the group of 11 satellites of Uranus that Voyager 2 imaged during the robotic interstellar spacecraft's flyby of the cyan-colored, planetary side-spinner, Uranus, from late autumn 1985 through winter 1986. The Voyager 2 probe's observational encounter with the Uranian system from Monday, Nov. 4, 1985, to Tuesday, Feb. 25, 1986, yielded more than 7,000 photographs for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Voyager Science Imaging Team, according to John Uri, NASA Johnson Space Center's History Office manager, in "35 Years Ago: Voyager 2 Explores Uranus," posted Jan. 22, 2021, on the NASA website.

The discovery of the new Uranian satellite by way of Voyager images taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, was revealed in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4168, dated Jan. 27, 1986, by the publication's editor, British lost asteroid and comet tracker Brian G. (Geoffrey) Marsden (Aug. 5, 1937-Nov. 18, 2010). The discovery information was detailed y American planetary astronomer and Voyager mission lead imaging scientist B.A. (Bradford Adelbert) Smith (Sep. 22, 1931-July 3, 2018) on behalf of the Voyager Science Imaging Team. As the ninth Uranian satellite discovered in 1986, the yet-unnamed Bianca was designated provisionally as S/1986 U9, as stated in the circular from the IAU's Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT). Bianca was profiled with a revolution period of 10.38 hours and an orbital semimajor axis, or, primary body-to-secondary (orbiting) body mean distance, of 59,100 kilometers; and a satellite radius of 50 kilometers.

The satellite radius was corrected to the satellite diameter of 50 kilometers, according to Marsden's "Corrigendum" in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4165, dated Jan. 17, 1986. The satellite's estimated diameter subsequently was confirmed at 50 kilometers by recalculations occasioned by a newly measured albedo of approximately 0.05 for Puck (provisionally designated S/1985 U1; systemic Roman numeral designation Uranus XV, abbreviated UXV), according to IAUC No. 4168, dated Jan. 27, 1968.

The two-camera system carried by Voyager 2 features a wide-angle camera with a focal length (f) of 1500 millimeters (mm)and a narrow-angle camera with a focal length of 200 millimeters. As with all Uranian satellites imaged by Voyager 2, Bianca emerged in 15.36-second exposures obtained by the space probe's narrow-angle camera, according to W.M. Owen Jr. and S.P. Synnott in "Orbits of the Ten Small Satellites of Uranus" (page 1268), published in the May 1987 issue of The Astronomical Journal.

"Discovery Image of Satellite 1986 U 10 of Uranus, Erich Karkoschka, University of Arizona, May 1999, Image Taken by Voyager 2 on January 23, 1986," image taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 spacecraft's narrow-angle camera shows (third arrow; left edge) designation of Bianca, with arrow pointing to its location; image credit Voyager 2, NASA, Erich Karkoschka (U. Arizona): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Bianca is considered an inner satellite. The Uranian system's 13 inner satellites orbit within the orbit of Miranda, the innermost and smallest of the system's five major moons. Bianca's orbit falls within the ε (epsilon) and ν (nu) rings, the respectively 11th and 12th outermost rings in the Uranian system.

Bianca participates in the Portia Group of Uranian satellites. The nine-member group is headed by and named after its largest member, Portia (S/1986 U1). The group's other seven members are Belinda (S/1986 U5), Cressida (S/1986 U3), Cupid (S/2003 U2), Desdemona (S/1986 U6), Juliet (S/1986 U2), Perdita (S/1986 U10) and Rosalind (S/1986 U 4). The group shares similar orbits and photometric properties, as explained in "Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope," published in the May 2001 issue of Icarus by the group's definer and namer, Erich Karkoschka, planetary scientist at the University of Arizona's (Arizona; U of A; UArizona; UA) Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL) in Tucson, Pima County, south central Arizona.

Bianca and Portia Group members Belinda, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet and Rosalind present a "nearly neutral response" at the wavelength range of 1.5 to 2.0 μm in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The findings source from a multiband photometric analysis of images of the inner Uranian system obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope's (HST) Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) and Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS), as shared by French observatory scientist Christophe Dumas, American planetary astronomer and Voyager mission lead imaging scientist Bradford A. Smith (Sep. 22, 1931-July 3, 2018) and American simulation hypothesis supporter and Voyager mission scientist Richard J. (John) Terrile (born March 22, 1951) in "Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Multiband Photometry of Proteus and Puck" (page 1083), published in the August 2003 issue of The Astronomical Journal. The authors acknowledge Erich Karkoschka's previous formation of the Portia Group in 2001 on the basis of "similar photometric behavior."

Short-term and long-term orbital instability and the potential for such "chaotic behavior" as orbit crossings or collisions characterize the Portia Group, as determined by American planetary astronomer Richard G. French, American astrophysicist Rebekah I. (Ilene) Dawson and American planetary astronomer Mark R. Showalter in "Resonances, Chaos, and Short-Term Interactions Among the Inner Uranian Satellites" and published in the April 2015 issue of The Astronomical Journal. Portia Group member pairings occur. Interactions with nearest neighbor Cressida dominate Bianca's orbital variations. Cressida exhibits "coupled behavior" with both Bianca and Cressida's closest neighbor, Desdemona. Bianca, Cressida and Desdemona comprise an "interlocked trio" in which not only do Biance-sourced perturbations potentially effect orbital chaos in interactions between Cressida and Desdemona but also perturbations by Desdemona potentially and chaotically disrupt interactions between Bianca and Cressida, according to the team's research.

The Portia Group's nine members crowd between the ε (epsilon) ring and the outermost μ (mu) ring. Their "tightly packed" orbits cover a radial span of 20,000 kilometers, as determined in "Resonances, Chaos, and Short-Term Interactions Among the Inner Uranian Satellites."

Bianca namesakes the sister of Katherine, the lead female character in The Taming of the Shrew, a comic play first published in 1600 by Elizabethan poet William Shakespeare (bapt. April 26, 1564-April 23, 1616). The satellite's name exemplifies the convention of naming the Uranian system's satellites after characters from Shakespearean plays or from "Rape of the Lock," a satirical narrative poem first published anonymously in May 1712 by Enlightenment era poet, satirist and translator Alexander Pope (May 21, 1688-May 30, 1744), according to "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers" on the International Astronomical Union's U.S. Geological Survey-managed Gazeteer of Planetary Nomenclature website.

The International Astronomical Union additionally identified 27 Uranian satellites with systemic Roman numeral designations I to XXVII. Bianca is designated Uranus VIII, abbreviated as UVIII.

Scott Sander Sheppard (born Feb. 19, 1977), an American astronomer with the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, DC, discovered the Uranian system's 28th satellite on Saturday, Nov. 4, 2023. The outer satellite, which has a diameter of 8 kilometers and an orbital period of 680 days, has received the temporary designation of S/2023 U1, according to "New moons of Uranus and Neptune announced," posted as Breaking News Feb. 23, 2024, on the Carnegie Institution of Science website.

Images were taken Monday, July 28, 1997, with second (right) obtained 90 minutes after the first, by NASA Hubble Space Telescope's Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS); annotated image (right) identifies eight of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites as (top, clockwise) Belinda, Puck (upper right), Portia, Bianca, Cressida, Juliet, Desdemona and Rosalind; image credit NASA/JPL/STScI; image Addition Date: 1999-05-21: May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Bianca, new Uranian satellite discovered Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, in discovery image obtained by NASA's Voyager 2 robotic space probe: NASA, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inset-ura_bianca-large.gif

"Discovery Image of Satellite 1986 U 10 of Uranus, Erich Karkoschka, University of Arizona, May 1999, Image Taken by Voyager 2 on January 23, 1986," image taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 spacecraft's narrow-angle camera shows (third arrow; left edge) designation of Bianca, with arrow pointing to its location; image credit Voyager 2, NASA, Erich Karkoschka (U. Arizona): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uranus'_Satellite_1986_U10_Discovery_Image.jpg; via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20000815092629/http://science.opi.arizona.edu/pics/disc2.jpg

Images were taken Monday, July 28, 1997, with second (right) obtained 90 minutes after the first, by NASA Hubble Space Telescope's Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS); annotated image (right) identifies eight of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites as (top, clockwise) Belinda, Puck (upper right), Portia, Bianca, Cressida, Juliet, Desdemona and Rosalind; image credit NASA/JPL/STScI; image Addition Date: 1999-05-21: May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01278; credits Erich Karkoschka (University of Arizona) and NASA: Public Domain, via NASA Hubblesite @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/1997/36/560-Image.html; Permissions Content Use Policy (Public Domain), via NASA Hubblesite @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1997/news-1997-36.html

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