Earth and Space News: Sonic Tomography Adds Internal Defects to Level 3 Tree Risk Assessment

Summary: Sonic tomography adds internal defects to Level 3 Tree Risk Assessment, according to Davey Tree Expert Company arborists in Arborist News Februry 2022.

A sonic tomographer acknowledges the most suitable two-dimensional plane for scanning the suspected weakest section of the tree, adds scanning sensors to nails or spikes driven through tree bark and into solid wood, addresses with calipers tree geometry around the plane edge and aims sounding mallets against transmitting sensors whose clocks archive their departure times and the arrival times at receiving sensors to assemble sound-wave speeds and two-dimensional images for analysis by tree risk assessors. El Servicio de Evaluación y Revisión Verde (Server) ya está en marcha. Con un presupuesto de 30.673.514 euros, durante cuatro años y posible prórroga de 2 más, Server se encargará de inspeccionar, detectar y resolver las situaciones de riesgo que presenten los árboles de mantenimiento municipal. Además, acudirá ante situaciones de emergencia para evaluar las incidencias y las posibles causas, siempre en coordinación con los servicios de emergencia municipales. Se trata de un servicio pionero que tiene la reducción del riesgo del arbolado como su principal objetivo (The Green Evaluation and Review Service (Server) already is operational. With a budget of 30,673,514 Euros, for four years and [with] a possible extension of 2 [months] more, Server will be in charge of inspecting, detecting and resolving the risk situations that municipally maintained trees present. Additionally, it will attend to emergency situations to evaluate incidents and [their] possible causes, always in coordination with municipal emergency services. It is a pioneering service that has as its main objective reduction of risk of trees); Diario de Madrid, 11/09/2018: Diario de Madrid, CC BY 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Sonic tomography adds internal defects to Level 3 Tree Risk Assessment, according to Davey Tree Expert Company arborists Chris Fields-Johnson, Sarah Ruark and A.D. Ali in an Arborist News article February 2022.

The article Sonic Tomography for Tree Risk Assessment broaches the advanced technology baring what positions, shapes and sizes internal defects boast within cavity or decay areas. Sonic tomography calls for a less decay-causing, invasive technology than resistance drilling even as the latter subsequently confirms structural decay-causing crack and decay- and solid-wood boundaries. It demands information drawn from other observations through other fellow Level 3 Tree Risk Assessment tools, even as it discerns what tree exteriors do not display.

Effectuating two-dimensional tomograms entails external visual observations, previous resistance drilling or sounding mallets establishing existing cavities and defects for erecting equipment sensors in one two-dimensional plane.

Fitting sensors into multiple planes for as many scans as necessary to furnish reliable results facilitates finding failure-likeliest sections for figuring minimum loads fostering tree failure.

Grouping sensors into one two-dimensional plane perpendicular to the scannable section's lengthwise direction garners accurate results unless set-up guides other than ground-level or ground- or section-perpendicularity. Measurement steps harvest scanning planes, sensors for nails or spikes held firmly by solid wood underneath tree bark and, with calipers, tree geometry from scanning-plane edges. Identifying planes, impaling sensors, imparting geometry and indicating measuring-point positions and distances from one another initiates tapping sensors to investigate time of sound itinerating between sensors.

Sonic tomography joins time of sound journeying between transmitting and receiving sensors to those journeys’ distances to judge sound-wave speed for Level 3 Tree Risk Assessment.

High density and elasticity versus low density and elasticity respectively kindle quick- versus slow-moving sound waves in respectively sound wood versus decayed wood and open cavities.

Tree species and wood moisture and temperature limit absolute velocity of sound waves’ direct comparability about soundness of wood excepting within one tree at one time. Frozen wood and water-holding loads within stem centers respectively mandate no moisture- and temperature-sensitive sonic tomography on tree species during cold-region winters and on palm trees. Tomographic sensors net nicest results as a one two-dimensional plane that straight-lined sound waves navigate fastest lengthwise down wood sections and longitudinally up and down trees.

Sonic tomography obtains second-fastest versus slowest sound waves side, through tree center, to opposite side versus tangentially along growth rings in Level 3 Tree Risk Assessment.

Sound waves presenting different directions and speeds when performing tangentially produce such sensor anomalies as cogwheel effects of apparently regular decay pockets circumferentially between measuring points.

Sonic tomograms queue strength-loss and risk-failure percentages from overall cross-section diameters, widest cavity and decay diameters and offset distances between cavity, decay and overall wood centers. Ratioing cavity and decay diameters to overall wood diameter and offset distance to overall wood diameter renders strength-loss percentages that relate greater ratios to greater losses. Strength loss percentages and anticipated wind loads, estimated weight above defect sites and known species characteristics suggest improbable, possible, probable or imminent likelihood of tree failure.

Sonic tomography, as Level 3 Tree Risk Assessment tool, and supplemental observations trigger final risk-failure ratings from likelihoods of failure and impact targets and their consequences.

Sonic tomographers arranging sensors, articulating tree geometry from calipers, sound-wave travel times from tapped sensors and tomographic images from sound-wave speed assembled from sound-wave travel distances and times allow tree risk assessors to arrive at strength-loss percentages and tree-risk ratings from two-dimensional tomogram images for final reports on likelihoods of tree failures and target impacts and consequences of the latter two. El Servicio de Evaluación y Revisión Verde (Server) ya está en marcha. Con un presupuesto de 30.673.514 euros, durante cuatro años y posible prórroga de 2 más, Server se encargará de inspeccionar, detectar y resolver las situaciones de riesgo que presenten los árboles de mantenimiento municipal. Además, acudirá ante situaciones de emergencia para evaluar las incidencias y las posibles causas, siempre en coordinación con los servicios de emergencia municipales. Se trata de un servicio pionero que tiene la reducción del riesgo del arbolado como su principal objetivo (The Green Evaluation and Review Service (Server) already is operational. With a budget of 30,673,514 Euros, for four years and [with] a possible extension of 2 [months] more, Server will be in charge of inspecting, detecting and resolving the risk situations that municipally maintained trees present. Additionally, it will attend to emergency situations to evaluate incidents and [their] possible causes, always in coordination with municipal emergency services. It is a pioneering service that has as its main objective reduction of risk of trees); Diario de Madri, 11/09/2019: Diario de Madrid, CC BY 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Fields-Johnson, Chris; Sarah Ruark; and A.D. Ali. February 2022. "Sonic Tomography for Tree Risk Assessment." Arborist News 31(1): 10-12.

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Earth and Space News

Saturday, February 19, 2022

Sonic Tomography Adds Internal Defects to Level 3 Tree Risk Assessment

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