Soil, Roots, Leaves, Dormant Buds Affect Stressed Eucalypt Seedlings

Summary: Soil, roots, leaves, dormant buds affect stressed eucalypt seedlings if compacted, damaged below nodal position 1 and shorn of greenery and carbohydrates.

Eucalyptus obliqua grows in cool to warm humid and subhumid climates and survives such severe heat as temperatures generated by forest fires through the combined support of healthy soil, roots, leaves and dormant buds; Eucalyptus obliqua in habitat, Macedon Ranges, Central Victoria, southeastern Australia; Friday, Feb. 18, 2011, 15:40: Russell Best, CC BY 2.5 Australia, via Wikimedia Commons

Soil, roots, leaves, dormant buds affect stressed eucalypt seedlings, according to an article by Gregory M. Moore of the University of Melbourne, Richmond, Australia, for Arboriculture & Urban Forestry of July 2021.

Root Tip Growth and the Presence of Leaves Affect Epicormic and Lignotuberous Shoot Development and Survival of Stressed Eucalyptus obliqua L’Herit. Seedlings broaches dormant-budded stress-recovery behavior. Axillary buds on canopy branches and, despite shoot mortalities of 50 percent, epicormic buds concealed under canopy-branch, lower-branch and trunk bark conduce to woody-plant stress-relieving regeneration. Lignotuberous shoots, deployed from stem-like basal burls developed from stem-base axillary buds, display, despite mortality rates of 50 to 100 percent, last-ditch defenses of stressed trees.

Heat stress at 40 degrees Celsius ends moist, nutritious uptake by roots and encourages lignotuberous buds, endowed through developmental plasticity, to embrace root- and shoot-like existences.

Two-minute-long 40 and 60 degrees Celsius with decapitation fostered no brown-tipped roots, contrastingly furnished respectively within 2 to 5 and 2 to 3 days without decapitation.

Stressed eucalypt seedlings guarded brown-tipped roots 2 to 3 days after two-minute-long heat at 80 degrees Celsius, whose stress guaranteed dead tips within another two minutes. Four-minute-long, eight-minute-long heat at 60 degrees Celsius heralded brown-tipped roots respectively never, within 2 to 3 days with decapitation, always 2 to 4 days without decapitation. Two-minute-long 40, 60, 80 degrees Celsius with, without decapitation initiated 12th- to 14th-day-, immediate-, 3rd- to 4th-day-, immediate-, 12th- to 15th-day-, 6th- to 10th-day-resumed root-tip regrowth.

Four-minute-long versus eight-minute-long 60 degrees Celsius with, without decapitation jeopardized root-tip growth within 8 to 12, 1 to 3, versus 10 to 13, 3 to 5 days.

Significant, two-minute-long heat stress at 80 degrees Celsius kindled second-, fifth-, sixth-, eighth-, ninth-, tenth-week root-tip, then epicormic-shoot growth, despite no-growth first, third, fourth, seventh weeks.

Root-tip growth 10 weeks after heating to 80 degrees Celsius lagged significantly behind that for greenhouse temperatures and after heating to 40 and 60 degrees Celsius. Leaf-nodal positions 1 through 3 at soil-level or subsoil-surface seedling bases manifested lignotuberous-budded shoots after heat massacred, or decapitation moved away, most or all epicormic buds. Stressed eucalypt seedlings, heated to 40, 60, 80, 100 degrees Celsius and leafless or two-, four-, eight-leaved, needed three to 22 days before netting new-shoot production.

Only one of soil, roots, leaves, dormant buds never occasions guaranteed plant survival since epicormic and lignotuberous shoots never occur without oxygenated soil, roots and foliage.

Three experiments proved preferable dry-weight, height-increment, root-growth, shoot-production performances, over a 10-week period, provoked by prompt pruning, not procrastinated by one week, of unhealthy plant parts.

Two-, four-, eight-, eight-plus minutes at 60 degrees Celsius with foliage decapitated 100 percent or all but two, four, eight leaves queued decreasing-, downward-numbered nodal positions. Two-, four-, eight-minute durations at 40, 60, 80, 100 degrees Celsius revealed rising mortality of dormant-bud shoots, receding dry-weight, height-increment, nodal-position rises and reversed root-tip regrowth. Plasma-membrane, histone and protein sensors perhaps swiftly start, swiftly soar dry-weight, height-increment and shoot productions subsequent to stress at 60 degrees Celsius, then of immediate decapitation.

Soil, roots, leaves, dormant buds testing compacted, traumatized below first lignotubers, thinned of healthy, not still-there unhealthy, foliage, troubled over carbohydrates never treat stressed eucalypt seedlings.

Epicormic buds appear just under branch and stem bark of Eucalyptus obliqua and develop into epicormic shoots, as important parts of recovery responses to environmental stress; Messmate Stringybark (Eucalyptus obliqua) at Blackburn Lake, Box Hill, Melbourne, South Central Victoria, southeastern Australia; Saturday, May 30, 2009, 10:52: Arthur Chapman from Australia, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Eucalyptus obliqua grows in cool to warm humid and subhumid climates and survives such severe heat as temperatures generated by forest fires through the combined support of healthy soil, roots, leaves and dormant buds; Eucalyptus obliqua in habitat, Macedon Ranges, Central Victoria, southeastern Australia; Friday, Feb. 18, 2011, 15:40: Russell Best, CC BY 2.5 Australia, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eucalyptus_obliqua_habit.jpg; Russell Best, CC BY 2.5 Australia, via Atlas of Living Australia @ https://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/56b6cd4c-4e6a-4035-8c4b-ce04cc86d840

Epicormic buds appear just under branch and stem bark of Eucalyptus obliqua and develop into epicormic shoots, as important parts of recovery responses to environmental stress; Messmate Stringybark (Eucalyptus obliqua) at Blackburn Lake, Box Hill, Melbourne, South Central Victoria, southeastern Australia; Saturday, May 30, 2009, 10:52: Arthur Chapman from Australia, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eucalyptus_obliqua_1.jpg

For further information:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

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Buddha Relics Awed Bhojpur and Sonari If Not Sanchi Buddhist Monuments

Summary: Buddha relics, if archived in Bhojpur Stupa No. 4 and Sonari Stupa No. 1, awed Bhojpur and Sonari if not nearby Sanchi Buddhist monuments in central India.

Figure 5 shows Bhojpur Stupa No. 4 (left) and depicts word Mun (right), meaning "holy," inscribed on lid of earthenware bowl in the stupa's relic chamber; Brev.-Major Alexander Cunningham, The Bhilsa Topes (1854), Plate XXVI, Figure 5: No visible notice of copyright per uploader judec on April 17, 2008, via Internet Archive

Buddha relics, if archived in Bhojpur Stupa No. 4 and Sonari Stupa No. 1, awed Bhojpur and Sonari if not nearby Sanchi Buddhist monuments in Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh state, central India.

No Gautama (from Sanskrit गौतम, "light [dispels] darkness") Buddha (from Sanskrit बुद्ध, "awakened") relics bided in the three beautiful Sanchi (from Sanskrit शान्ति, “calmness”) relic-bearing buildings. No Sanchi stupa (from Sanskrit स्तूप, "[relic-holding] heap”) conserved asthi avashesh (from Sanskrit अस्थि, “bone” and अवशेष, “remainder”) from the cremated 28th Buddha (624 BCE?-544 BCE?). The Sanchi sangha (from Sanskrit संघ, “multitude”) developed Andher, Bhojpur, Satdhara and Sonari communities at respective 11.81-mile (19-kilometer), 6.84-mile (11-kilometer), 5.59-mile (9-kilometer) and 6.21-mile (10-kilometer) distances.

No Andher (from Hindi अंधेर, “chaos”) and no Satdhara (from Hindi सात, “seven” and धारा, “streams”) inscriptions established any evidence of Buddha relics ever enshrined there.

Major General Sir Alexander Cunningham (Jan. 23, 1814-Nov. 28, 1893) found funereal features favoring two relic-caskets as final furnishings for Buddha relics at Bhojpur and Sonari.

Only Bhojpur (from Hindi भोज्, “banquet” and पूर, “town”) Stupa No. 4 and Bhojpur Stupa No. 7, of 37 Bhojpur Buddhist relic-gathering monuments, guarded any inscriptions. The fourth tope (stupa, from Pali thūpa, “monument over holy ashes”) hailed “O Mun, ‘the holy’ a title generally applied to Buddha himself" (1854: page 333). It inhabited the intermediate interment, between the first through third and the fifth through seventh topes, in the impressive first of four rows on Bhojpur hill.

No sangha member journeyed to Sanchi Buddhist monuments with Buddha relics, whose jostling by environmental stress and passing time jeopardized their jubilation at Bhojpur and Sonari.

Sangha members kept their Buddha relics in a lidded crystal relic-casket in a black earthenware bowl, with a black earthenware lid, in a black earthenware box.

The relic-box lid listed the lauded lodger of the crystal relic-casket, whose “perfectly flat lid” (1854: 333) lacked, like the relic-bowl lid, any inscriptions at all. Cunningham materials mentioned the crystal manifesting such “thinness of its sides, which in such a hard material must have been most difficult of execution” (1854: 333). They noted brown-red powder as “only a portion of the dust which had found its way into all the relic-chambers in the lapse of ages” (1854: 333).

Villagers opening Buddhist monuments obliterated any occupancy of Bhojpur Stupa No. 4 and Sonari Stupa No. 1 by Buddha relics never obtained by Sanchi Buddhist monuments.

The 29-inch- (73.66-centimeter-) deep relic-chamber 5.5 feet (1.68 meters) perpendicularly down the fourth Bhojpur stupa’s hemisphere center never protected its preciousest possession from poor, proximitous populations.

A 130-foot (39.62-meter) square enclosure 950 feet (289.56 meters) south of the first, largest and tallest stupa quartered the 16-foot- (4.88-meter-) high Bhojpur Stupa No. 4. The fourth stupa revealed a 31.16-foot (99.49-meter) diameter hemisphere base atop a cylindrical, 3-foot- (0.91-meter-) high plinth (structure-supporting base, from Latin plinthus, from Greek πλίνθος, “brick”). The stupa plinth below the stupa hemisphere sat atop a 3.5-foot- (1.07-meter-) broad, 4.5-foot- (1.37-meter-) high terrace, within a three-bar railing, for sitting, standing, strolling meditations.

Passing time turned Bhojpur Stupa No. 4 and Sonari Stupa No. 1 into treasured tenders of Buddhist tenets, like Sanchi Buddhist monuments, and talismanic Buddha relics.

Figure 6 shows black earthenware box containing earthenware bowl with Mun ("holy")-inscribed lid in Bhojpur Stupa No. 4; Figure 7 illustrates small, flat-lidded crystal casket that was contained within black earthenware box's inscribed earthenware bowl; Brev.-Major Alexander Cunningham, The Bhilsa Topes (1854), Plate XXVI, Figures 6 and 7: No visible notice of copyright per uploader judec on April 17, 2008, via Internet Archive

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Figure 5 shows Bhojpur Stupa No. 4 (left) and depicts word Mun (right), meaning "holy," inscribed on lid of earthenware bowl in the stupa's relic chamber; Brev.-Major Alexander Cunningham, The Bhilsa Topes (1854), Plate XXVI, Figure 5: No visible notice of copyright per uploader judec on April 17, 2008, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/bhilsatopesorbud00cunn/page/n461/mode/1up; Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bhojpur_stupas_and_reliquaries.jpg

Figure 6 shows black earthenware box containing earthenware bowl with Mun ("holy")-inscribed lid in Bhojpur Stupa No. 4; Figure 7 illustrates small, flat-lidded crystal casket that was contained within black earthenware box's inscribed earthenware bowl; Brev.-Major Alexander Cunningham, The Bhilsa Topes (1854), Plate XXVI, Figures 6 and 7: No visible notice of copyright per uploader judec on April 17, 2008, via Internet Archive @ hhttps://archive.org/details/bhilsatopesorbud00cunn/page/n461/mode/1up; Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bhojpur_stupas_and_reliquaries.jpg

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Maisey, General F. C. 1892. Sánchi and Its Remains. A Full Description of the Ancient Buildings, Sculptures, and Inscriptions of Sánchi, Near Bhilsa, in Central India. With Remarks of the Evidence They Supply as to the Comparatively Modern Date of the Buddhism of Gotama, or Sakya Muni. With Forty Plates. And an Introductory Note by Major-General Sir Alex. Cunningham, K.C.I.E., C.S.I., R.E. London [England]: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 23 July 2021. "Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Admitted No Upahitaka Relics From Bhojpur." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2021. "Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Admitted No Patitya Allusions From Bhojpur." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 9 July 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Andher Archived Haritiputra Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 2 July 2021. "John Marshall Added Khirni Trees Around Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 25 June 2021. "Mango Trees Appeal to Kakanava Koels and Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2021. "Teak Trees Attracted Kakanava Crows to Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2021. "Kakanava Crows, Koels and Trees Antedated Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 4 June 2021. "Asian Koels, Like Crows, Actuated the Ancient Name Kakanava for Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 28 May 2021. "Indian Jungle Crows Abided Amply at Sanchi, Anciently Named Kakanava." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 21 May 2021. "Indian Crows Abounded There So Sanchi Answered to the Name Kakanava." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 14 May 2021. "Kakanava Prabhasana Relics Age Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Andher." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 7 May 2021. "Vachiputra Relics Age Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and at Andher." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 30 April 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Andher Age Maudgalaputra Tishya Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday
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Marriner, Derdriu. 23 April 2021. "Satdhara Relics Awed Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, Colombo and Yangon." Earth and Space News. Friday
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Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2021. "Kaba Aye and Sanchi Hill Admit Walking Meditations of Thich Nhat Hanh." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2021. "Sanchi and Maha Bodhi Society Admit Thich Nhat Hanh Walking Meditations." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 2 April 2021. "Indra’s Net Avails Kaba Aye Pagoda of Buddhist Monuments on Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 26 March 2021. "Indra’s Net Admits Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Maha Bodhi Society." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 19 March 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sadthara Archived Disciple Bones." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2021. "Chetiyagiri Vihara Adds Auspiciousness to Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 5 March 2021. "Maudgalyayana Aims Psychic Powers at Buddhist Monuments on Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 26 February 2021. "Shariputra Abides Auspiciously Amid Buddhist Monuments on Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2021. "Sanchi Hill Buddhist Monuments Are Oldest Buddhist World Heritage Site." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2021. "Sanchi Hill Buddhist Monuments Are World Heritage Site 14 in India." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 5 February 2021. "Ashoka Aided Buddha, Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Hill and Sri Lanka." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 29 January 2021. "Sanghamitra, Like Ashoka, Admired Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 22 January 2021. "Mahendra Adored Buddha and Perhaps Buddhist monuments at Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 15 January 2021. "Devi Adoring Buddha Accounts for Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, India." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 1 January 2021. "Raisen Teak Forests Once Angled Around Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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