Earth and Space News: Tree Roots With Secondary Thickening Are Tree Species Identifiers

Summary: The article Tree Roots: A Close Look at Roots with Secondary Thickening, in the August 2023 issue of Arborist News, aids tree species identification.

"God talks to human beings through many vectors: through each other, through organized religion, through the great books of those religions, through wise people, through art and music and literature and poetry, but nowhere with such detail and grace and color and joy as through creation. When we destroy a species, when we destroy a special place, we're diminishing our capacity to sense the divine, understand who God is and what our own potential is." Robert Francis Kennedy Jr., April 19, 2023, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts.

“And there’s many people out there who want us to move to the next planet already and I’m like, hang on, let’s not give up on this planet yet," William, Prince of Wales, July 31, 2023, Sorted Food food truck, London, England, United Kingdom.

Arborist, biology and dendrology educator, consultant and plant scientist Kristin Moldestad and arborist, businer owner-operator, landscape gardener and tree climber Olve Lundetræ acclaim field identification of tree species by tree roots. They accommodated an old oak tree (Quercus robur) to a housing-project area and vice versa; illustration of Quercus robur under synonym of Stiel-Eiche, Quercus pedunculata, Jakob Sturm, J. Sturms Flora von Deutschland: in Abbildungen nach der Natur; Zweite, umgearbeitete Auflage, 4. Band (1905) (Schriften des Deutschen Lehrervereins für Naturkunde, XVII Band [1905]), Tafel 31: Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr

The article Tree Roots: A Close Look at Roots with Secondary Thickening, by Norway-abiding arborists Kristin Moldestad and Olve Lundetræ for the August 2023 issue of Arborist News, aids tree species identification.

Field-identified tree roots better management decisions about construction-project trees by excavation phase-monitoring, onsite arborists who balance cost-boosting, progress-backfiring redesign against long-term, short-term decay fungi and instability. They cross-section aspen (Populus tremula); black alder (Alnus glutinosa); black walnut (Juglans nigra); butternut (Juglans cinera); cherry (Prunus avium); elm (Ulmus glabra); English oak (Quercus robur). They cross-sectionally display goat willow (Salix caprea); hazel (Corylus avellana); horse-chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum); holly (Ilex aquifolium); laburnum (Laburnum alpinum); linden (Tilia platyphyllos); Norway maple (Acer platanoides).

Three-year research cross-sectionally elucidates Norway spruce (Picea abies); sessile oak (Quercus petraea); silver poplar (Populus alba); sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus); temple-tree (Ginkgo biloba); white pine (Pinus strobus).

Eastern white pine, northern white pine, soft pine, Weymouth pine and white pine (Pinus strobus) accounts for a three-year-studied gymnosperm (from Greek γυμνός σπέρμα, "naked seed") that accumulates tracheids like all angiosperms (from Greek ἀγγεῖον σπέρμα, "receptacle seed") such as maple (Acer spp); illustration of Pinus strobus by Austrian botanical illustrator Ferdinand Lucas Bauer (Jan. 20, 1760-March 17, 1826), in Aylmer Bourke Lambert, A Description of the Genus Pinus, vol. I (1803), Tab. XXII (22), opposite page 31: Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr

Trees with secondary growth fit cork, cork cambium and phelloderm within their periderm, outermost layer whose outer bark features orange-colored, peeled, resin-scented layers for conifer trees.

Fine roots, generated by tree roots with secondary thickening, at nutrient-absorbing, water-absorbing root-system ends and with 0.08-inch (2-millimeter) maximum diameters guard their epidermis as outermost layer. Inner bark houses pericycle, cork, cork cambium, secondary phloem and long-stringed phloem fibers, the latter harboring long lines in oblique and small patterns in cross sections. Vascular cambium, as microscopically thin-layered cells inhabiting intervals between the root inner bark and the root woody part, involves living tissue inspiring phloem, rays and xylem.

Inner-root xylem juxtaposes parenchyma cells, rays, tracheids and xylem vessels even as all angiosperms, such as maples (Acer spp), all (albeit xylem vessel-free) gymnosperms jubilate tracheids.

Angiosperms (from Greek ἀγγεῖον σπέρμα, "receptacle seed") such as maple (Acer spp), apart such exceptions as black elerberry (Sambucus nigra), accustom us to no strong scents from any body part. Gymnosperms (from Greek γυμνός σπέρμα, "naked seed") such as Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus, from Latin pīnus strobus, "pine [with seeds] whirling round [their cone]" from Greek στρόβος) accustom us to resin-like, strong scents; illustration of Sambucus nigra L. by German botanist and gardener Walther Otto Müller (June 20, 1833-July 17, 1887), in Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte: Atlas, Band I (1887), Plate 46: Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr

Tree roots with secondary thickening keep within their inner-root xylem white-lined rays, of species-specific number, whose radiations from root centers know different cross-section forms and thicknesses.

The inner-root xylem of surface bark or periderm lodges as lenticels that let in gas exchange the lengthwise-running, long-lined or small-circled, raised-bump groups of parenchyma cells. Excavation project-exposed tree roots and Moorestown Meadow Lakes arboretum- and Norwegian University of Life Sciences Landscape Laboratory Tree Collection-felled trees motivated the three-year study (2020-2023). Article co-authors needed such simple field-identification tools as glass with 10 to 15 times magnification, pruning shears and water, the latter for brighter-, wet-colored outer bark.

Field identification never occasions tasting perhaps poisonous, soil-polluted tree roots with secondary thickening even as most broadleaf roots, unlike most resin-scented conifers, offer no strong scents.

Temple trees (Ginkgo biloba) possess brown-gray, soft-touching, squeeze-pliable bark patterned fabric-like, undulatingly long, woven sheet-like; white to yellow tissue; thin, white-lined rays; and magnification-needy vascular tissue.

White walnut (Juglans cinera), yellow-rooted like black walnut (Juglans nigra), quarters almost all-black periderm, as outermost layer, whose color-changing air-exposed inner bark and xylem queues yellow. The ring-porous northern red oak (Quercus rubra) reveals brown-gray, knotty, rough periderm as its outermost layer; star-reminiscent, straight, white cross-section rays; and vessels seeable without magnification. European elms (Ulmus glabra), ring-porous with large, magnifying glass-seeable xylem vessels, start secreting if suffering damaged 0.4-plus-inch (1-plus-centimeter) roots or exposed under 0.4 inches (1 centimeter).

A 0.4-inch (1-centimeter) diameter horse chestnut root with secondary thickening tallied 9 growth rings, “many more” (Moldestad/Lundetræ:15) than a 1-ringed, same-sized branch, and nothing about age.

Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) tree roots acquiesce, like same=sized, same-tree branches, to growth rings. Both research-reporting study authors acquired nothing age-related from root growth rings, less complete and distinct but many more numerous than same-sized, same-tree branches. Root growth rings, unlike tree growth rings, accordingly never act as age indicators; illustration of Aesculus hippocastanum L. Gemeine Rosskatanie by German botanist and gardener Walther Otto Müller (June 20, 1833-July 17, 1887), in Otto Wilhelm Thomé, Prof. Dr. Thomé's Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, in wort und bild, für schule und haus, Band III (1888), Plate 326, opposite page 26: Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

The temple tree (Ginkgo biloba) achieves soft-touching, squeezably pliable tree roots whose brown-gray outer bark acknowledges a fabric- and woven sheet-like texture in its longitudinally undulating patterns; illustration of Ginkgo biloba by English botanical artist Mary E. (Emily) Eaton (Nov. 27, 1873-Aug. 4, 1961), in The New York Botanical Garden, Addisonia: Colored Illustrations and Descriptions of Plants, vol. 11 (1926), Plate 362, opposite page 19: Internet Archive Book Images, Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/16150512234/; Not in copyright, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/addisoniacolored11newy/page/n51/mode/1up?view=theater; No known copyright restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Addisonia_(PLATE_362)_-_colored_illustrations_and_popular_descriptions_of_plants_(1916-(1964))_(16150512234).jpg

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Moldestad, Kristin; and Olve Lundetræ. August 2023. "Tree Roots: A Closer Look at Roots with Secondary Thickening." Arborist News 32(4): 10-15.

Earth and Space News

Saturday, August 5, 2023

Tree Roots With Secondary Thickening Are Tree Species Identifiers

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