Dark Energy Accelerates Bang! The Complete History of the Universe

Summary: Dark energy perhaps accounts for the accelerated expanding universe of black holes and dark matter in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe.

X-ray, optical, lensing map composite reveals clear separation between normal and dark matter in Galaxy Cluster IE o657-56, known as the Bullet Cluster; background image, from Magellan and Hubble Space Telescope (HST), shows galaxies in orange and white; pink overlay, from Chandra X-Ray Observatory (CXC) , shows hot gas, which contains the bulk of the cluster’s normal matter; blue represents most of the cluster’s mass, measured by gravitational lensing and dominated by dark matter; credits X-ray: NASA/CXC/CfA/M.Markevitch et al.; Optical: NASA/STScI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al.; Lensing Map: NASA/STScI; ESO WFI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al.: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Dark energy accompanies dark matter in the expanding universe articulated in Chapter 3 The Evolving Universe of Bang! The Complete History of the Universe by Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore.

The alternative theory of Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MoND), unlike evolutionary theories, bears no dark energy or dark matter and brokers changes in the theory of gravity. Bullet Cluster galaxy 1E 0657-56, with satellite-detected normal matter centrally concentrated and total mass diffused most comprehensibly as mostly cold dark matter, contradicts the MoND theory. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) satellite Chandra (for Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Oct. 19, 1910-Aug. 21, 1995) determined estimated mass from background galactic light's cluster effects.

Baryonic, normal, ordinary matter ended up in the galactic center after encountering gas molecules colliding and scattering as two colliding galaxy clusters established the Bullet Cluster.

Cold dark matter fit into cluster outskirts on each side of the baryon-clumped center since they follow gravitational interactions and flow past and through gaseous agglomerations.

Almost 1,000 hours of Hubble Space Telescope-generated cluster images and of Subaru telescope-gauged galactic distances from Maunakea summit, Hawai'i, give a three-dimensional image of dark matter. The Bullet Cluster heads theoretically away from modified gravity, for dark matter, even as supernovae type 1a herald dark energy as hastening, not hindering, Universal expansion. The total energy in our Universe is estimated at 4 percent from bayonic, visible matter; 23 percent from dark matter; and 73 percent from dark energy.

Astronomical physics judges gravitational force as the only one of four fundamental forces to join interacting matter over astronomical distances and juggle the Universe's final fate.

Matter density averages above, at or below one kindle gravitational contraction to a Big Crunch or slowed expansion in a flat Universe or a Big Rip.

All supernovae type 1a log the same immense luminosity peaks whereby any lapses between how luminous they apparently look and correctly look let astrophysicists locate them. They manifest themselves as dense, small white dwarf stars that menace their own stability by moving away so much material from their larger, ordinary companion stars. The same critical mass from nestling companion-star material into their own nets them the same blast luminosities that thereby notify astrophysicists of their host galaxy's distances.

Dark energy occasions the Universe expanding faster now than 7 billion years after the Big Bang and supernovae 1a's fainter peak luminosities and red-shifted, remote-space spectra.

An expanding universe possesses dark energy, greater with greater volume, sometimes repulsive; and gravitational, opposite-charged electromagnetic, strong nuclear bonding and weak nuclear radioactive decay fundamental forces.

Perhaps dark energy qualifies as quantum physics' vacuum force questing zero-balance energy by creating, colliding, annihilating opposite-charged, paired, virtual antiparticles and particles within 10-43 (0.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000001) seconds. Cosmic shear rates Universal expansion through matter refracting passing light, such as Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879-April 18, 1955) rings around foreground galaxies from background-galactic light. Multi-galaxy cosmic shear surveys suggest an acceleratedly expanding Universe even as differences between astronomically observed and theoretically modeled dark energy sport a large-error factor of 10120.

William of Ockham's (1285-April 9, 1347) Razor teaches simplicity practically and theoretically, whether dark energy transmits same or variable-speed acceleration to our expanding Universe over time.

British rock band Queen's Brian May, Roger Taylor, Freddie Mercury and John Deacon released their sixth studio album on Oct. 28, 1977; News of the World’s front cover shows May and Mercury in a giant robot’s hand and Deacon falling, in altered version of Astounding Science Fiction’s October 1953 cover art by American science fiction and fantasy artist Frank Kelly Freas (Aug. 27, 1922-Jan. 2, 2005): AlterEgo @Relevium01, via Twitter Aug. 7, 2012

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

X-ray, optical, lensing map composite reveals clear separation between normal and dark matter in Galaxy Cluster IE o657-56, known as the Bullet Cluster; background image, from Magellan and Hubble Space Telescope (HST), shows galaxies in orange and white; pink overlay, from Chandra X-Ray Observatory (CXC), shows hot gas, which contains the bulk of the cluster’s normal matter; blue represents most of the cluster’s mass, measured by gravitational lensing and dominated by dark matter; credits X-ray: NASA/CXC/CfA/M.Markevitch et al.; Optical: NASA/STScI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al.; Lensing Map: NASA/STScI; ESO WFI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al.: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1e0657_scale.jpg;
No claim to copyright is being asserted and the material may be used in accordance with NASA guidelines, via Chandra X-Ray Observatory @ https://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2006/1e0657/more.html

British rock band Queen's Brian May, Roger Taylor, Freddie Mercury and John Deacon released their sixth studio album on Oct. 28, 1977; News of the World’s front cover shows Mays and Mercury in a giant robot’s hand and Deacon falling, in altered version of Astounding Science Fiction’s October 1953 cover art by American science fiction and fantasy artist Frank Kelly Freas (Aug. 27, 1922-Jan. 2, 2005): AlterEgo @Relevium01, via Twitter Aug. 7, 2012

For further information:

AlterEgo @Relevium01. “We Will Rock You compuesto por Brian May, incluido en el album de @QueenWillRock, News of the World, 1978.” Twitter. Aug. 7, 2012.
Available @ https://twitter.com/Relevium01/status/233032846665715712

"Hubble Finds Double Einstein Ring." HubbleSite > News Releases > Release ID 2008-4 > 10 January 2008 10:00 AM (EST).
Available @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2008/news-2008-04.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2012. "Dark Matter Accrues in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/dark-matter-accrues-in-bang-complete.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 October 2012. "Black Holes Are Ionizers in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/black-holes-are-ionizers-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 October 2012. "Ionized Gas Bubbles Atomize Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/ionized-gas-bubbles-atomize-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2012. "Lighted Spaces Are Late in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-spaces-are-late-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 September 2012. "Inflation Affects Space in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/inflation-affects-space-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 September 2012. "Lighted Dark Space Affirms Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-dark-space-affirms-bang.html

May, Brian; Patrick Moore; and Chris Lintott. 2012. Bang! The Complete History of the Universe. London UK: Carlton Books Ltd.