Climbing Line and Ascent Technique Affect Load Magnitude and Frequency

Summary: Climbing line and ascent technique affect load magnitude and frequency, according to an article in the November 2022 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

University of Massachusetts Professor Brian Kane's tree study activities are associated with the forested edges of Sunderland, Massachusetts; Sunday, June 5, 2022, 14:15:18, image of American elm tree (measurements, as of September 2022: height 75 feet; circumference 13 feet 9 inches at 4.5 feet; spread 100 feet x 103 feet), Sunderland Library: Marty Aligata, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Climbing line and ascent technique affect load magnitude and frequency, according to an article by University of Massachusetts Professors Brian Kane and Sanjay Arwade in the November 2022 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

The Effect of Climbing Line and Ascent Technique on the Magnitude and Frequency of Arboricultural Climbing Loads bemoans height-brokered falls betokening one-third of 1992-2017 tree-work fatalities. Government regulation, industry consensus, social insurance one-, two, threesomely construct climbing-safety standards rarely considering, apart American National Standards Institute’s industry-consensus ANSI Z133, incident and injury avoidance. ANSI Z133 deems desirable pretesting tie-in point (TIP) loadability twice climber weight even as load duration, frequency, magnitude; TIP loadability and sway frequency determine TIP failure.

This study examines load-magnitude, load-frequency effects upon stationary rope system (SRS) climbing lines, whose friction with TIP engenders line tension at each end, and ascent techniques.

Thirty-seven-, 40-, 54-centimeter diameter red oaks (Quercus rubra L.) respectively featured 17.3-, 16.5-, 18.2-centimeter diameters above and 22.0-, 16.8-, 21.1-centimeter diameters below 16.2-, 17.7-, 16.5-high TIPs.

Days in July-August 2018 and July 2019 with 5-plus-meter ambient wind speeds per second, leafless trees and temperatures above 20 degrees Celsius garnered no study trials. New 11.0-millimeter-diameter Escalator, new 11.0-millimeter-diameter Mercury and used 12.5-millimeter-diameter WorkPro climbing lines respectively had 26.7-, 38.2-, 45.0-kN minimum breaking strengths; and 0.5-, 2.0-, 3.0-percent 1.3-kN elongations. One each of ropewalking and secured footlocking ascent techniques of 3 climbing lines each at the 3 TIPs inspired 12 study trials in just one day.

The study trials and their simultaneous and subsequent analyses judge climbing line, ascent technique, load magnitude and frequency by climbing-line tension to climber weight quantile ratios.

Peak loads, at 1.1 to 1.8 times that ratio, keep greater counts for ropewalking over secured footlocking ascent techniques at P75, P90, P95 and P99 quantiles.

Loading frequency lacked any differences for study trials linked to climbing lines even as the ropewalking ascent technique launches 2 frequency peaks independent of climbing line. The ascent technique of secured footlocking contrastingly manifests dynamic loads at wide-ranging frequencies, perhaps from more overall motion, such as climber feet forcing climbing line downward. This study netted such loading aspects as load magnitude, peak load counts and load frequency, for which study-trial analyses noted no significant variation among climbing lines.

Three different climbing lines in this study, like different lines in previous Kane studies, occasioned effects operating insignificantly upon ascent technique, load magnitude and load frequency.

Present and previous Kane studies present the wide-ranging elongation properties that the different climbing lines possess as not among ascent-related influences upon load magnitude and frequency.

Climber weight and ascent technique qualify as respectively primary influences upon load magnitude and upon load frequency, according to this study and to previous Kane studies. Such mechanical parameters as stiffness, sway frequency and wood strength regulate TIP load-bearing capacity whose relevance to climber safety requires reliable canopy-anchored systems twice climber weight. Degree of stem divergence from vertical orientation, stem diameter and such defects as cracks, decay or weak branch attachments below the TIP suggest TIP load-bearing capacity.

The two authors team reducing TIP failure likelihood with larger-diameter TIPs capable of load-bearing, closer to the vertical, free of structural defects and SRS ascent technique-friendly.

University of Massachusetts Professor Brian Kane applied his study associating climbing line, ascent technique and load magnitude and frequency acted out on red oak (Quercus rubra L.) trees, also acknowledged as champion and northern red oaks, to his article with fellow University of Massachusetts Professor Sanjay Arwade for the November 2022 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry; image of red oak in "Timber Trees of North Carolina" (pages 33-137) by Gifford Pinchot, North Carolina Geological Survey, Bulletin 6 (1897), Plate IX, opposite page 97: No known copyright restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

University of Massachusetts Professor Brian Kane's tree study activities are associated with the forested edges of Sunderland, Massachusetts; Sunday, June 5, 2022, 14:15:18, image of American elm tree (measurements, as of September 2022: height 75 feet; circumference 13 feet 9 inches at 4.5 feet; spread 100 feet x 103 feet), Sunderland Library: Marty Aligata, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:American_Elm_at_Sunderland_Library,_Sunderland,_MA_-_June_2022.jpg

University of Massachusetts Professor Brian Kane applied his study associating climbing line, ascent technique and load magnitude and frequency acted out on red oak (Quercus rubra L.) trees, also acknowledged as champion and northern red oaks, to his article with fellow University of Massachusetts Professor Sanjay Arwade for the November 2022 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry; image of red oak in "Timber Trees of North Carolina" (pages 33-137) by Gifford Pinchot, North Carolina Geological Survey, Bulletin 6 (1897), Plate IX, opposite page 97: No known copyright restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Timber_trees_and_forests_of_North_Carolina_(1897)_(14770922454).jpg; Internet Archive Book Images, Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/14770922454/; Library of Congress, Unaware of any copyright restrictions, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/timbertreesfores01pinc/page/n119/mode/1up

For further information:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

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Kane, Brian. 2020b. "Loads borne by a tie-in point during ascents and descents on a basal-anchored staationary rope system." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 51:126687.

Kane, Brian; and Sanjay R. Arwade. November 2022. "The Effect of Climbing Line and Ascent Technique on the Magnitude and Frequency of Arboricultural Climbing Loads." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 48(6): 309-318.

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html