Earth and Space News: Leafy, Woody Canopies and Diverse Species Augur Resilient Urban Trees

Summary: Leafy, woody canopies and diverse species augur resilient urban trees, according to an article in the November 2021 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

Alnarps Castle in Lomma municipality, Scania province, southern Sweden accommodates the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Its park archives an impressively great variety of trees available for public appreciation year-round: Susanne Nilsson, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Leafy, woody canopies and diverse species augur resilient urban trees, according to an article by Johanna Sjöman, Andrew Hirons, Nina Bassuk and Henrik Sjöman in the November 2021 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

The article Plant and Wood Area Index of Solitary Trees for Urban Contexts in Nordic Cities bases disease-, drought-, heat-, pest-resilient urban trees upon species diversity. It correlates woody-plant amelioration of urban microclimates with species diversity, whose different crown structures and overall architectures configure contrasting influences upon wind speed and wind dispersal. It discerns total leaf area index (LAI) of one leaf-tissue side per unit ground surface area in photosynthesis, energy exchange, carbon sequestration and nutrient-driven, water-derived duties.

LAI measurements entail complicated, time-consuming leaf-harvesting directly or allometric-equationable canopy spreads and litter collection, digital imaging and hemispheric projections or gap-fraction and photosynthetic active radiation indirectly.

Leaf- and wood-figured plant area index (PAI) fathoms time-variable carbon dioxide (CO2) exchanges in forest stands and microclimatic modification and rainfall interception in solitary urban trees.

LAI and PAI measurements gauge crop production, forest stands and orchards even as changeable light conditions and light-reflecting foliage garner inaccurately gauging isolated, solitary urban trees. Wood area index (WAI) harvests branch- and trunk-measured values in boreal forest architecture; deciduous, leafless, wintertime urban tree cover; and deciduous tree-shaded, stormwater-intercepting, wind-regulating ecosystem services. Cultivar-inherent, species-intrinsic branch and trunk architectures, with cultivar- and species-informed solar radiation interception and wind speed regulation impede or impel wintertime thermal comfort in urban microclimates.

The Hørsholm Arboretum study judges genotype-specific, species-specified biological characteristics and crown architectures from leafy, woody canopies on diverse species of deciduous, same-age, solitary-grown resilient urban trees.

Diverse genotypes and species diversity kindle highly significantly different PAI, from lowest 1.93 for Fraxinus angustifolia ‘Raywood’ to highest, statistically differentest 8.15 for Acer campestre ‘Kuglennar’.

Genotype and species diversity lead to highly significantly different WAI, from its low 0.32 for Tilia platyphyllos ‘Orebro’ to its high 1.94 for Carpinus betulus ‘Fastigiata’. Dense-crowned, rounded-crown Acer campestre ‘Kuglennar’ and Acer platanoides ‘Globosum’, densest-crowned Tilia and thinnest-crowned Pyrus respectively manifest genotype-high mean PAI and WAI, genus-lowest mean WAI and PAI. Tilia cordata numbers high among water stress-sensitive tree species, just above Acer platanoides ‘Globosum’, in maximizing high-mean PAI and nowhere near the latter in maximizing high-mean WAI.

The Hørsholm Arboretum study observes leafy, woody crowns, whose LAI old age oppresses, on diverse species of resilient urban trees obtaining optimal occupancies under optimum conditions.

Some moderate- to low-PAI Acer, Fraxinus and Quercus species and many high-PAI Acer and Tilia species respectively present leaf-losing sensitivity and leaf-retaining resiliency to water stress.

The two researchers at Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, along with two co-authors at Cornell University and University Centre Myerscough, queue among post-study questions tree-ecosystem interactions. Buildings, playgrounds and seating areas and their ground covers and impermeable surfaces respectively require shading, wind-attenuating trees and rainfall-intercepting, runoff-mitigating trees with high PAI and WAI. Tilia platyphyllos sustains dense, high-LAI, summer-month crowns and low-WAI, sparse, winter-month crowns even as summer heat and winter winds respectively suggest high PAI and low WAI.

The Hørsholm Arboretum study treats leafy, woody canopies on diverse species of resilient urban trees without third-dimensional leaf area density (LAD) and wood area density (WAD).

The Hørsholm Arboretum 20 kilometers (12.43 miles) north of Copenhagen, Denmark, accommmodated the one deciduous conifer tree species and the 63 deciduous broadleaved tree species for the study arranged by article co-authors from Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Lomma, Sweden; University Centre Myerscough in Lancashire, United Kingdom; and Cornell University in Ithaca, New York: Honymand, Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

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Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Scharenbroch, Bryant C.; and E. Thomas Smiley. August 2021. "Performing Soil Assessments." Arborist News 30(4): 12-20.

Sjöman, Johanna Deak; Andrew Hirons; Nina Bassuk; and Henrik Sjöman. November 2021. "Plant and Wood Area Index of Solitary Trees for Urban Contexts in Nordic Cities." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 47(6): 252-266.

Earth and Space News

Saturday, November 27, 2021

Leafy, Woody Canopies and Diverse Species Augur Resilient Urban Trees

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