Earth and Space News: Remote Sensing of Urban Forests Assures Modern Urban Forestry a Future

Summary: Remote sensing of urban forests assures modern urban forestry a future, according to an article in the March 2022 issue of Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

Author and Arbor Drone LLC Principal Daniel C. Staley alludes to remote sensing's reflectance algorithms and data achieving accurate vegetation indices of healthy green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) trees and of that same species stressed by emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) attacks. In this instance, remote sensing data and outputs are competitively accurate and agreeable with longer-standing, traditional monitoring means; Jan. 4, 2021, map of distribution of emerald ash borer in Canada and the United States: U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Cooperative Emerald Ash Borer Project (CEABP), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Remote sensing of urban forests assures modern urban forestry a future, according to an article authored by Daniel C. Staley of Arbor Drone LLC in the March 2022 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

The article Modern Urban Forestry for Modern Cities: Technology Challenges and Opportunities for the Remote Sensing of Urban Forests broaches Big Data-bolstered, artificial intelligence-built learning models. The Fourth Industrial Revolution concerns machine learning artificial intelligence communicating decisions and predictions from complex Big Data mostly collected by observing objects through contact-free remote sensing. Remote sensing detects by spectral imaging the electromagnetic spectrum’s reflected-light band, dominantly at 380- to 2,500-nanometer near-ultraviolet to shortwave-infrared wavelengths and 400- to 700-nanometer visible wavelengths.

Aircraft, ground-based and hand-held sensors, satellites, unpiloted aerial systems (UAS), perhaps driverless vehicles and Sideways-Armed Special Sensors (SASS) enable remote sensing generally and spectral imaging especially.

Forty-hour weekly, four- to five-week, six-person inventories in 100,000-inhabitant cities finish on-site collecting and database-entering species, location, breast-height diameter and health within 960 to 1,200 hours.

Remote-sensing data collection contrastingly gets Big Data from third-party gatherers, groupable with remotely piloted aircraft once RPA get over-city flyovers and flyovers beyond line of sight. RPA-harvested reflectance in the mapping Figures 1 and 2 hails QURU stress-free, red-coded red oak (Quercus rubra) and blue-coded emerald ash borer-free green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanicus). High-resolution spectral and visible imagery and thermal data respectively illuminate canopy extent and health, diseases, pests and species and heat islands, irrigation leaks and water stress.

Modern urban forestry joins LiDAR (light detection and ranging) to remote sensing of urban forests for high-resolution images for canopy-elevation, canopy-surface models and carbon-sequestration, wood-volume calculations.

LiDAR data kindle digital surface models of built-environment and urban-forest structures and three-dimensional models even as traditional environmental-monitoring data keep pan-evaporation, soil moisture and temperature parameters.

Big Data-driven urban forestry links digital urban foresters and prolific third-party data in new- and tradition-tasked careers as data analysts, technical writers and urban-forestry data interpreters. Remote sensing matters to the CACI model of data collection, analysis, communication and implementation because the latter model manages urban forests by way of remote-sensed information. Collection and analysis necessitate understanding applicable, relevant fee-based or open-source data and Digital Evaluation Model, digital orthophoto, LiDAR point cloud, 3D model and vegetation index outputs.

Modern urban forestry obtains accurate canopy extent and health, but inaccurate disease- and pest-tracking, from vegetation indices from remote sensing of urban forests by spectral imagery.

CACI-model data communication presents citizens, contractors, decision-makers and social media with remote-sensed data-piloted project expectations and requirements and remote-sensed data-prompted analyses, findings and urban forest plans.

Machine learning, artificial intelligence’s specialized sub-discipline and CACI’s key component, quickens CACI queuing plant disease identification algorithms onto handheld sensors and species identification applications onto smartphones. Modern urban forestry-related companies, departments and organizations imminently require their own CACI process-rooted digital forestry staff or CACI process-rooted extra-company, extra-departmental, extra-organizational third parties or both. Big Data and remote sensing structures modern urban forestry by disease front progressions and species distribution, health and pests and by strategizing urban heat island mitigation.

Modern urban forestry tenders urban forests Big Data and remote sensing for biomass-change, compacted-turf, construction-site, energy-releasing, fuel-loaded vegetation and runoff mitigation; and driverless vehicle-designed roadside infrastructure.

Spectral imaging accesses visible wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers and near-ultraviolet to shortwave infrared wavelengths between 380 and 2,500 nanometers. Its outputs allow modern urban forestry to assemble vegetation indices that achieve accurate canopy extent, health and identification (to the genus and species levels) but inaccurate -- without human intervention by ArcGIS, ENVI or QGIS platforms -- disease and pest indications; October 2012 diagram of electromagnetic spectrum (original by Penubag, vector by Victor Blacus): CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

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Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Staley, Daniel C. March 2022. "Modern Urban Forestry for Modern Cities: Technology Challenges and Opportunities for the Remote Sensing of Urban Forests." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 48(2): 147-163.

Earth and Space News

Saturday, March 26, 2022

Remote Sensing of Urban Forests Assures Modern Urban Forestry a Future

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