Earth and Space News: Bhojpur Buddhist Monuments and Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Are Secretive

Summary: Bhojpur Buddhist monuments and Sanchi Buddhist monuments are secretive, whether they archive no relics or some, in Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Perhaps hillside cacti affirm the secretive atmosphere around and at ancient sites that are not associated with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's (UNESCO) World Heritage Centre (WHC). WHC site surveys allow an acquaintance with the when, where and why of such area vegetation as non-native cacti on the Raisen District hills around Bhojpur. The Opuntia (from Greek ὀπός, “juice” and -οῦς,“-ful” via Ὀποῦς, "[Greek city] Opus [known for their plant propagated from its leaves]") prickly-pear genus likeliest appeared during British colonial access (June 28, 1858-Aug. 14/15, 1947) to the Indian subcontinent. Bhojpur Buddhist monuments are secretive and silent about what vegetation anciently aestheticized their ambiance; Friday, Feb. 24, 2017, 16:52, image of cacti growing in hills of Bhojpur: V!vek994, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Bhojpur Buddhist monuments and Sanchi Buddhist monuments are secretive, whether they anchor no relics or whether they archive some ashes and bones, in central Raisen District, central Madhya Pradesh state, central India.

Bhojpur (from Hindi भोज्, “banquet” and पूर, “town”) buildings bear their secrets during lifetimes perhaps briefer than those borne by Sanchi (from Sanskrit शान्, “calmness”). The Sanchi complex carries conservational status as cultural site within the World Heritage Centre (WHC) convention within the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). And yet perhaps Bhojpur, as temporary domicile that anciently and temporarily drew the same denizens that Sanchi anciently and temporarily drew, deserves the same WHC designation.

The ancient, biogeographical Bhojpur embraces religious architecture whose elaboration extends into a same-named village without the buffering, conservational, protective edges that WHC status ensures and establishes.

Thirty-seven, perhaps 47 or 57, stupa (from Sanskrit स्तूप, “heap”) relic-holders fit as numbers 1-6, 7-22, 23-29 and 30-37 in stages 1, 2, 3 and 4.

The first, uppermost stage guards Bhojpur village and, from ancient Bhojpur, two ruined temples, one tope (stupa, from Pali thūpa) with relics and five relic-less topes. Its second tope has holy bone relics and precious crystal, garnet, gold and pearl pieces even as its fourth tope has a crystal casket without relics. Industrious itineraries impelled Major General Sir Alexander Cunningham (Jan. 23, 1814-Nov. 28, 1893) incompletely investigating the first tope and perhaps also topes 3, 5 and 6.

Injurious time and weather jeopardize the secretive journeys of Bhojpur Buddhist monuments more than those of Sanchi Buddhist monuments jubilating their 33rd anniversary as WHC site.

Bhojpur Stupa 3 kindled Cunningham observations of a 14-foot- (4.27-meter-) high, 40-foot (12.19-meter) diameter “ruinous-looking mound” (1854: page 332) without relic-holding chamber or tope upper half.

An 8-foot- (2.44-meter-) shaft located no relic lodgings even as “four distinct quadrants of masonry, meeting at a point” left the tope center “accurately preserved” (1854:332). The Cunningham shafts maneuvered into Stupa 1 and Stupa 4 respectively measured 13 feet (3.96 meters) and 5.5 feet (1.67 meters) down from their hemisphere centers. Those that topes 2 and 3 needed negotiated the 9 feet (2.74 meters) above the 7-foot- (2.13-meter-) high terrace and the 15-plus feet (4.57 meters) aboveground.

Secretive Bhojpur Buddhist monuments 1 through 6, like Sanchi Buddhist monuments, occasioned holy ashes or holy bones of notable teachers or noteworthy donors, guests or patrons.

The first stage presents such prepossessing, prominent Bhojpur Buddhist monuments as Stupa 2 and such poignant, puzzling Bhojpur Buddhist monuments as topes 1, 3, 5 and 6.

An eastward distance of 60 feet (18.20 meters) from the 130-foot- (39-meter-) long, 130-foot- (39-meter-) broad enclosure of Bhojpur Stupa 4 quarters the fifth first-stage tope. Stupa 5 retains no relic-holding chambers, no relics in its “circular foundation” (1854: 333) with an 18-foot (5.49-meter) diameter and with a 3-foot- (0.91-meter) broad terrace. A distance eastward of the fifth tope shelters the sixth first-stage tope, whose dimensions similarize its neighbor’s 18-foot- (5.49-meter-) diameter foundation and 3-foot- (0.91-meter-) broad terrace.

Passing time and tempestuous weather tend to threaten the tenuous, troubled sustainability of secretive Bhojpur Buddhist monuments more than its WHC site neighbor, Sanchi Buddhist monuments.

The Ambala-Jagadhri highway in Haryana state, northern India, aids access to the Ambala Christian Cemetery, where the remains of Joseph Davey Cunningham (June 9, 1812-Feb. 28, 1851) abide. Major General Sir Alexander Cunningham (Jan. 23, 1814-Nov. 28, 1893) alludes to the latter's semi-anthropological, semi-archaeological, semi-linguistic researches at Sanchi and Sanchi-area Buddhist monuments. There are no accessible accounts as to why the Cunningham remains are not abiding in his hometown of Lambeth, Scotland, or in places associated with his historical, mathematical and military abilities and accomplishments. A cemetery only associated with his demise after a punitive appointment -- for his 1849-published History of the Sikhs angering Governor-General Sir Henry Hardinge (March 30, 1785-Sep. 24, 1856) -- to the Meerut Division of Public Works, Uttar Pradesh state, northern India, avails itself of the remains of the acquaintance of Sir Walter Scott (Aug. 15, 1771-Sep. 21, 1832); the Addiscombe Military Academy graduate; the British East India Company cadet; the Bengal Presidency chief engineer (1834-1837); Sikh Empire political appointee (1937-1845); Bahawalpur political agent (1845); political officer (1846); and Bhopal political agent (1846-1850); Friday, Sep. 26, 2014, 15:53:33, image of Ambala-Jagadhri highway near Kalpi, Ambala, northeastern Haryana: Owais Khursheed (Owais khursheed), CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Abram, David; Devdan Sen; Nick Edwards; Mike Ford; and Beth Wooldridge. 2003. “Satdhara.” Page 395. In: [Chapter] 5 Madhya Pradesh. The Rough Guide to India. Fifth edition. New York NY: Rough Guides Ltd.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA395#v=onepage&q&f=false

Bajaniya, V.G.; K.M. Karetha; L.S. Parmar; V.L. Purohit; and B.M. Chotaliya. 2018. “Influence of Pre-Soaking Treatment on Seedling Growth of Khirni (Manilkara hexandra Roxb) Seedling cv. Local.” International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 6(1): 1668-1672. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.6329
Available @ http://www.ijpab.com/form/2018%20Volume%206,%20issue%201/IJPAB-2018-6-1-1668-1672.pdf

Baker, Consul Henry D. 27 December 1913. "Varieties of Soils." Page 1459. In: "Economic Progress in Bhopal." Daily Consular and Trade Reports 32: 1457-1460.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=F1BBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PT193

Barrett, Douglas E.; and Basil Gray. 1963. Painting of India. Geneva, Switzerland: Skira, Treasures of Asia. Distributed in the United States by World Publishing Co., Cleveland OH.

Basham, A. L. (Arthur Llewelyn). 1963. The Wonder That Was India. New York NY: Hawthorn Books.

Bhattacharya, Malavika. 29 February 2020. “Satdhara: A Forgotten Page in Buddhist History.” Outlook India > Traveller > Plan a Trip > Visual Escape > Inspire Me > Heritage.
Available @ https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/mp/inspire-me/heritage/satdhara-forgotten-page-buddhist-history/

Bhikku, Anandajoti. “Satdhāra Stupas, Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh.” Photo Dharma > India > Sanchi and Nearby Sites.
Available @ https://www.photodharma.net/India/Satdhara-Stupas/Satdhara-Stupas.htm

Bidari, Basanta. Forest and Trees Associated with Lord Buddha.
Available @ http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_139_02.pdf

BirdLife International. 2018. “House Crow Corvus splendens.” The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22705938A131944731. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22705938A131944731.en.
Available @ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22705938/131944731

BirdLife International. 2016. "Western Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22684049A93012559. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684049A93012559.en.
Available @ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22684049/93012559

Brown, Percy. 1959. Indian Architecture (Budhist and Hindu Periods). Bombay (India): D. B. Taraporevala Sons & Co. Private LTD.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.18060/page/n5/mode/1up
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54756/page/n5/mode/2up

"Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." A - Properties Recommended for Inscription on the World Heritage List. Item 14 of the Provisional Agenda: Nominations of Cultural Properties to the World Heritage List and to the List of World Heritage in Danger. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. World Heritage Committee Thirteenth Session (Paris [France], 11-15 December 1989). SC-89/Conf.004/10. Paris [France], 15 September 1989.
Available @ https://whc.unesco.org/archive/1989/sc-89-conf004-10e.pdf

"Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." A. Properties Inscribed on the World Heritage List. XV. Nominations to the World Heritage List and to the List of World Heritage in Danger. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Report of the World Heritage Committee Thirteenth Session. Paris [France], 11-15 December 1989. SC-89/Conf.004/12. 22 December 1989.
Available @ https://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcom89.htm#524

"Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization > Culture > World Heritage Centre > The List > World Heritage List. Copyright 1992-2021.
Available @ https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/524/

"Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization > Culture > World Heritage Centre > The List > World Heritage List > Documents > State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Region. India. Periodic Reporting Cycle 1, Section II (Summary), 2003.
Available @ https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/524/documents/

“Le choucas gris du Bengale, Corvus splendens, Vieill.” Page 44. In: Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Histoire Naturelle, Appliquée aux Arts, à l’Agriculture, à l’Économie rurale et domestique, à la Médecine, etc. par Une Société de Naturalistes et d’Agriculteurs. Tome VIII. Paris [France]: Deterville, MDCCCXVII [1817].
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/18035157

Cunningham, Brev.-Major Alexander. 1854. The Bhilsa Topes; Or, Buddhist Monuments of Central India: Comprising a Brief Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of Buddhism; With an Account of the Opening and Examination of the Various Groups of Topes Around Bhilsa. London [England]: Smith, Elder and Co.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/bhilsatopesorbud00cunn/page/n7/mode/2up

Cunningham, Alexander. 1880. "13. Besnagar." Pages 36-46. In: Report of Tours in Bundelkhand and Malwa in 1874-75 and 1876-77. Volume X. Calcutta [West Bengal, India]: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.30182/page/36/mode/1up
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.85027/page/n48/mode/1up

Cunningham, Alexander. 1880. "15. Sânchi." Pages 56-65. In: Report of Tours in Bundelkhand and Malwa in 1874-75 and 1876-77. Volume X. Calcutta [West Bengal, India]: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.30182/page/56/mode/1up
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.85027/page/n66/mode/1up

Daulton, Jack. 1999. "Sariputta and Moggallana in the Golden Land: The Relics of the Buddha's Chief Disciples at the Kaba Aye Pagoda." The Journal of Burma Studies 4: 101-128.
Available @ https://www.niu.edu/clas/burma/publications/jbs/vol4/Abstract4_DaultonOpt.pdf

Davids, T. W. (Thomas William) Rhys. 1901. “Art. XIV. - Asoka and the Buddha-Relics.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 33(3): 397-410. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00028653
Available via Cambridge University Press @ https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/art-xivasoka-and-the-buddharelics/62B5E8141ADD9396683A20AB298F6D0A
Available via Journal Storage @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208320?seq=1

Dhammika, S. (Shravasti). 2015. Nature and the Environment in Early Buddhism. Singapore: Buddha Dhamma Mandala Society.
Available @ https://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/journalsuppneeb.pdf

Drury, D. (Dru Drury). 1773. "Plate V. Fig. 1." Page 8. In: Illustrations of Natural History, Wherein ere exhibited Upwards of Two Hundred and Twenty Figures of Exotic Insects, According to Their Different Genera; Very few of which have hitherto been figured by any Author, Being engraved and coloured from Nature, with the greateſt Accuracy, and under the Author’s own Inspection, on Fifty Copper-Plates. With a particular Description of each Insect: Interſperſed with Remarks and Reflections on the Nature and Properties of many of them. To which is added, A Translation into French. Vol. II. London (England): B. White.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40637766

Dubard, M. Marcel. "2e Manilkara hexandra." Pages 9-10. In: "Les Sapotacées du groupe des Sideroxylinées-Mimusopées." Pages 1-62 in Annales du Musée Colonial de Marseille Fondées en 1893 par M. le Professeur Dr Édouard Heckel et publiées sous sa direction. Vingt-troisième année, 3e série 3er [sic] volume (1915). 3(3):9. Marseille [France]: Musée Colonial; Paris [France]: Librairie Challamel.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3394714
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/annalesdumusecol334muse/page/n29/mode/2up

Dutta, Saikat Kumar; and Srimanta Kumar Raut. 2015. “Affinity of House Crows (Corvus splendens) with Nesting Trees Occurring in and Around Kolkata, India.” Proceedings of the Zoological Society 68: 96-108. Published online 9 March 2014. DOI 10.1007/s12595-014-0101-z
Available via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268515473_Affinity_of_House_Crows_Corvus_splendens_with_Nesting_Trees_occurring_in_and_around_Kolkata_India
Available via Springer @ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12595-014-0101-z#citeas

Fournet, Marcel. "8°) Hamy." Généalogies de Boulonnais célèbres.
Available @ http://fournetmarcel.free.fr/genealogiesboulogne.htm

Gadgil, Madhav. February 2001. "Project Lifescape. 9. Crows." Resonance 74-82.
Available @ https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/006/02/0074-0082

Hübner, Jacob. 1819. "I. Verein, Coitus I. Antheräen, Antheraeae." Page 152. In: Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge. Augsburg (Germany): bey dem Verfasser zu Finden (Published privately by the author).
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33045191

Hultzsch, E. (Eugen). 1925. Inscriptions of Asoka. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 1. With 55 Plates. Oxford, England: Printed for the Government of India at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, and Published Through the Official Agents.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/page/n1/mode/2up

Hume, Allan O. (Octavian). “Order Passeres. Family Corvidæ. Subfamily Corvinæ. 4. Corvus macrorhynchus, Wagler. The Jungle-Crow. Corvus culminatus, Sykes, Jerd. B. Ind. ii, p. 295. Corvus levaillantii, Less., Hume, Rough Draft N. & E. no. 660.” Pages 4-8. In: Allan O. Hume. 1889. The Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds. Second Edition. Edited by Eugene William Oates. Vol. I. With Four Portraits. London (England): R. H. Porter.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/nestseggsofindia01hume/page/3/mode/1up?view=theater

Hume, Allan O. (Octavian). “Order Passeres. Family Corvidæ. Subfamily Corvinæ. 7. Corvus splendens, Vieill. The Indian House-Crow. Corvus splendens, Vieill. Jerd. B. Ind. ii, p. 298. Corvus impudicus, Hodgs., Hume, Rough Draft N. & E. no. 663.” Pages 8-12. In: Allan O. Hume. 1889. The Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds. Second Edition. Edited by Eugene William Oates. Vol. I. With Four Portraits. London (England): R. H. Porter.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/nestseggsofindia01hume/page/7/mode/1up?view=theater

Hunter, William Wilson, Sir. "Beās." Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 7, pp. 138-139. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press, 1908-1931. Digital South Asia Library > Books and Journals > General Books > Imperial Gazetteer of India > Volume 7 Bareilly - Berasia > Basti District to Belgami.
Available via Digital South Asia Library @ https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_144.gif

Hunter, William Wilson, Sir. "Magadha." Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 16, pp. 408-409. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press, 1908-1931. Digital South Asia Library > Books and Journals > General Books > Imperial Gazetteer of India > Volume 16 Kotchandpur - Mahavinyaka > Madura District to Magathan.
Available via Digital South Asia Library @ https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_414.gif

Hunter, William Wilson, Sir. "Sānchī." Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 22, pp. 27-29. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press, 1908-1931. Digital South Asia Library > Books and Journals > General Books > Imperial Gazetteer of India > Volume 22 Samadhiala - Singhana > Samthar Town to Sangamner Taluka.
Available via Digital South Asia Library @ https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V22_033.gif

Hunter, William Wilson, Sir. "Ujjain Town." Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 24, pp. 112-115. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press, 1908-1931. Digital South Asia Library > Books and Journals > General Books > Imperial Gazetteer of India > Volume 24 Travancore - Zira > Udalguri to Unchahra (Unchahera).
Available via Digital South Asia Library @ https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_118.gif

ICOMOS. (International Council on Monuments and Sites). April 1989. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." World Heritage List No 524. Paris, France: ICOMOS, Hôtel Saint-Agnon.
Available @ https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/524/documents/

Jhala, Dr. Y.V.; Q. Qureshi; S. Saini; J.K. Bora; S. Goswami; and D.R. Laha. 2016. Status and Distribution of Major Mammalian Fauna in the State of Madhya Pradesh. Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India: Wildlife Institute of India. TR 2016/013.
Available @ https://mpforest.gov.in/img/files/LU_MP_Report120417.pdf

Kerr, James. "Coccus Lacca." Pages 374-381. In: "XXIV. Natural Hiſtory of the Inſect Which Produces the Gum Lacca. By Mr. James Kerr, of Patna; communicated by Sir Joſeph Banks, P. R. S. Read May 24, 1781." Philosophical Transactions, of the Royal Society of London. Vol. LXXI. For the Year 1781. Part I. London [England, United Kingdom]: Lockyer Davis, and Peter Elmsly. MDCCLXXXI.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=nIMFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA329&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false

Kumar, Arjun. 16 April 2010. “Buddhist Retreat – Satdhara.” The Times of India > Opinion > News > Blogs > India.
Available @ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/HiddenHeritage/buddhist-retreat-satdhara/

Lahiri, Nayanjot. 2015. Ashoka in Ancient India. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books/about/Ashoka_in_Ancient_India.html?id=JaVRCgAAQBAJ
Available via Journal Storage @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvjk2w8j

Lamarck, M. le Chevalier de. (Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck). 1786. "5. Erythrine monoſperme, Erythrina monoſperma." Pages 391-392. In: Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique. Tome Second. 2(1). Paris (France): Panckoucke; and Liège (France): Plomteux, M.DCC.LXXXVI.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/721045
Available via HathiTrust @ https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044102813862&view=1up&seq=419

Lamarck, M. le Chevalier de. (Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck). 1789. "7. Jujubier de l'Iſle de France, Ziziphus mauritiana." Pages 319. In: Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique. Tome Troisième. 3(1). Paris (France): Panckoucke; and Liège (France): Plomteux, M.DCC.LXXXVI.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/721754

Lamba, B. S. April 1965. “The Nidification of Some Common Indian Birds – Part 2.” Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 62(1): 425-433.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47953876

Lewis, Stephen. 1 April 2003. "Maisey - General Frederick Charles - Bengal Army - died 2nd September 1892." Officers Died: Memorials and Information About British and Empire Forces Officers > Officers Died of Natural Causes, Murdered, Accidental Deaths > Index > Officers Died M. Site updated 6 July 2009.
Available @ https://glosters.tripod.com/offzdiedm.htm

Linnaeus, Carl. 1 May 1753. "Mangifera. indica. 1. Mangifera." Page 200. In: Caroli Linnæi. Species Plantarum, Exhibentes Plantas Rite Cognitas, ad Genera Relatas, cum Differentiis Specificis, Nominibus Trivialibus, Synonymis Selectis, Locis Naturalibus, Secundum Systema Sexuale Digestas. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm [Sweden]): Impensis Laurentii Salvii (Published by Laurentius Salvius).
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358219

Linnaeus, Carl. 1758. “[52. Cuculus.] ſcolopaceus 5.” Page 111. In: Linnæi, Caroli. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ [Stockholm, Sweden]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii (Published by Laurentius Salvius).
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727016

Linnaeus, Carl. 1758. "205. Phalæna. Paphia." Page 496. In: Linnæi, Caroli. Systema Naturæ Per Regna Tria Naturæ, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata. Holmiæ (Stockholm [, Sweden]): Laurentii Salvii (Laurentius Salvius), 1758.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727407

Linnaeus, C. (Filius). 1781. “grandis. Tectona.” Page. 151. In: Supplementum Plantarum Systematis Vegetabilium Generum Plantarum et Specierum Plantarum. Editionis decimæ tertiæ, Editionis ſextæ, et Editionis ſecundæ. Editum a Carolo a Linné. Brunsvigæ (Braunschweig [Germany]): Impenſis Orphanotrophei.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/411184#page/166/mode/1up

Maisey, General F. C. 1892. Sánchi and Its Remains. A Full Description of the Ancient Buildings, Sculptures, and Inscriptions of Sánchi, Near Bhilsa, in Central India. With Remarks of the Evidence They Supply as to the Comparatively Modern Date of the Buddhism of Gotama, or Sakya Muni. With Forty Plates. And an Introductory Note by Major-General Sir Alex. Cunningham, K.C.I.E., C.S.I., R.E. London [England]: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/sanchiitsremains00mais_0/page/n9/mode/2up

"Marie Marcel Maurice Dubard." Ministère de la Défense > Ministère des Armées > Portail Culturel > Mémoire des Hommes > Première Guerre Mondial.
Available @ https://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/fr/arkotheque/client/mdh/base_morts_pour_la_france_premiere_guerre/detail_fiche.php?ref=427466

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2022. "Bhojpur Buddhist Monuments Are Like, Unlike Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/02/bhojpur-buddhist-monuments-are-like.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 February 2022. "Bhojpur Buddhist Monuments Not Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Are A Village." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/02/bhojpur-buddhist-monuments-not-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 February 2022. "Andher Buddhist Monuments Add to Donors at Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/02/andher-buddhist-monuments-add-to-donors.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 January 2022. "Andher Buddhist Monuments Answer What Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Ask." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/01/andher-buddhist-monuments-answer-what.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 January 2022. "Andher Buddhist Monuments Acquaint Us With Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/01/andher-buddhist-monuments-acquaint-us.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2022. "Acquaintance With Sanskrit Acquaints Us With Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/01/acquaintance-with-sanskrit-acquaints-us.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 January 2022. "Appreciating Sanskrit Aids in Appreciating Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/01/appreciating-sanskrit-aids-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 December 2021. "Unknown Ashes Perhaps Known at Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Are at Sonari." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/12/unknown-ashes-perhaps-known-at-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 December 2021. "Unknown Ashes Maybe Known at Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Are at Satdhara." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/12/unknown-ashes-maybe-known-at-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2021. "Unknown Bones in Bhojpur Maybe Are Known in Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/12/unknown-bones-in-bhojpur-maybe-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2021. "Unknown Relics in Bhojpur Maybe Are Known in Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/12/unknown-relics-in-bhojpur-maybe-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 December 2021. "Unknown Bones at Bhojpur Maybe Are Known to Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/12/unknown-bones-at-bhojpur-maybe-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 November 2021. "Unknown Bones Maybe Known at Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Are at Bhojpur." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/11/unknown-bones-maybe-known-at-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2021. "Unknown Ashes Maybe Known to Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Are at Bhojpur." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/11/unknown-ashes-maybe-known-to-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 November 2021. "Unknown Ashes Perhaps Known in Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Are at Andher." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/11/unknown-ashes-perhaps-known-in-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 November 2021. "Kusum Lac Trees Perhaps Anciently Aided Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/11/kusum-lac-trees-perhaps-anciently-aided.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 October 2021. "Palas Flame-of-the-Forest Trees Assisted Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/palas-flame-of-forest-trees-assisted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 October 2021. "Ber Indian Plum Trees Anciently Assisted Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/ber-indian-plum-trees-anciently.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2021. "Tasar Silk Perhaps Anciently Adorned Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/tasar-silk-perhaps-anciently-adorned.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 October 2021. "Tasar Silkworms Perhaps Assembled Around Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/tasar-silkworms-perhaps-assembled.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 October 2021. "Lac Scale Insects Archived Bone Relics in Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/lac-scale-insects-archived-bone-relics.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 September 2021. "Kaundinya Aided Buddhist Beginnings and Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/kaundinya-aided-buddhist-beginnings-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Accommodated Kaundinyaputra Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 September 2021. "Gotiputra Relics Awed Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, Sonari and Andher." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/gotiputra-relics-awed-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 September 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sonari Accommodated Alabagira Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and-sonari.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 August 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sonari Assembled Kaushikiputra Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and-sonari_01344963409.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 August 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sonari Accommodated Madhyama Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and-sonari.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2021. "Kasyapa Gotra Relics Abided in Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sonari." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/kasyapa-gotra-relics-abided-in-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 August 2021. "Buddha Relics Awed Sonari and Bhojpur If Not Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/buddha-relics-awed-sonari-and-bhojpur.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 July 2021. "Buddha Relics Awed Bhojpur and Sonari If Not Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/buddha-relics-awed-bhojpur-and-sonari.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 July 2021. "Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Admitted No Upahitaka Relics From Bhojpur." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/sanchi-buddhist-monuments-admitted-no_0682265518.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2021. "Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Admitted No Patitya Allusions From Bhojpur." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/sanchi-buddhist-monuments-admitted-no.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 July 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Andher Archived Haritiputra Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and-andher.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 July 2021. "John Marshall Added Khirni Trees Around Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/john-marshall-added-khirni-trees-around.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 June 2021. "Mango Trees Appeal to Kakanava Koels and Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/mango-trees-appeal-to-kakanava-koels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2021. "Teak Trees Attracted Kakanava Crows to Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/teak-trees-attracted-kakanava-crows-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2021. "Kakanava Crows, Koels and Trees Antedated Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/kakanava-crows-koels-and-trees.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 June 2021. "Asian Koels, Like Crows, Actuated the Ancient Name Kakanava for Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/asian-koels-like-crows-actuated-ancient.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 May 2021. "Indian Jungle Crows Abided Amply at Sanchi, Anciently Named Kakanava." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/indian-jungle-crows-abided-amply-at.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 May 2021. "Indian Crows Abounded There So Sanchi Answered to the Name Kakanava." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/indian-crows-abounded-there-so-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 May 2021. "Kakanava Prabhasana Relics Age Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Andher." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/kakanava-prabhasana-relics-age-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 May 2021. "Vachiputra Relics Age Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and at Andher." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/vachiputra-relics-age-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 April 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Andher Age Maudgalaputra Tishya Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and-andher.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 April 2021. "Satdhara Relics Awed Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, Colombo and Yangon." Earth and Space News. Friday
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/satdhara-relics-awed-buddhist-monuments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2021. "Kaba Aye and Sanchi Hill Admit Walking Meditations of Thich Nhat Hanh." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/kaba-aye-and-sanchi-hill-admit-walking.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2021. "Sanchi and Maha Bodhi Society Admit Thich Nhat Hanh Walking Meditations." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/sanchi-and-maha-bodhi-society-admit.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 April 2021. "Indra’s Net Avails Kaba Aye Pagoda of Buddhist Monuments on Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/indras-net-avails-kaba-aye-pagoda-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 March 2021. "Indra’s Net Admits Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Maha Bodhi Society." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/indras-net-admits-buddhist-monuments-at.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 March 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sadthara Archived Disciple Bones." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2021. "Chetiyagiri Vihara Adds Auspiciousness to Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/chetiyagiri-vihara-adds-auspiciousness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 March 2021. "Maudgalyayana Aims Psychic Powers at Buddhist Monuments on Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/maudgalyayana-aims-psychic-powers-at.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 February 2021. "Shariputra Abides Auspiciously Amid Buddhist Monuments on Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/shariputra-abides-auspiciously-amid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2021. "Sanchi Hill Buddhist Monuments Are Oldest Buddhist World Heritage Site." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/sanchi-hill-buddhist-monuments-are_19.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2021. "Sanchi Hill Buddhist Monuments Are World Heritage Site 14 in India." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/sanchi-hill-buddhist-monuments-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 February 2021. "Ashoka Aided Buddha, Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Hill and Sri Lanka." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/ashoka-aided-buddha-buddhist-monuments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 January 2021. "Sanghamitra, Like Ashoka, Admired Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/sanghamitra-like-ashoka-admired.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 January 2021. "Mahendra Adored Buddha and Perhaps Buddhist monuments at Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/mahendra-adored-buddha-and-perhaps.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 January 2021. "Devi Adoring Buddha Accounts for Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, India." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/devi-adoring-buddha-accounts-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 January 2021. "Wild Animal Families Abounded Around Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/wild-animal-families-abounded-around.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 January 2021. "Raisen Teak Forests Once Angled Around Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/raisen-teak-forests-once-angled-around.html

Marshall, Sir John. 1918. A Guide to Sanchi. Calcutta [India]: Superintendent Government Printing, India.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148/page/n1/mode/2up

Marshall, Sir John; and Alfred Foucher. 1902. The Monuments of Sāñchī. With the texts of inscriptions edited, annotated and translated by N.G. Majumdar. Volume One: Text. London [England].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532798

May, San San. 5 July 2016. “These Burmese Manuscripts Retrace the Buddha’s Journey to Enlightenment.” Scroll.in > History in Images.
Available @ https://scroll.in/article/810989/these-burmese-manuscripts-retrace-the-buddhas-journey-to-enlightenment

McArthur, Meher. 2002. Reading Buddhist Art: An Illustrated Guide to Buddhist Signs and Symbols. New York NY: Thames & Hudson.

McArthur, Meher. 24 December 2015. “The Tree in Buddhist Symbolism and Art.” Buddhistdoor Global > Features > Columns > Buddhist Art.
Available @ https://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/the-tree-in-buddhist-symbolism-and-art

Missouri Botanical Garden. “Butea monosperma Lam.” Tropicos > Name Search.
Available @ http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/13057461

Missouri Botanical Garden. “Erythrina monosperma Lam.” Tropicos > Name Search.
Available @ http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/13030253

Missouri Botanical Garden. “Mangifera indica L.” Tropicos > Name Search.
Available @ http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/1300071

Missouri Botanical Garden. “Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard.” Tropicos > Name Search.
Available @ http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/28701423

Missouri Botanical Garden. “Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken.” Tropicos > Name Search.
Available @ http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/28600017

Missouri Botanical Garden. “Tectona grandis L. f.” Tropicos > Name Search.
Available @ http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/33700544

Missouri Botanical Garden. "Ziziphus mauritiana Lam." Tropicos > Name Search.
Available @ http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/27500741

Mitra, Kushan. 6 February 2021. “Hidden in the Hills – Satdhara.” The Pioneer > Columnists > Automobile.”
Available @ https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/columnists/hidden-in-the-hills-----satdhara.html

Mohanta, J. (Jhilly); D.G. (Dolagobinda) Dey; and N. (Nakulananda) Mohanty. 2014. "Studies on Lac Insect (Kerria lacca) for Conservation of Biodiversity in Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India." Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2(1): 1-5.
Available @ https://www.entomoljournal.com/vol2Issue1/Issue_jan_2014/1.1.pdf

"The Months." BuddhaNet > The Buddhist Calendar > Month.
Available @ http://www.buddhanet.net/cal_mnth.htm

Oken, Lorenz. 1841. "2) Die gemeine (Sch. oleoſa, ſpinoſa." Page 1341. In: Allgemeine Naturgeschichte für alle Stände, von Profeſſor Oken. Dritten Bandes zweite Abtheilung. (Vol. 3, Part 2). Stuttgart [Germany]: Hoffmann'sche Verlags-Buchhandlung.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46975466

Ota, S.B.; M.S. Chauhan; and M. Joseph. 16 December 2002. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Periodic Reporting Exercise on the Application of the World Heritage Convention. Section II: State of Conservation of Specific World Heritage Properties. II.1. Introduction.
Available @ https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/524/documents/

Panyalertsinpaisarn, Kongpop. December 2020. "Study on the Sanchi Stupa Ruins." Conference: Presentation to the Master Degree in Buddhist Studies. Rajgir, Bihar, India: Nalanda University, Philosophy and Comparative Religions, School of Buddhist Studies. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25413.06889.
Available via Research Gate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347842644_Study_on_the_Sanchi_Stupa_Ruins

Pathak, J.; P. Lakhey; and B. Adhikari. 2020. "Butea monosperma." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T62485A152201301. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T62485A152201301.en.
Available @ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62485/152201301

Peigler, Richard S.; and Stefan Naumann. 2016. "What Exactly Is Antheraea paphia (Linnaeus, 1758)? Atalanta 47 (3/4): 500-520.
Available @ https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Atalanta_47_0500-0520.pdf

Perera, H.R. 2007. Buddhism in Sri Lanka: A Short History. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. Originally published under the title Buddhism in Ceylon: Its Past and Present. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 1966. Barre Center for Buddhist Studies > Resources > Access to Insight > Readings in Theravada Buddhism > Library > Authors > H.R. Perera. Last revised for Access to Insight 1 December 2013.
Available via Barre Center for Buddhist Studies @ https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/perera/wheel100.html

Raezer, David. 31 December 2021. "The Buddhist Stupa: Symbolism of a Sacred Structure." ApproachGuides. Copyright 2021.
Available @ https://www.approachguides.com/blog/buddhist-stupa-architecture-symbolism/

Ragsdale, J. Donald; Richard S. Bello; and Frances E. Brandau-Brown. “Chapter 8 Non-Western Visual Persuasion: Chinese Museums, Jewish Synagogues, Buddhist Temples, and Shinto Shrines.” Pages 87-101. In: J. Donald Ragsdale. (Ed.). 2007. Structures as Argument: The Visual Persuasiveness of Museums and Places of Worship. Newcastle NE UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=52UZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96&lpg#v=onepage&q&f=false

Rangachari, Dr. Devika. “10.6: The Early Stupa: Sanchi, Barhut, Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda.” Pages 56-69. In: Chapter 10: Cultural Developments. Deshbandhu College (University of Delhi) > Academics > E-Resources > Subject: History > Lesson: Cultural Development. Language Editor Veena Sachdev. Production Editor Ashutosh Kumar. Copyright 2018.
Available @ https://www.deshbandhucollege.ac.in/pdf/resources/1585759255_HS(H)-IV-SEC-Lec1.pdf

“Relic Series. Plate.11. No. 1. Sthupa at Satdhara.” British Library > Online Gallery > Online Exhibitions > Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections.
Available @ https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000546u00003b00.html

Roxburgh, William. 1795. "15. Mimusops hexandra." Pages 16-17. In: Plants of the Coast of Coromandel; Selected from Drawings and Descriptions Presented to the Hon. Court of Directors of the East India Company. Published, by Their Order, Under the Direction of Sir Joseph Banks. Vol. I. London [England, United Kingdom]: W. Bulmer and Co.
Available @ https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/medias/bd/55/58/b9/bd5558b9-98b6-400d-a657-5cb801169b45/files/ROX_Pl_Corom_1.pdf
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9711#page/15/mode/1up
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000666229/page/n13/mode/2up
Available via The Rainforest Initiative @ https://www.rainforest-initiative.org/assets/flora/roxburgh/plants-of-the-coast-of-coromandel-1.pdf
Available via The School of Oriental and African Studies University of London @ https://digital.soas.ac.uk/AA00000691/00001/17x

"Sanchi Great Stupa." Sanchi > Monuments Sanchi. Copyrighted 2008-2013.
Available @ http://sanchi.org/sanchi-great-stupa.html

Sarvariya, Brajendra. “These Stupas Are 2500 Years Old, Their Mystery Is Still Unresolved!” Patrika > Hindi News > India > Madhya Pradesh > Bhopal > Satdhara: 2500 Year Old Stupa Located Near Vidisha. Copyright 2021.
Available @ https://www.patrika.com/bhopal-news/satdhara-2500-year-old-stupa-situated-near-vidisha-7179/

Schopen, Gregory. 1991. “An Old Inscription from Amarāvatī and the Cult of the Local Monastic Dead in Indian Buddhist Monasteries.” The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 14(2): 281-329.
Available @ file:///var/users/stn202-fG/8787-Article%20Text-8595-1-10-20110301.pdf

Sinha, Shri Sachin. (Compiler). 31 March 2014. "District Census Handbook: Raisen Village and Town Directory." Census of India 2011 Madhya Pradesh Series - 24, Part XII-A. Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh: Directorate of Census Operations. Government of India Copyright 2015.
Available @ https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/23/2329_PART_A_DCHB_RAISEN.pdf

“Stupas and Other Remains at Satdhara.” Archaeological Survey of India > Bhopal Circle > Monuments > Raisen > Satdhara.
Available @ https://asibhopal.nic.in/monument/raisen_satdhara_stupasatdhara.html

“Stupas Surrounding Sanchi.” Visit World Heritage > World Heritage Journeys Buddha > Discover Buddhist World Heritage > Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi. UNESCO World Heritage Centre Copyright 2021.
Available @ https://visitworldheritage.com/en/buddha/stupas-surrounding-sanchi/73c9abb6-3ac3-4476-8e22-4d6ea7f1b904

"Surname: Ker." TribalPages > TribalPages Family Tree Website > The Benson/Kerr Families.
Available @ https://www.tribalpages.com/tribe/familytree?uid=benson&surname=Ker

Sykes, Lieut. Col. W.H. (William Henry). "117. Corvus Culminatus." Page 96. In: "Catalogue of Birds of the Raptorial and Insessorial Order (Systematically Arranged,) Observed in the Dukhun." Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London, vol. XVIII, part II (1832): 77-99.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1214129

Taubert, P. (Paul Hermann Wilhelm). "400. Butea Roxb." Pages 365-366. In: "Leguminosae." Pages 70-388. In: (Heinrich Gustav) A. (Adolf) Engler; and K. (Karl Anton Eugen) Prantl. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten. III. Teil. 3. Abteilung: Rosaceae von W. O. Focke; Connaraceae von E. Gilg; Leguminosae von P. Taubert. Leipzig (Germany): Wilhelm Engelmann.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32135343

Thera, Nyanaponika; and Hellmuth Hecker. 2003. Great Disciples of the Buddha: Their Lives, Their Works, Their Legacy. Edited with an Introduction by Bhikku Bodhi. Teachings of the Buddha. Boston MA: Wisdom Publications, in collaboration with Buddhist Publicationn Society of Kandy, Sri Lanka.
Available via Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20170924124422/http://promienie.net/images/dharma/books/sutras_great-disciples-of-the-buddha.pdf

Tiwari, Deepak. 18 June 2017. "Stupa'fied." The Week > Pin Code 456001.
Available @ https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/kanipura-stupa-emperor-ashoka-wife-devi.html?fb_comment_id=1473254359467186_2320090401450240

Ye, J.; H. Qin; Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI); and IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. 2019. "Ziziphus mauritiana." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T147482710A147637366. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147.
Available @ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/147482710/147637366

Earth and Space News

Friday, February 25, 2022

Bhojpur Buddhist Monuments and Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Are Secretive

No comments:

Post a Comment