Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Puddlicott Execution Nov. 28, 1304

Summary: Richard Puddlicott was hanged Nov. 28, 1304, and skinned for the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid of Chapter House Crypt jewels April 30-May 3, 1303.

Richard Puddlicott was wheelbarrowed to his public execution at the Elms, Smithfield (upper center; inserted blue arrow); W.R. Shepherd's Historical Atlas (1926), page 75; Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection: Courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin

Richard Puddlicott admitted to the Westminster Abbey refectory raid of November 1302 and the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid April 30-May 3, 1303, perhaps because he anticipated avoiding hanging as a cleric.

Puddlicott's confession bore no date even though historical preservation brought it as an attachment of the Rippinghale confession Dec. 3, 1303, to National Archives in Kew. John Bakewell, John de Drokensford, Ralph de Sandwich, Roger de Southcote and Walter of Gloucester caused Puddlicott's capture June 16-18, 1303, with £2,200 in crown jewels. They described "Ge hanaps de mazer et XXXII quilers d'argent furent emblez en abbaye de Westminster hors du freytour e furent trovee od mesme celi Rici."

Commissioners extracted "basket of mazers and 32 silver spoons with Abbey arms from the refectory and they were found in the possession of the said Richard."

King Richard I (June 17, 1239-July 7, 1307) formed four four-member commissions to find felons and royal treasures filched from the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid.

The commission by Edward's writ June 16, 1303, got Puddlicott from London Sheriff Hugh le Pourte's five-day custody, out of one-day sanctuary and into the Tower. Paul Doherty, in The Great Crown Jewels Robbery of 1303 for Carroll & Graf Publishers, Sept. 26, 2005, has the next two commissions concerned with monks. The commission Nov. 14, 1303, unlike those Aug. 14 and Oct. 10, indicated that "Ad negocium illud audiendum et terminandum secundum legem et consuetudinem nostri regni."

Edward judged that William Bereford, Roger de Brabazon, Ralph de Sandwich and Walter of Gloucester hear and end that business per our kingdom's laws and customs."

The fourth commission kick-started the second inquiry Jan. 9, and 13-14, 1304, in the Tower, just as the first kindled inquiries July 4-6, 1303, in London.

Edward listed verdicts by juries of "the Knights and other upright and lawful men of London and the countries of Middlesex and Surrey" under well-known leaders. Jurors made two indictments against goldsmith John of Newmarket and three each against Westminster Abbey monks Thomas de Dene, Alexander de Newport and Alexander de Pershore. They named Edelina, William Palmer's mistress, and sacristy page Adam the Skinner each thrice and John de Lenton, Gillelma's husband and Long Ditch landowner, five times.

Jurors observed six indictments each against Abbey servant John Ramage/le Riche and excommunicated, outlawed ex-priest John de Rippinghale and seven against mason John of St. Albans.

Jurors presented eight Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid indictments each against Palmer, Fleet Prison deputy Keeper and Keeper of Westminster Palace; Puddlicott; sacristan Adam de Warfield.

Jury indictments qualified Palmer definitely, and likely Lenton, Newmarket, Rippinghale and St. Albans, March 5, 1304, for hanging from the Smithfield elms near St. Bartholomew's Priory. Edward's order March 25, 1304, released 10 monks April 3, 1304, regarding their rights as clergy even though Puddlicott, despite clerical status, remained in the Tower. Doherty suggests that Benedictines sabotaged Puddlicott's claim because it was untrue, despite two centuries of Puddlicott family support to Benedictines, or because they needed a scapegoat.

Edward triumphed by retaking Stirling from the Scots, retrieving his treasure and terrifying the English with six executions, including Puddlicott's hanging Nov. 28, 1304, and skinning.

drawing of Richard Puddlicott as sole plunderer of Westminster Abbey Crypt, Cottonian Manuscripts, "nero," D. II, f. 192d (The British Library): History Things @history_things, via Twitter Jan. 11, 2017

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Richard Puddlicott was wheelbarrowed to his public execution at the Elms, Smithfield (upper center; inserted blue arrow); W.R. Shepherd's Historical Atlas (1926), page 75; Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection: Courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin @ https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/london_plan_1300.jpg;
via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/historicalatlas0000will/page/n89/mode/2up

drawing of Richard Puddlicott as sole plunderer of Westminster Abbey Crypt, Cottonian Manuscripts, "nero," D. II, f. 192d (The British Library): History Things @history_things, via Twitter Jan. 11, 2017, @ https://twitter.com/history_things/status/819424724166017024

For further information:

Doherty, Paul. 2005. The Great Crown Jewels Robbery of 1303. New York NY: Carroll & Graf Publisher.

Harvey, Barbara F., ed. 1965. Documents Illustrating the Rule of Walter de Wenlok, Abbot of Westminster 1283-1307. Vol. II. Camden Fourth Series. London, England: Offices of the Royal Historical Society.

Keay, Anna. 2011. The Crown Jewels. London UK: Thames & Hudson Ltd.

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 April 2018. "Richard Puddlicott and the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/richard-puddlicott-and-westminster.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 May 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid in April and May 1303 in England." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 May 2018. "Mysteries of the April-May 1303 Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/mysteries-of-april-may-1303-westminster.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 June 2018. "King Edward I's Letter on the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/king-edward-is-letter-on-westminster.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 June 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Royal Proclamation June 16, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid_8.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Palmer Confession June 17, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 June 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Arrests June 18-19, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid_22.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 June 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Indenture June 22, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid_29.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 July 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Palmer Confession July 6, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 July 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Goldsmiths Talk July 4, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid_13.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 July 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Aldermen Interviews July 29, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid_27.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 August 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Westminster Jurors Aug. 6, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 August 2018. "Edward I's Second Letter on the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/edward-is-second-letter-on-westminster.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 September 2018. "Westminster Abbey Refectory Raid and London Sheriff Hugh Pourte." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/westminster-abbey-refectory-raid-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 October 2018. "Edward I's Third Letter on the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/edward-is-third-letter-on-westminster.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: "False Indicted" Monks?" Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 October 2018. "Appellants Not Involved in the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/appellants-not-involved-in-westminster.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 October 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid Commission Oct. 26, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid_26.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 November 2018. "Queen of Mercy to Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid Female Suspects." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/queen-of-mercy-to-westminster-abbey.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 November 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Female Suspects Left Behind." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid_9.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 November 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Two Freed Female Suspects." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid_16.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 November 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Margaret and the Barber Sisters." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid_23.html

Palgrave, Sir Francis, ed. 1836. "Appendix: Records Relating to the Robbery at the Treasury, 31 Edw. I." The Antient Kalendars and Inventories of His Majesty's Exchequer Together with Other Documents Illustrating the History of That Repository. Vol. I: 251-299. London England: Commissioners of the Public Records of The Kingdom.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/antientkalendars01grea_0#page/251/mode/1up

Rothwell, Harry, ed. 1957. The Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough. Previously Edited as the Chronicle of Walter of Hemingford or Hemingburgh. Camden Series Volume LXXXIX. London, England: Royal Historical Society.

Shepherd, William R. (Robert). 1911. Historical Atlas. New York NY: Henry Holt and Company.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6Zc9AAAAYAAJ

Hawking's Brief Answers to the Big Questions: Is Time Travel Possible?

Summary: Time travel claims sixth place in 10 inquiries collated by theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking into Brief Answers to the Big Questions.

artist's 1998 representation of passage by a hypothetical spacecraft with a negative energy induction ring through a traversable wormhole: NASA Glenn Research Center/Les Bossinas, Public Domain, via NASA

The final work, posthumously published through Bantam Books Oct. 15, 2018, by a world-renowned theoretical physicist acclaims time travel as sixth among 10 questions about the universe's origins and relationships to humans.

Stephen Hawking (Jan. 8, 1942-March 14, 2018) brings up "closed time-like curves" through Chapter 7's "Is Time Travel Possible?" in Brief Answers to the Big Questions. Science fiction calls for space and time warps through extra dimensions to carry cargo and crew to certain spaces, or future and past times, and back. Earth-surface triangles; Euclid's (from Greek Εὐκλείδης, Efkleídis, "renowned," 325-270 B.C.?) flat-surface, straight-line triangles; saddle-shaped surface triangles respectively come to more than, precisely, less than 180 degrees.

Euclidean geometry explains the Earth's flat, three-dimensional space of down-up, east-west and north-south directionally at right angles to one another in a triangle of 180 degrees.

Curved spaces fit into Bernhard Riemann's (Sept. 17, 1826-July 20, 1866) mathematical descriptions in 1854 and Albert Einstein's (March 14, 1879-April 18, 1955) general relativity theory.

Special relativity in 1905 gathered three-dimensional space of distance, latitude and longitude and fourth-dimensional time into space-time, gauged similarly by non-moving, but differently by moving, observers. Its application, at less than light's 186,282.398-mile (299,792.458-kilometer) speeds per second, has eight- and 50,000-year round-trip travel respectively to the nearest star and Milky Way center. General relativity in 1915 identified space-time as curved, distorted, warped by its inclusive energy and matter and implied semi-bent light and radio waves near the Sun.

Kurt Gödel (April 28, 1906-Jan. 14, 1978) in 1948 joined general relativity field equations and an albeit non-expanding universe of rotating matter into time travel backward.

Curved, distorted, warped Gödel and cosmic-string universes respectively keep the small cosmological constant too large and stretchable, super-long, thin backward-curled, backward-traveling strings in 1.1023-octillion (100-billion-billion-billion-tonne) tension.

Big-Banged and time-travelling universes respectively lacked curved, distorted, warped space-time and launch shortcut, time-travelling, tube-like wormholes by loading negative-mass matter and negative-energy density into saddle-shaped surfaces. The electromagnetic, gravitational, quantum Uncertainty Principle militates against simultaneously well-defined positions and speeds for paired antiparticles and particles moving together, apart and together for mutual annihilation. The Casimir effect nets indirect, virtual observations of paired antiparticles' and particles' negative and zero energy densities respectively between and outside two close, parallel metal plates.

Experimental evidence in bent light of curved space-time and Casimir effect confirmation of negative-warped, saddle-shaped space-time offer apparent support to time travel through warped, wormholed space-time.

The co-author with Roger Penrose of The Nature of Space and Time Sept. 22, 2015, presents the alternate-path alternative-histories approach after return from time travel forward.

The repeat-story, unblocked-path consistent-histories' approach qualifies as more like Richard Feynman's (May 11, 1918-Feb. 15, 1988) sum-over-histories approach than David Deutsch's alternative-histories approach. The sum-over-histories approach resists, under quantum theory rules, one unique history since "the universe has every single possible history, each with its own [greater, lesser] probability." Hawking's Chronology Protection Conjecture stops time travel backward in warped space-time by sustaining virtual articles as closed-trajectory particles with large densities and energies and low probabilities.

Special relativity and M-theory respectively suggest time travel at swifter than the speed of light and at mix-ups of curved, warped seven-dimensional and flat, four-dimensional space-times.

Phenomenon of gravitational lensing involves distortion of light from background galaxies by a nearer galaxy cluster's gravitational field warping of space-time; gravitational lensing by Abell 370, a galaxy cluster located 5 billion light years away, manifests as arcs and streaks of background galaxies' stretched images; image credit NASA, ESA/Hubble, HST Frontier Fields: European Space Agency (europeanspaceagency), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

artist's 1998 representation of passage by a hypothetical spacecraft with a negative energy induction ring through a traversable wormhole: NASA Glenn Research Center/Les Bossinas, Public Domain, via NASA @ https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/multimedia/artgallery/art_feature_001_CD1998_76634.html

Phenomenon of gravitational lensing involves distortion of light from background galaxies by a nearer galaxy cluster's gravitational field warping of space-time; gravitational lensing by Abell 370, a galaxy cluster located 5 billion light years away, manifests as arcs and streaks of background galaxies' stretched images; image credit NASA, ESA/Hubble, HST Frontier Fields: European Space Agency (europeanspaceagency), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/europeanspaceagency/34332264821/

For further information:

Hawking, Stephen. 2018. "[Chapter] 6: Is Time Travel Possible?" Brief Answers to the Big Questions. New York NY: Bantam Books.

Hawking, Stephen. "Chronology Protection: Making the World Safe for Historians." In: Stephen W. Hawking, Kip S. Thorne, Igor Novikov, Timothy Ferris and Alan Lightman, The Future of Space-Time. Introduction by Richard Price. New York NY: Norton Paperback, W.W. Norton & Company, 2003.

Hawking, Stephen; and Roger Penrose. 2015. The Nature of Space and Time. With a New Afterword by the Authors. Princeton NJ: Isaac Newton Institute Series of Lectures, Princeton University Press.

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2018. "Hawking's Brief Answers to the Big Questions: Scientific Literacy." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/hawkings-brief-answers-to-big-questions.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 October 2018. "Brief Answers to Big Questions: Divine Creation, Scientific Creation?" Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/brief-answers-to-big-questions-divine.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 November 2018. "Cosmological Beginnings in Hawking's Brief Answers to Big Questions." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/cosmological-beginnings-in-hawkings.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2018. "Intelligent Life in Stephen Hawking's Brief Answers to Big Questions." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/intelligent-life-in-stephen-hawkings.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2018. "Hawking's Brief Answers to the Big Questions: Predictable Futures?" Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/hawkings-brief-answers-to-big-questions.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2018. "Hawking's Brief Answers to the Big Questions: Black Hole Interiors." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/hawkings-brief-answers-to-big-questions_22.html

2018 December Phi Cassiopeiids Peak in First Full Week of December

Summary: The 2018 December Phi Cassiopeiids peak in the first full week of December as a minor meteor shower maximizing annually around Dec. 5.

Northern Hemisphere observers of the December Phi Cassiopeiids easily located Cassiopeia the Seated Queen constellation’s w-shaped asterism via the Big Dipper’s handle and the Little Dipper’s Polaris: Learn to Skywatch @Learntoskywatch, via Facebook Jan. 19, 2017

The 2018 December Phi Cassiopeiids peak in the first full week of December as a minor meteor shower that occurs annually at the end of November and maximizes annually between Dec. 1 and Dec. 5.

Danish and American meteor astronomer Peter Jenniskens, who associates with NASA’s Ames Research Center and the Seti Institute as senior research scientist, is credited with discovering the December Phi Cassiopeiids via the NASA-funded CAMS (Cameras for Allsky Meteor Surveillance) project in 2012. He discovered the shower in the course of reducing and analyzing observations made during the first 2.5 years of the CAMS project’s operation. The observations stemmed from a 60-camera three-station video surveillance of the night sky in California’s San Francisco Bay Area.

Jenniskens describes the newly discovered shower as composed of “very slow meteors” in his article, “Mapping Meteoroid Orbits: New Meteor Showers Discovered,” published in Sky & Telescope’s September 2012 issue. He places the shower members’ entry velocity as 16.7 kilometers per second (37,400 miles per hour). Jenniskens identifies Cassiopeia the Seated Queen constellation as the new shower’s apparent point of origin, known as the radiant.

An incomplete profile still remains for the newly discovered December Phi Cassiopeiids. The shower’s parent body is unknown. Jenniskens suspects a Jupiter Family Comet (JFC) as the parent body for the December Phi Cassiopeiids. Jupiter Family Comets are characterized as having orbital periods of less than 20 years. The cometary group’s name acknowledges the influence of Jupiter’s gravity upon group members.

“From what I can tell, nobody has ever heard of it,” Jenniskens concludes. “It has been designated the December Phi Cassiopeiids (code DPC).”

American amateur astronomer Robert Lunsford, who writes weekly Meteor Activity Outlook columns for the American Meteor Society (AMS) and for the International Meteor Organization (IMO), predicts Monday, Dec. 4, as the peak date for the 2017 December Phi Cassiopeiids. The meteor shower’s 2017 activity dates run from Tuesday, Nov. 28, to Sunday, Dec. 10.

Lunsford’s activity report for Saturday, Nov. 25, to Friday, Dec. 1, 2017, points to the radiant’s location in southern Cassiopeia, at 2 degrees south of Alpha Cassiopeiae (α Cassiopeiae; Alpha Cas, α Cas). Alpha Cassiopeiae generally is considered as the Seated Queen’s brightest star. The multiple star system marks the apex of the sharply angled vee of the Queen’s w-shaped pattern of stars, known as an asterism.

Lunsford’s activity report for the 2016 December Phi Cassiopeiids gives Saturday, Nov. 26, through Monday, Dec. 5, as the shower’s 2016 activity range. He pinpoints peak as occurring Thursday, Dec. 1, “. . . when the radiant is located at 01:33 (023) +53.” The radiant’s location in southern Cassiopeia approximates 3 degrees southeast of Theta Cassiopeiae (θ Cassiopeiae; Theta Cas, θ Cas). Theta Cassiopeiae lies between the Seated Queen’s southeastern neighbor, Perseus the Hero constellation, and the sharply angled vee of the Queen’s w-shaped asterism.

Lunsford recommends around 8 p.m. local standard time as best viewing time. Cassiopeia the Seated Queen constellation appears high in Northern Hemisphere skies then. Lunsford notes that the radiant’s high northern location discourages visibility for Southern Hemisphere observers at locations south of the southern tropics.

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) designates the December Phi Cassiopeiids with the three-letter code of DPC. The meteor shower’s IAU unique number is 00446.

The 60-camera three station video surveillance that prompted the discovery of the December Phi Cassiopeiids detected a total of 60 newly identified meteor showers. Jennisken and nine CAMS-project participants identified the new showers in their article, CAMS Newly Detected Meteor Showers and the Sporadic Background, published in the March 1, 2016, issue of Icarus. The new showers comprise numbers 00427, 00445, 00446, 00506, 00507 and part of 00634 to 00750 in the IAU Working List of Meteor Showers.

The takeaway for the 2018 December Phi Cassiopeiids’ peak in the first full week of December is that the newly discovered meteor shower is observable in the Northern Hemisphere and also in the Southern Hemisphere at southern tropical latitudes.

Cassiopeia the Seated Queen constellation’s distinctive w-shaped asterism, with (bottom center) Theta Cassiopeia (θ Cassiopeiae), radiant for December Phi Cassoipeiids: Longway Planetarium @LongwayP, via Twitter Nov. 8, 2017

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Northern Hemisphere observers of the December Phi Cassiopeiids easily located Cassiopeia the Seated Queen constellation’s w-shaped asterism via the Big Dipper’s handle and the Little Dipper’s Polaris: Learn to Skywatch @Learntoskywatch, via Facebook Jan. 19, 2017, @ https://www.facebook.com/Learntoskywatch/photos/a.223850584681982.1073741828.223634834703557/333331490400557/

Cassiopeia the Seated Queen constellation’s distinctive w-shaped asterism, with (bottom center) Theta Cassiopeia (θ Cassiopeiae), radiant for December Phi Cassoipeiids: Longway Planetarium @LongwayP, via Twitter Nov. 8, 2017, @ https://twitter.com/LongwayP/status/928426923797176320

For further information:

“00446 DPC December phi Cassiopeiids.” IAU (International Astronomical Union) Meteor Data Center > List of All Meteor Showers.
Available @ https://www.ta3.sk/IAUC22DB/MDC2007/Roje/pojedynczy_obiekt.php?kodstrumienia=00446&colecimy=0&kodmin=00001&kodmax=01032&sortowanie=0

“Constellations by Month.” Constellation Guide.
Available @ http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/

Espenak, Fred. “Phases of the Moon: 2001 to 2100.” Astro Pixels > Ephemeris > Moon.
Available @ http://astropixels.com/ephemeris/phasescat/phases2001.html

Jenniskens, Peter. “Mapping Meteoroid Orbits: New Meteor Showers Discovered.” Sky & Telescope. Sept. 2012: 20-25.
Available @ http://cams.seti.org/CAMS-SANDT.pdf

Jenniskens, Peter. Meteor Showers and Their Parent Comets. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Jenniskens, Peter; Q. (Quentin) Nénon; P. (Peter) S. Gural; J. (Jim) Albers; B. (Bob) Haberman; B. (Beth) Johnson; R. (Rick) Morales; B. (Bryant) J. Grigsby; D. (Dave) Samuels; and C. (Carl) Johannink. “CAMS Newly Detected Meteor Showers and the Sporadic Background.” Icarus, vol. 266 (March 1, 2016): 384-409. DOI: 10.106/j.icarus.2015.11.009
Available via ScienceDirect @ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103515005199?via%3Dihub#!

Kronk, Gary W. Meteor Showers: An Annotated Catalogue. The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series. Second edition. New York NY: Springer Science+Business Media, 2014.

Learn to Skywatch @Learntoskywatch. “Observing Tip: The Big Dipper can be used as a signpost for finding other constellations.” Facebook. Jan. 19, 2017.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/Learntoskywatch/photos/a.223850584681982.1073741828.223634834703557/333331490400557/

Longway Planetarium ‏@LongwayP. “Cassiopeia is another constellation that is in the sky every night of the year. Look for a W shape high in the sky.” Twitter. Nov. 8, 2017.
Available @ https://twitter.com/LongwayP/status/928426923797176320

Lunsford, Robert. “Meteor Activity Outlook for December 2-8, 2017.” American Meteor Society. Nov. 30, 2017.
Available @ https://www.amsmeteors.org/2017/11/meteor-activity-outlook-for-december-2-8-2017/

Lunsford, Robert. “Meteor Activity Outlook for December 3-9, 2016.” International Meteor Organization. Dec. 4, 2016.
Available @ https://www.imo.net/meteor-activity-outlook-for-december-3-9-2016/

Lunsford, Robert. “Meteor Activity Outlook for November 25-December 1, 2017.” International Meteor Organization. Nov. 23, 2017.
Available @ https://www.amsmeteors.org/2017/11/meteor-activity-outlook-for-november-25-december-1-2017/

Lunsford, Robert. Meteors and How to Observe Them. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. New York NY: Springer Science+Business Media, 2009.

Mackenzie, Robert A. Solar System Debris. Monographs in Solar System Astronomy, vol. 1. Dover, England: British Meteor Society, 1980.

Marriner, Derdriu. “2018 Alpha Aurigid Meteor Shower Peaks Saturday, Sept. 1.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 29, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/2018-alpha-aurigid-meteor-shower-peaks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Cassiopeia the Queen Constellation Is True Arrow to Andromeda Galaxy.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 24, 2016.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/cassiopeia-queen-constellation-true.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “North Star Pointer Constellation Cassiopeia Is Opposite the Big Dipper.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 7, 2016.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/north-star-pointer-constellation.html

“Moon Phases December 2018.” Calendar-12.com > Moon Calendar > 2018.
Available @ https://www.calendar-12.com/moon_calendar/2018/december

Rendtel, Jürgen. “December ϕ-Cassiopeids (446 DPC).” 2018 Meteor Shower Calendar > 6. October to December: 14.
Available @ https://www.imo.net/files/meteor-shower/cal2018.pdf

Roggemans, Paul. “Confusion About 255P/Levy Meteors Erroneously Labelled as December Phi Cassiopeiids and Minor Shower Challenges in General.” WGN, vol. 42, no. 4 (August 2014): 128-130. Hove, Belgium: International Meteor Organization.
Available @ https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/743703.WGN42-4.pdf
Available via IMO @ https://www.imo.net/publications/wgn/

Wiegert, Paul A.; Peter G. Brown; Robert J. Weryk; and Daniel K. Wong. “The Return of the Andromedids Meteor Shower.” Astronomical Journal, vol. 145, no. 3 (March 2013): 70-80.
Available via IOP Science @ http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-6256/145/3/70/pdf

Mefistofele Is First 2018-2019 Saturday Matinee Broadcast Dec. 1

Summary: Arrigo Boito’s Mefistofele is the first 2018-2019 Saturday matinee broadcast Dec. 1, as opener for the season’s 24 Saturday matinee radio broadcasts.

Arrigo Boito’s Mefistofele opens the 2018-2019 Met Opera Saturday Matinee Radio Broadcast season Dec. 1, 2018, as the first of 24 scheduled broadcasts: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Feb. 15, 2018

Arrigo Boito’s Mefistofele is the first 2018-2019 Saturday matinee broadcast Dec. 1 and opens the season’s schedule of 24 Saturday matinee radio broadcasts running from winter 2018 to spring 2019.

Italian composer and librettist Arrigo Boito (Feb. 24, 1842-June 10, 1918) wrote the libretto and composed the musical score for Mefistofele. Boito’s literary source was a two-part tragic play by German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (Aug. 28, 1749-March 22, 1832). Faust: Eine Tragödie (Faust: A Tragedy), also known as Faust I, was published in 1808. Faust: Der Tragödie zweiter Teil in fünf Akten (Faust: The Second Part of the Tragedy in Five Acts), also known as Faust II, was published in 1832.

Boito’s Faustian opera premiere March 5, 1868, at La Scala in Milan, Lombard region, north central Italy. Boito appeared as conductor for the March premiere.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season offers seven performances of Mefistofele. The season premiere takes place Thursday, Nov. 8, at 7:30 p.m. Eastern Standard Time.

Five additional performances are given in November. The month’s additional performances are scheduled for Monday, Nov. 12, at 7:30 p.m.; Friday, Nov. 16, at 7:30 p.m.; Monday, Nov. 19, at 7:30 p.m.; Saturday, Nov. 24, at 8 p.m.; Tuesday, Nov. 27, at 7:30 p.m.

Only one performance takes place in December. The performance Saturday, Dec. 1, begins at 1 p.m. as the first of the 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s Saturday matinee radio broadcast series.

The three-act opera is estimated to run for 3 hours 29 minutes. Act I spans 59 minutes, followed by a 29-minute intermission. Act II runs for 59 minutes. The intermission between Act II and Act III spans 26 minutes. Act III lasts for 36 minutes.

Carlo Rizzi conducts the first three of the 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s seven performances of Mefistofele. Maestro Rizzi conducts the season premiere, Thursday, Nov. 8. He also conducts Monday, Nov. 12, and Friday, Nov. 16.

Carlo Rizzi’s birthplace is Milan in northwestern Italy’s Lombardy region. The Italian conductor made his Met Opera debut Friday, Oct. 29, 1993, in the opera company’s 989th performance of La Bohème by Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini (Dec. 22, 1858-Nov. 29, 1924). This season, Maestro Rizzi also conducts Puccini’s Tosca.

Maestro Rizzi shares the Mefistofele’s baton with Joseph Colaneri. Maestro Colaneri is responsible for the last four of the season’s seven performances. He conducts the last three November performances (Monday, Nov. 19; Saturday, Nov. 24; Tuesday, Nov. 27). He closes the season’s Mefistofele’s performances as conductor of the Dec. 1 Saturday matinee radio broadcast. The American conductor had made his Met Opera debut Saturday, Nov. 18, 2000, in the opera company's 1091st performance of Puccini's La Bohème.

Angela Meade appears in all seven performances as Margherita, whose horrific infatuation with Faust ends with her redemption. Her birthplace is Centralia, Lewis County, southwestern Washington. The American operatic soprano’s Met Opera debut took place Friday, March 21, 2008, in the opera company’s 83rd performance of Ernani by Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901).

Jennifer Check appears in all seven performances as Helen of Troy, who beguiles Faust during his transportation by Mefistofele back in time to Ancient Greece. In the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, Jennifer Check also appears as Donna Anna in Don Giovanni by Classical Era composer Wolfgang Mozart (Jan. 27, 1756-Dec. 5, 1791). The American soprano's hometown is Woodbridge, Middlesex County, central New Jersey. She had made her Met Opera debut Thursday, Oct. 11, 2001, as Clotilde in the opera company’s 133rd performance of Norma by Italian opera composer Vincenzo Bellini (Nov. 3, 1801-Sept. 23, 1835).

Michael Fabiano appears in all seven performances as Faust, who ultimately rejects the Devil, Mefistofele. The American operatic tenor’s birthplace is Montclair, Essex County, northern New Jersey. He had made his Met Opera debut Monday, Jan. 11, 2010, as Raffaele in the opera company’s 18th performance of Verdi’s Stiffelio. In the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, Michael Fabiano also appears as Rodolfo in Puccini’s La Bohème.

Christian Van Horn appears in all seven performances as Mefistofele, the Devil, who loses Faust and Margherita to the redemption of divine forgiveness. The American bass-baritone’s birthplace is Rockville Centre, Nassau County, Long Island. He had made his Met Opera debut Friday, Dec. 6, 2013, as Pistola in the opera company’s 176th performance of Verdi’s Falstaff.

The Metropolitan Opera last performed Boito’s Mefistofele in the 1999-2000 season. The season’s performances debuted Robert Carsen’s new staging Nov. 5, 1999. The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s staging marks the opera company’s first revival of Carsen’s new production.

The Canadian opera director’s production team comprises Michael Levine, costume and set designer; Duane Schuler, lighting designer; and Alphonse Poulin, choreographer. The revival stage director is Paula Suozzi. Lucy Arner, Joseph Colaneri, Joan Dornemann and Dennis Giauque have musical preparation credits.

The takeaway for Mefistofele as the first 2018-2019 Saturday matinee broadcast Dec. 1 is that the season’s performances represent the Metropolitan Opera’s first revival of Canadian opera director’s 1999-2000 season new production of Arrigo Boito’s Faustian opera.

Michael Fabiano's casting as Faust in the 2018-2019 Met Opera season's production of Boito's Mefistofele adds a seventh role to his Met Opera portfolio; photo by Karen Almond: The Metropolitan Opera, via Facebook Nov. 8, 2018

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Arrigo Boito’s Mefistofele opens the 2018-2019 Met Opera Saturday Matinee Radio Broadcast season Dec. 1, 2018, as the first of 24 scheduled broadcasts: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Feb. 15, 2018, @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532.229232.20807115532/10160137120435533/

Michael Fabiano's casting as Faust in the 2018-2019 Met Opera season's production of Boito's Mefistofele adds a seventh role to his Met Opera portfolio; photo by Karen Almond: The Metropolitan Opera, via Facebook Nov. 8, 2018, @ https://www.facebook.com/MichaelFabianoTenor/posts/pfbid02BBdnj7T9uFwo55N8dCboDLS468HSCNSRXUaESahcvg5rYMFLJhbqNK5z7ucbCZfnl; via Facebook Nov. 8, 2018, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10157977406309942&id=309732654941&set=a.10152854587059942

For further information:

“Debut: Angela Meade.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 352433 Ernani {83} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/21/2008.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=352433

“Debut: Beniamino Gigli.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 76130 > Mefistofele {23} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/26/1920.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=76130

“Debut: Carlo Rizzi.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 314310 > La Bohème {989} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/29/1993.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=314310

“Debut: Jennifer Check.” MetOpera Database [Met Performance] CID: 350054 New Production Norma {133} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/11/2001.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=350054

"Debut: Joseph Colaneri." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 333168 La Bohème {1091} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 11/18/2000. (Debut: Joseph Colaneri) Metropolitan Opera House. November 18, 2000 Matinee.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=333168

“Debut: Michael Fabiano.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 353294 Stiffelio {18} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/11/2010.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=353294

“Debuts: Peter Van Praet, Paolo Fanale, Carlo Bosi, Christian Van Horn.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 355173 Falstaff {176} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/06/2013.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=355173

Italian Genealogical Group and German Genealogy Group. "Samuel Thewman in the New York, New York, U.S., Extracted Death Index, 1862-1948." Ancestry.com > New York, New York, U.S., Extracted Death Index, 1862-1948 [database online]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.
Available via Ancestry @ https://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=9131&h=4020416

Marriner, Derdriu. “2018-2019 Met Opera Season Premiere of Mefistofele Is Thursday, Nov. 8.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 29, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/2018-2019-met-opera-season-premiere-of_29.html

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. "In search of true happiness, the aging philosopher Faust makes a deal with the devil—literally—in the exhilarating Mefistofele. Boito’s only completed opera, the work returns to the Met for the first time in nearly two decades this Thursday, Nov 8. Tickets: bit.ly/2CSKnGB. Photos by Karen Almond / Met Opera." Facebook.
Available via Facebook Nov. 5, 2018, @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/posts/10161225004995533/; via Facebook Nov. 5, 2018, https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10161225004995533&set=a.10161225004355533; via Facebook Nov. 5, 2018, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10161225004995533&id=20807115532&set=a.10161225004355533
The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “The spectacular Robert Carsen production returns to the Met for the first time since 2000 . . .” Facebook. Feb. 15, 2018.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532.229232.20807115532/10160137120435533/

“New Production: Mefistofele.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 76130 New Production Mefistofele {23} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/26/1920.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=76130

“New Production: Mefistofele.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 332117 New Production Mefistofele {55} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/05/1999.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=332117

U.S. National Archives. "Samuel Thewman." Ancestry.com > New York, U.S., State and Federal Naturalization Records, 1794-1943 [database online]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.
Available via Ancestry @ https://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=2280&h=3980662

Wildlife Sanctuary for Rare White Lion Musafa and Tawny Lioness Suraya

Summary: Donorship, petition and suit November 2018 for wildlife sanctuary with tawny lioness Suraya save rare white lion Mufasa from auction-block, canned hunts.

inseparables: lioness Suraya (left) and white lion Mufasa (right): Mufasa the White Lion @mufasawhitelion, via Facebook, Nov. 5, 2018

Announced and anonymous appreciation of animal rights against bodies and bones for ambush assassinations and anecdotal medicine acknowledges a safe wildlife sanctuary as the lifetime abode of the rare white lion Mufasa.

Liezl Thom of ABC News Nov. 21, 2018, broaches buy-outs for sanctuary safety of the rare white lion Mufasa and his buddy, the tawny lioness Suraya. Her article, Rare White Lion in South Africa Named Mufasa May Be Saved by 'Mystery Donor,' culls comments by Carel Zietsman, lawyer for an online petition. Zietsman declares, due to mystery donorship and 280,0000-plus petition signers, "We're hopeful that we'll be able to buy Mufasa and Soraya and relocate them somewhere safe."

Musafa and Suraya exhibit such bonding that "Our concern is for both of these lions and we're doing everything in our power to keep them together."

Six-year-old rare white lion Musafa (from Arabic مُصْطَفَى‎‎, muṣṭafā, "chosen"?) and three-year-long friend, six-year-old tawny lioness Suraya (from Arabic ثريا, Thurayya, "Pleiades"), face fortune or fright.

The South African national government gives no comment regarding North West Department of the Environment and provincial Department of Rural, Environmental and Agricultural Development ownership claims. The rare white lion Mufasa has a home in Rustenburg's Wild for Life rehabilitation center since 2015, when his pet owners held him without proper papers. A vasectomy inhibits the rare white lion Musafa investigating whether sexual interactions with the tawny lioness Suraya increase 13 wild and 300 captive white lions worldwide.

White lions juggle 25, 50 and 100 percent chances of white kittens from tawny lions with recessive genes, tawny lions without white-color genes and white lions.

The rare white lion Mufasa keeps the same recessive leucism (white-color variety) gene as white lions endemic to Kruger National Park and Timbavati Private Game Reserve.

Global White Lion Protection Trust founder Linda Tucker lodges seven of the world's white lions that Sepedi, Shangaan and Tsonga cultures laud before white-skinned witnesses, 1938-1992. Kruger's lion, mentioned scientifically as Leo leo krugeri in 1929 by Austin Roberts (Jan. 3, 1883-May 5, 1948), manifest blue-eyed white lions and red-eyed leonine albinos. Jason Turner of the 4,400-acre (1,780.62-hectare) Global White Lion Protection Trust along the Timbavati Private Game Reserve's Klaserie River nestles white lions within genetic coding changes.

White lions offer "the result of leucism, a rare change in the genetic coding that determines hair colour. The white lion gene is a recessive gene."

Mature white lions in Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces possess rounded, tufted ears and 9.45-inch (240-millimeter) mane and 2.36- to 2.76-inch (60- to 70-millimeter) tail-tuft hair lengths.

Twelve-plus-year lifespans queue up 5.80- to 8.20-foot (1.70- to 2.50-meter) head-hull, 8.10- to 9.32-foot (2.47- to 2.84-meter) head-body, 3.28-foot (1-meter) tail lengths; 3.94-foot (1.20-meter) shoulder heights. Females realize 4.59- to 5.74-foot (1.40- to 1.75-meter) head-hull and 2.79-foot (85-centimeter) tail lengths; 3.28-foot (1-meter) shoulder heights; 330.69-pound (150-kilogram), versus male 496.04-pound (225-kilogram), average weights. Four-month gestations as sexually mature two- to three-year-olds secure four 52.91-ounce (1.5-kilogram), 19.69-inch (50-centimeter) kittens at 984.25- to 1,640.42-foot (300- to 500-meter) altitudes above sea level.

Dr. Tjitske Schouwstra thanks online fundraisers and petitioners since "If it hadn't been for the social media, Musafa's head would have been on somebody's wall already."

togetherness: white lion Mufasa (left) and lioness Suraya (right): Mufasa the White Lion @mufasawhitelion, via Facebook Nov. 17, 2018

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

inseparables: lioness Suraya (left) and white lion Mufasa (right): Mufasa the White Lion @mufasawhitelion, via Facebook, Nov. 5, 2018, @ https://www.facebook.com/mufasawhitelion/photos/a.2079862852286900/2159573417649176/

togetherness: white lion Mufasa (left) and lioness Suraya (right): Mufasa the White Lion @mufasawhitelion, via Facebook Nov. 17, 2018, @ https://www.facebook.com/mufasawhitelion/photos/a.2079862852286900/2165784930361358/

For further information:

"61 Canned Lions Auctioned in SA." Canned Lion > 2/22/2016.
Available @ http://www.cannedlion.org/blog/61-canned-lions-auctioned-in-sa

Bridget. 29 August 2016. "A Weekend at the Global White Lion Protection Trust." The Wandering Bridge > Africa > Destinations.
Available @ http://www.thewanderingbridge.com/a-weekend-at-the-global-white-lion-protection-trust/

Game Warden. 15 March 2008. "Jason Turner  Global White Lion Protection Trust, Tsau! Conservancy." Safari Talk > Interviews.
Available @ http://safaritalk.net/topic/2245-jason-turner-global-white-lion-protection-trust-tsau-conservancy/

Global White Lion Protection Trust.
Available @ https://whitelions.org/

"Global White Lion Protection Trust." Linda Tucker Foundation.
Available @ https://www.lindatuckerfoundation.org/the-global-white-lion-protection-trust/

Jackson, Cedric. 11 October 2018. "Rare White Lion Is Set To Be Auctioned Off to Trophy Hunters." Animal Channel > Wild.
Available @ http://news.animalchannel.co/rare-white-lion-set-auctioned-off-trophy-hunters-stopped/

Lönnbeg, Prof. Dr. Einar. September 1913-May 1914. "Felix leo bleyenberghi." Pages 273-274 in: "Notes on New and Rare Mammals from Congo." Revue de Zoologie Africaine, vol. III: 273-278.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32991569

Moffitt, Mike. 16 November 2018. "Rare White Lion Could Be Auctioned Off for Trophy Hunt, Sanctuary Fears." SFGate > World.
Available @ https://www.sfgate.com/world/article/Rare-white-lion-auctioned-trophy-Mufasa-Africa-13399688.php

Mufasa the White Lion @mufasawhitelion. 5 November 2018. "Added a new photo." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/mufasawhitelion/photos/a.2079862852286900/2159573417649176/

Mufasa the White Lion @mufasawhitelion. 17 November 2018. "I have closed the campaign for legal costs for the court case for Mufasa and Soraya. Following the generous offer by our lawyer Carel Zietsman and other members of the legal team to donate the money towards the lion's immediate needs, it is only fair not to take any more donations for that campaign. . . . I thank you all for your support and will try to keep you updated as we go." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/mufasawhitelion/photos/a.2079862852286900/2165784930361358/

Paul Tully ‏@paul__tully. 14 November 2018. "MUFASA To give you an idea of the length of process in SouthAfrica, I photographed Musafa and his companion Suraya in 2016, over 2 years ago. Let's hope authorities see sense & allow these already abused lions, peace. Pls sign the petition: https://www.thepetitionsite.com/en-gb/894/071/669/save-mufasa-the-white-lion/ … @rickygervais." Twitter.
Available @ https://twitter.com/paul__tully/status/1062829826443264005

Readly. "White Lion To Be Auctioned Off to Trophy Hunters." Just Readly > Lifestyle.
Available @ https://justreadly.com/white-lion-to-be-auctioned-off-to-trophy-hunters/

Roberts, Austin. July 1929. "Leo leo krugeri subsp. nov." Pages 91-95 in: "New Forms of African Mammals." Annals of the Transvaal Museum 13(2):82-121.
Available via Sabinet @ https://journals.co.za/docserver/fulltext/nfi_annalstm/13/2/679.pdf?expires=1543262759&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=EA7A6DD16C2C93F1F9F93A58E644DC90

Simmons, Keir; and Kalhan Rosenblatt. 19 November 2018. "Rare White Lion Named Mufasa Faces Auction Block in South Africa." NBC News > News > World.
Available @ https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/rare-white-lion-named-mufasa-faces-auction-block-south-africa-n937866

Smith, Charles Hamilton, Lieut-Col. 1842. "Black Maned Lion. Plate X. Leo melanochaitus, Nob." Page 177. In: Sir William Jardine, ed. The Naturalist's Library. London, England: Chatto & Windus, Piccadilly. Volume XV: Mammalia.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/naturalistslibra15jardrich#page/n194/mode/1up

South Africa Live. 17 November 2018. "Rare White Lion Is Being Auctioned Off and 'Could Be Shot by Trophy Hunters.'" South Africa Live > Local.
Available @ http://salivemag.com/2018/11/17/rare-white-lion-is-being-auctioned-off-and-could-be-shot-by-trophy-hunters/

Thom, Liezl. 21 November 2018. "Rare White Lion in South Africa Named Mufasa May Be Saved By 'Mystery Donor.'" ABC News > International.
Available @ https://abcnews.go.com/International/rare-white-lion-south-africa-named-mufasa-saved/story?id=59315318

"Timbavati Private Game Reserve Wildlife / Timbavati White Lions." Siyabona Africa.
Available @ http://timbavati.krugerpark.co.za/Timbavati_Travel_Guide-travel/timbavati-wildlife.html

Tobias, Michael Charles. 23 June 2013. "One Woman's Remarkable Quest To Save Africa's White Lion." Forbes.
Available @ https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltobias/2013/06/23/one-womans-remarkable-quest-to-save-africas-white-lion/#7e5cd2ec372a

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Tucker, Linda; and Andrew Harvey. 2013. Saving the White Lions: One Woman's Battle for Africa's Most Sacred Animal. Berkeley CA: North Atlantic Books.

Turley, Jonathan. 19 November 2018. "Rare White Lion To Be Auctioned Off To Be Shot in South Africa." Jonathan Turley > Animals, Environment, International Society &gt.
Available @ https://jonathanturley.org/2018/11/19/rare-white-lion-to-be-auctioned-off-to-be-shot-in-south-africa/

Warfield, Kristen. 16 November 2018. "People Want To Sell This Rare White Lion To Be Killed by Hunters." The Dodo > In the Wild.
Available @ https://www.thedodo.com/in-the-wild/white-lion-Mufasa-auction-south-africa

"White Lion / Panthera leo krugeri." Serengeti Park.
Available @ https://www.serengeti-park.de/en/white-lion-panthera-leo-krugeri/