Black Holes Are Ionizers in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe

Summary: Black holes and gamma-ray, hypernova and supernova-bursting first stars appear as early-Universe ionizers in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe.

NASA WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Project) Science Team's concept illustrates the earliest lights of a newly made universe: NASA / WMAP Science Team via NASA / WMAP

Black holes millions times more massive than our Sun are early-Universe ionizers from heating falling matter in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe by Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore.

Chapter 2, And Then There Was Light, broaches black holes and first stars ionizing a neutral-hydrogen universe 300,000 to 700 million years after the Big Bang. Ceasing nuclear-reaction core fuel collapsed outer layers, catalyzed core pressure and temperature, collided helium nuclei and created heavier elements, non-energized iron cores and material-expelling shock waves. Ultramassive stars deliver hypernovae outbursts and, as most energetic electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than X-rays and under 0.000000001 nanometer (one-billionth of a meter), gamma-ray bursts.

Gamma-ray bursts entail ultramassive stars exhausting nuclear-reaction fuel and core radiation and establishing black holes, all-hydrogen nuclei and elements heavier than iron from fused hydrogen nuclei.

Stars 20 to 30 times our Sun's size versus gamma-ray bursts, hypernovae and supernovae furnish explosive light that outshines their galaxies versus the entire observable Universe.

Shock waves at gas-heating, near-light speeds generate long-lived, second-generation, small stars from energy-radiating carbon and oxygen atoms cooling, fragmenting and clumping into less massively collapsing clouds. All and no outer-layer material heads outward from respectively non-collapsed pair-instability supernovae as massive as 160 suns and collapsed black holes more massive than 300 suns. Albert Einstein's (March 14, 1879-April 18, 1955) General Theory of Relativity is informative for black holes imparting different timescales and reference frames for different moving observers.

General relativity theory judges time as journeying differently, without jeopardizing causality and sequence, for different observers with different reference frames accelerating or decelerating toward one another.

General relativity theory keeps Newtonian laws of motion accurate for concentrated, large masses; extreme accelerations; or huge near-light-speed velocities that kindle knowing otherwise harmlessly small discrepancies.

General relativity theory mathematics, laid out thoroughly by Hermann Minkowski (June 22, 1864-Jan. 12, 1909), looks at three-dimensional space and fourth-dimension space-linked time, time-linked space spacetime. Massive objects like black holes perhaps mangle space depth, length, width and time as to misroute area light and make their front-sided, rear-sided disks simultaneously visible. Perhaps black holes net crushing deaths that nullify their existence or nurse space and time-distorted navigational wormholes between different locations and times within and between universes.

Black holes obstruct answers even through spectroscopic observations pioneered by Sir Isaac Newton (Dec. 25, 1642-March 20, 1726/27) and William Wollaston (Aug. 6, 1766-Dec. 22, 1828).

Joseph von Fraunhofer (March 6, 1787-June 7, 1826) produced a solar spectrum that presented two dark lines of invariable intensity and position in its yellow band.

Spectroscopic quests by Robert Bunsen (March 30, 1811-Aug. 16, 1899) and Gustav Kirchhoff (March 12, 1824-Oct. 17, 1887) quenched the question of line-quartering agent as element-specific. Low-pressure gas spectra reveal bright hot-gas emission lines of electrons in dropped-down, energy-emitting levels and, solar sodium-like, dark cool-gas absorption of energy-absorbing electrons in stepped-up levels. Dark, Fraunhofer lines show shortened, receding-object, blue-lit wavelengths and lengthened, approaching-object, red-lit wavelengths, similar to few, low-pitched, receding-object sound waves and many, high-pitched, approaching-object sound waves.

Solar size one-eighth that of small black holes and spectrum with non-ironized core and sodium-banded chromosphere tell of a non-crushing, non-explosive death in 4 billion years.

British rock band Queen's (left to right) John Deacon, Freddie Mercury, Roger Taylor and Brian May perform Wednesday, Sep. 26, 1984, at the Festhalle, Frankfurt, Germany: Thomas Steffan, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

NASA WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Project) Science Team's concept illustrates the earliest lights of a newly made universe: NASA / WMAP Science Team via NASA / WMAP @ https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/media/030657/index.html

British rock band Queen's (left to right) John Deacon, Freddie Mercury, Roger Taylor and Brian May perform Wednesday, Sep. 26, 1984, at the Festhalle, Frankfurt, Germany: Thomas Steffan, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_1984_011.jpg

For further information:

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 October 2012. "Ionized Gas Bubbles Atomize Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/ionized-gas-bubbles-atomize-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2012. "Lighted Spaces Are Late in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-spaces-are-late-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 September 2012. "Inflation Affects Space in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/inflation-affects-space-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 September 2012. "Lighted Dark Space Affirms Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-dark-space-affirms-bang.html

May, Brian; Patrick Moore; and Chris Lintott. 2012. Bang! The Complete History of the Universe. London UK: Carlton Books Ltd.

Queen @Queen. 17 August 2012. "Added a new photo." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/Queen/photos/a.10151032792567362/10151032794007362/