Gegenschein Peak Autumn Viewing Happens October and November

Summary: Gegenschein peak autumn viewing happens October and November for mid-northern latitude observers.

“False Dawn” image of the gegenschein (toward the left of the frame), the Milky Way (center) and the zodiacal light (to the right); image taken at European Southern Observatory’s La Silla Observatory on the outskirts of northern Chile’s Atacama Desert by Czech astrophotographer and ESO Photo Ambassador Petr Horálek: ESO/P. Horálek, CC BY 4.0 International, via ESO (European Southern Observatory)

Gegenschein peak autumn viewing happens October and November as the second of two annual peak viewing sessions for mid-northern latitude observers.

Gegenschein appears in astronomical terminology as the German word for “counter glow.” It is pronounced as gay-gen-shine. The gegenschein visualizes as a luminous, oval patch.

American amateur astronomer Bob King, known popularly as Astro Bob, describes the gegenschein as “cousin of the zodiacal light and one of the greatest night sky naked-eye challenges” in his Oct. 14, 2015, article in Sky & Telescope magazine. He explains that sunlight reflecting off dust particles from comets and rocky splinters from asteroids occasions the gegenschein and the zodiacal light. Back-scattered sunlight creates the gegenschein. Forward-scattered light produces its brighter cousin, the zodiacal light.

Both the gegenschein and the zodiacal light are centered on the ecliptic, Earth’s projected orbit on astronomy and navigation’s celestial sphere. King explains that the greater concentration of the small interplanetary particles account for the two optical phenomena’s favoring of the ecliptic.

The two optical phenomena differ in their placements with respect to the sun. The gegenschein appears at 180 degrees opposite the sun. The zodiacal light favors the same direction as spring’s sunsets and autumn’s sunrises.

The gegenschein illustrates astronomy’s opposition effect, which is also evinced by the full moon and by a planet at opposition. The opposition effect pertains to the brightness and shadow hiding that characterize the antisolar point, the abstract point on the celestial sphere lying directly opposite the sun, from the observer’s perspective. When the sun has set, the observer’s antisolar point is located above the horizon.

The gegenschein is positioned highest in the sky around midnight, local standard time. King notes: “You can see it an hour or two earlier or later, but it’s highest and easiest to spot during the midnight hour.” During daylight saving time, the highest gegenschein occurs at 1 a.m.

The gegenschein offers varying degrees of visibility throughout most of the year at mid-northern latitudes. The Milky Way camouflages the gegenschein in December and January, during the optical phenomenon’s crossing of the solar system’s home galaxy, according to King. American astronomer and gegenschein observer Edward Emerson “E.E.” Barnard (Dec. 16, 1857-Feb. 6, 1923) noted the gegenschein’s invisibility in “June and December, because in those months it is crossing the milky-way” in the June 1891 issue of the Astronomical Journal.

The gegenschein’s location high in the southern sky between September and November explains the autumn peak viewing session at mid-northern latitudes. King advises directing attention to the zodiac constellation appearing in the south around midnight.

Clear, moonless nights and sites devoid of, or with very little, light pollution facilitate successful perception of the gegenschein. Barnard also disfavored moonlight and artificial interference. In the 1918 issue of Popular Astronomy, he advised: “There must be no moonlight. The sky must be clear and not hazy. There must be no artificial light near to blind one.”

King echoes Barnard’s promotion of the averted gaze technique for spotting the gegenschein. Rather than looking directly at the targeted area, the gaze plays around the spot, with indirect glances. Barnard also found squinting as a valuable aid for detecting the gegenschein.

King announces that two annual peak viewing sessions of the gegenschein are available at mid-northern latitudes. The autumn peak of best visibility occurs in October and November. The late winter-early spring peak happens in February and March. Barnard only specified September through November as the best viewing months.

The takeaway for the gegenschein peak autumn viewing that happens in October and November for observers at mid-northern latitudes is that the optical phenomenon also offers peak viewing in February and March and only cloaks visibility during Milky Way crossings.

mid-month approximate shapes and sizes for the ecliptic-centered gegenschein: Martin McKenna @martinastro2005, via Twitter Oct. 18, 2018

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

“False Dawn” image of the gegenschein (toward the left of the frame), the Milky Way (center) and the zodiacal light (to the right); image taken at European Southern Observatory’s La Silla Observatory on the outskirts of northern Chile’s Atacama Desert by Czech astrophotographer and ESO Photo Ambassador Petr Horálek: ESO/P. Horálek, CC BY 4.0 International, via ESO European Southern Observatory @ https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1707a/

mid-month approximate shapes and sizes for the ecliptic-centered gegenschein: Martin McKenna @martinastro2005, via Twitter Oct. 18, 2018, @ https://twitter.com/martinastro2005/status/1052926421973250048

For further information:

Barnard, E.E. (Edward Emerson). “The Gegenschein and its Possible Origin.” Popular Astronomy, vol. XXVII, no. 2, whole no. 262 (February 1919): 109-112.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1919PA.....27..109B

Barnard, E.E. (Edward Emerson). “The Gegenschein in the First Half of October.” Popular Astronomy, vol. XXVI, no. 8, whole no. 258 (October 1918): 561.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System) @ http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1918PA.....26..561B
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101075380277?urlappend=%3Bseq=627

Barnard, E.E. (Edward Emerson). “The Gegenschein or Zodiacal Counterglow.” Popular Astronomy, vol. VII, no. 4, whole no. 64 (April 1899): 169-179.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1899PA......7..169B

Barnard, E.E. (Edward Emerson). “Observations of the Zodiacal Counterglow, or Gegenschein, Made at Mt. Hamilton During the Years 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891.” Astronomical Journal, vol. 11, issue 243 (June 1891): 1920.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System) @ http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1891AJ.....11...19B

Barnard, E.E. (Edward Emerson). “Periodical Changes in the Form of the Gegenschein.” Astronomical Journal, vol. 20, issue 472 (November 1899): 131-132.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System) @ http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1899AJ.....20..131B

King, Bob. Night Sky With the Naked Eye. Salem MA: Page Street Publishing Co., 2016.

King, Bob. “Take the Gegenschein Challenge.” Sky & Telescope > Observing. Oct. 14, 2015.
Available @ https://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/take-the-gegenschein-challenge101420151410/

Ley, Willy. “The Puzzle Called Gegenschein.” Galaxy Magazine, vol. 19, no. 4 (April 1961): 74-79.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v19n04_1961-04#page/n37/mode/1up

Marriner, Derdriu. “Thomas William Backhouse Clearly Saw Gegenschein Sept. 28, 1875.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 25, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/thomas-william-backhouse-clearly-saw.html

Martin McKenna @martinastro2005. “The Gegenschein was spectacular last night as a huge oval elongated on both ends as it merged into the zodiacal band 25 degrees long. Easy to see despite being in proximity to Maghera town. Check it out after moonset between Taurus, Aries Pisces & Cetus.” Twitter. Oct. 18, 2018.
Available @ https://twitter.com/martinastro2005/status/1052926421973250048

Nemiroff, Robert (MTU); and Jerry Bonnell (UMCP). “The Gegenschein Over Chile.” NASA APOD (Astronomy Picture of the Day). Jan. 14, 2014.
Available @ https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap140114.html

2019-2020 Met Opera Season’s Seventh Week Has Glass, Gluck and Puccini

Summary: The 2019-2020 Met Opera season’s seventh week has Glass, Gluck and Puccini operas of Akhnaten, Orfeo ed Euridice, La Bohème and Madama Butterfly.

The Metropolitan Opera Premiere of Akhnaten by American composer Philip Glass introduces English director Phelim McDermott's staging, which the English National Opera premiered March 4, 2016, as a new production: English National Opera @englishnationalopera, via Facebook March 7, 2016

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season’s seventh week has Glass, Gluck and Puccini operas in continuing performances of Gluck’s Orfeo ed Euridice and two Puccini operas and in the Met Opera premiere of Glass’ Akhnaten.

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season’s seventh week begins with Orfeo ed Euridice by German Classical Era composer Christoph Gluck (July 2, 1714-Nov. 15, 1787). The week offers two performances of the opera. The week’s first performance takes place Monday, Nov. 4, 2019, at 8 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time. The week’s second performance happens Thursday, Nov. 7, at 8 p.m.

The season’s seventh week includes two performances of La Bohème by Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini (Dec. 22, 1858-Nov. 29, 1924). The week’s first performance takes place Tuesday, Nov. 5, at 7:30 p.m. The week’s second performance of La Bohème happens Saturday, Nov. 9, at 8 p.m.

The season’s seventh week features performances of a second Puccini opera. Madama Butterfly receives two performances in the season’s seventh week. The week’s first performance takes place Wednesday, Nov. 6. The week’s second performance happens Saturday, Nov. 9, at 1 p.m.

The Metropolitan Opera premiere of Akhnaten by American composer Philip Glass takes place during the 2019-2020 Met Opera season’s seventh week. Akhnaten premieres Friday, Nov. 8, at 8 p.m. at the Metropolitan Opera.

Including its premiere, Akhnaten receives eight performances in the 2019-2020 Met Opera season. Six of the opera’s performances take place in November. Beyond opening night, the month’s five additional performances take place Tuesday, Nov. 12, at 7:30 p.m.; Friday, Nov. 15, at 8 p.m.; Tuesday, Nov. 19, at 7:30 p.m.; Saturday, Nov. 23, at 1 p.m.; Saturday, Nov. 30, at 8 p.m.

Akhnaten’s last two performances are slated for December. The month’s performances take place Wednesday, Dec. 4, at 7:30 p.m. and Saturday, Dec. 7, at 1 p.m.

The Metropolitan Opera premiere of Akhnaten presents staging by Phelim McDermott. The English stage director’s production team comprises Tom Pye, set designer; Kevin Pollard, costume designer; Bruno Poet, lighting designer; Sean Gandini, choreographer.

Akhnetan is the first of two productions directed by Phelim McDermott during the 2019-2020 Met Opera season. McDermott also is credited as director of Così fan tutte by Classical Era composer Wolfgang Mozart (Jan. 27, 1756-Dec. 5, 1791).

Philip Glass composed Akhnaten in fulfillment of a commission from Württembergische Staatstheater in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg state, southwestern Germany. The Egyptian-themed opera received its world premiere March 29, 1984, at Stuttgart State Theatre.

The American premiere of Akhnaten preceded the opera’s Metropolitan Opera Premiere by 34 years 11-plus months. Houston Grand Opera in Houston, southeastern Texas, hosted the American premiere of Akhnetan Oct. 12, 1984.

The New York premiere of Akhnaten occurred a little over three weeks after the opera’s American premiere. New York City Opera hosted the opera’s New York premiere Nov. 4, 1984.

Akhnaten becomes the third Glass opera in the Metropolitan Opera’s repertoire. Met Opera hosted the world premiere of The Voyage on Oct. 12, 1992. Satyagraha received its Metropolitan Opera Premiere on April 11, 2008. Phelim McDermott made his Met Opera debut as production director of the Metropolitan Opera Premiere of Satyagraha.

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season’s seventh week is one of two weeks in October with no Sunday matinee. The month’s last weekend also does not offer a Sunday matinee. The 2019-2020 Met Opera season's schedule includes 16 Sunday matinees.

Sunday is the only opera-less day in the seventh week. The week’s remaining six days, Monday through Saturday, offer seven performances.

The takeaways for the 2019-2020 Met Opera season’s seventh week are that the week launches the Metropolitan Opera Premiere of Akhnaten by Philip Glass and also continues performances of Gluck’s Orfeo ed Euridice and Puccini’s La Bohème and Madama Butterfly.

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season revives American choreographer, dancer and director Mark Morris' 2006-2007 staging of Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Dec. 18, 2008

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

The Metropolitan Opera Premiere of Akhnaten by American composer Philip Glass introduces English director Phelim McDermott's staging, which the English National Opera premiered March 4, 2016, as a new production: English National Opera @englishnationalopera, via Facebook March 7, 2016, @ https://www.facebook.com/englishnationalopera/photos/a.10153736826528429/10153736826858429/

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season revives American choreographer, dancer and director Mark Morris' 2006-2007 staging of Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Dec. 18, 2008, @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.63777700532/104674875532/

For further information:

Marriner, Derdriu. “2019-2020 Met Opera Season Opens Monday, Sept. 23, With Porgy and Bess.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Sept. 16, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/2019-2020-met-opera-season-opens-monday.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2019-2020 Met Opera Season’s Fifth Week Has Gluck, Massenet and Puccini.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 14, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/2019-2020-met-opera-seasons-fifth-week.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2019-2020 Met Opera Season’s Fourth Week Has Gershwin, Massenet and Puccini.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 7, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/2019-2020-met-opera-seasons-fourth-week.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2019-2020 Met Opera Season’s Second Week Has Gershwin, Puccini and Verdi.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Sept. 23, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/2019-2020-met-operas-second-week-has.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2019-2020 Met Opera Season’s Sixth Week Offers Gluck and Puccini.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 21, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/2019-2020-met-opera-seasons-sixth-week.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2019-2020 Met Opera Season’s Third Week Has Gershwin, Massenet, Puccini, Verdi.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Sept. 30, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/2019-2020-met-opera-seasons-third-week.html

Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. "New during the 2019–20 season: We’re presenting 16 Sunday matinee performances, giving you more opportunities to enjoy opera on the weekend. Explore the full season: http://bit.ly/2VdNCNL. Photo by Jonathan Tichler / Met Opera." Facebook. Feb. 24, 2019.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MetOpera/status/1099763017854738433

Tree Pruning Systems Answer to Best Management Practices

Summary: Tree pruning systems advance tree appearance, health and stability in accord with the best management practices articulated in Arborist News October 2019.

Dutch post-impressionist artist Vincent van Gogh (March 30, 1853-July 29, 1890) depicted the pruning technique of pollarding in his 1884 pen and brown ink drawing on paper laid down on cardboard, Tetards (Pollards); The Art Institute of Chicago, Robert Allerton Fund: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Tree pruning systems in the article Pruning Systems: Best Management Practices - Tree Pruning, 3rd Edition, for the October 2019 issue of Arborist News assist public safety and tree appearance, health and stability.

Co-authors Edward F. Gilman, Sharon J. Lilly and E. Thomas Smiley broach tree pruning systems as bearing consequences when done badly or not done at all. Not pruning courts broken, dead, overextended branches; building, pedestrian, utility, vehicle misclearances; included bark; site disfunction; suckers; unsightliness; watersprouts; weak codominant stems; and whole branch/stem/tree failure. Best management practices designate as the best time for developing tree pruning systems the young stage, for strong branch architecture and swift convalescence from pruning wounds.

Pruning practices that eliminate live branches encourage branch and whole-tree failures, endanger mature trees' photosynthetically manufacturing sugars and entail expending energy for growth on pruning-wound closures.

Lion-tailing, over-lifting, over-thinning pruning practices facilitate branch failure and frustrate tree health because they focus weight distribution away from interior-crown branches and toward drooping, weighted-down ends.

Pruning operations go after visual inspections of branch architecture, general condition and tree health to guide heading, reducing, removing, shearing cuts; and wildlife and worker safety. Visual inspections hone work objectives, scope and specifics; work-site and worker safety; and tree pruning systems for desired long-term arboriculture, fruit production and landscaping plant forms. Tree pruning systems integrate client goals and formal, informal, semi-formal landscape designs and styles into bonsai, espaliering, fruit-producing, natural, pleaching, pollarding and topping iterations.

Forest-edge-, landscape- and street-tree arboriculture juggles cultivar- or species-characteristic, informal, not always completely natural tree pruning systems with branch architecture and site clearance, infrastructure and views.

The natural versus bonsai, espalier, fruit production, pleaching, pollarding and topiary tree pruning systems kindle one- to five-year versus two- or three- to 12-month pruning cycles.

The formal topiary (from Latin topiārius, "of or regarding ornamental gardening") tree pruning system lets slow-growing, small-leaved evergreen hedges, shrubs or trees look sheared, geometrical, artistic. The semi-formal pollarding (from Middle English poll, "head") tree pruning system maximizes epicormic (from Greek ἐπί, "atop" and κορμός, "bough-stripped trunk") shoots and minimizes decay movements. Pollarding's heading-cut three-year-old branches and stems nurse decay-controlled fodder, fuel, shelter wood whereas topping's heading-cut large, live branches and leaders negate long-term healthy structurally integral trees.

Ash (Fraxinus), beech (Fagus), catalpa, crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia), elm (Ulmus), coral-tree (Erythrina), hawthorn (Crataegus), horsechestnut (Aesculus), Japanese quince (Chaenomeles), linden (Tilia) and maple (Acer) offer pollarding-tolerant trunks.

Oak (Quercus), pear (Pyrus), plane-tree (Platanus) and sweetgrum (Liquidambar) versus fruit trees present pollarding versus central-leader, modified cenral-leader, bi-axis, espalier-on-trellis, slender-spindle, vertical-axis, open-center fruit-production pruning systems.

The formal espalier (from Italian spalla, "shoulder") pruning system queues fence-, trellis-, wall-backed fruit trees outside hardiness ranges for, like bonsai and topiary, specific visual effects. The pleaching (from Latin plexus, "braided") tree pruning system requires horizontally interweaving branches into allées (from Old French aler, "to go"), arbors, arching tunnels or walls. Confined root spaces suggest containerized fixed- or limited-size, leaf-, root-, twig-pruned, miniature bonsai trees, from ancient Chinese penjing (from Chinese 盆景, "potted landscape") artistic landscaping traditions.

Tree pruning systems treat confined root spaces; low output outside hardiness ranges; old-field-like urban trees; sunny, windy exposures; live-wood timber in limited above-grounds; and whimsical landscaping.

The pruning technique of pleaching is visible in spring as leaves fill in pleached lime trees (Tilia spp.) in Hidcote Manor Garden, Gloucestershire, South West England, designed by American-born British garden designer Lawrence Johnston (Oct. 12, 1871-April 27, 1958); Tuesday, April 10, 2007, 15:04: Matt Gibson from Bristol, United Kingdom, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Dutch post-impressionist artist Vincent van Gogh (March 30, 1853-July 29, 1890) depicted the pruning technique of pollarding in his 1884 pen and brown ink drawing on paper laid down on cardboard, Tetards (Pollards); The Art Institute of Chicago, Robert Allerton Fund: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Tetards_(Pollards).jpg

The pruning technique of pleaching is visible in spring as leaves fill in pleached lime trees (Tilia spp.) in Hidcote Manor Garden, Gloucestershire, South West England, designed by American-born British garden designer Lawrence Johnston (Oct. 12, 1871-April 27, 1958); Tuesday, April 10, 2007, 15:04: Matt Gibson from Bristol, United Kingdom, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hidcote_Manor_Garden_07.jpg; Matt Gibson (gothick_matt), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/41308227@N00/456247704/

For further information:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Lily, Sharon J.; Edward F. Gilman; and E. Thomas Smiley. October 2019. "Pruning Systems: Best Management Practices - Tree Pruning, 3rd Edition." Arborist News 28(%): 14-18.

Marriner, Derdriu. 33 September 2019. "Southeastern Street Tree Arthropod Pests Are Online Survey Subjects." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/southeastern-street-tree-arthropod.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 August 2019. "Cost Approach Approximates Plant Repair, Replacement or Restoration." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/cost-approach-approximates-plant-repair.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 July 2019. "Indirect Watering Devices Are There for Newly Transplanted Urban Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/indirect-watering-devices-are-there-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2019. "Plant Appraisal Data Collection Allies Off-Site and On-Site Research." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/plant-appraisal-data-collection-allies.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2019. "Wire Basket Removal or Wire Basket Retention: Girdling or Stable Roots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/wire-basket-removal-or-wire-basket.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2019. "Woody Plant Appraisal Data Collection for Shrubs, Trees and Vines." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2019. "Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/balancing-roadside-tree-benefits-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2019. “Plant Appraisal Estimate, Scope, Data, Analysis, Reconciliation, Report.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Steve Whysall. 30 January 2018. "https://www.stevewhysall.com/clever-way-create-elegant-pri…/ Clever way to create an elegant privacy screen." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=2322031357823022&id=181414381884741

Hawaiian Hoary Bats Acquit Five-0's Ghosts, Magnum's Make It 'Til Dawn

Summary: Hawaiian hoary bats perhaps access haunted basements, bashes and houses on Five-0's Don't Blame Ghosts and on Magnum's Make It 'Til Dawn Oct. 25, 2019.

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) habitat with endangered Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus), known in Hawaiian as ʻōpeʻapeʻa; Olinda, Maui, Hawaii; Tuesday, Sep. 7, 2010, 07:54:09: Forest and Kim Starr (Starr Environmental), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Hawaiian hoary bats perhaps are associated with monstrous basements on Hawaii Five-0's Don't Blame Ghosts and with haunted bashes, cemeteries and houses on Magnum PI's Make It 'Til Dawn Oct. 25, 2019.

Tenth-season fifth-episode director Yangzom Brauen and writers Rob Hanning and Zoe Robyn broach believing "Don't blame ghosts and spirits for one's troubles; a human is responsible." The Hawaii Five-0 television series' 223rd episode overall considers the ōlelo ao ("proverb") that "He 'oi'o kuhihewa; he kaka ola i 'ike 'ia e ka makaula." Dr. Max Bergman (Masi Oka), Hawaii Five-0 Task Force and Honolulu Police Department Medical Examiner before Noelani Cunha (Kimee Balmilero), delightfully descends upon his Five-0 family.

The Doctors Without Borders member encounters a task force experiencing Halloween events with a robber (Keli'i Aoyagi), a mummy (Hayley Walters) and a vampire (Pono Lundell).

Second-season fifth-episode director Bryan Spicer and writers Gene Hong and Tera Tolentino figure haunted Halloween bashes, cemeteries and houses into Magnum PI's Make It 'Til Dawn.

Magnum PI's 25th episode overall gets Honolulu Police Department Detective Bordon Katsumoto (Tim Kang) and private investigator Thomas Magnum (Jay Hernandez) together at one Halloween bash. Magnum's partner, Juliet Higgins (Perdita Weeks), and tiki (gin, rum, tequila, vodka, whiskey) bar owner-operator Rick Wright (Zachary Knighton) habitate a purported haunted house until dawn. Magnum's and Wright's friends Theodore Calvin (Stephen Hill), Island Choppers owner-operator, and Kumu Tuileta (Amy Hill), best-selling author Robin Masters' cultural curator, investigate Hawaiian burial grounds.

Criminals and Hawaiian hoary bats perhaps respectively jostle ghosts, dusk to dawn, in O'ahu's haunted bushes, cemeteries and houses and in Hawai'i's and Kaua'i's Halloween habitats.

"T.C." Calvin (Stephen Hill) and "Rick" Wright (Zachary Knighton) have differing interpretations of Robin Hood for Halloween in CBS TV's Magnum P.I. season 2 episode 5, Make It 'Til Dawn: Magnum P.I. @MagnumPICBS, via Facebook Oct. 25, 2019

The Hawaiian archipelago knows one endemic land mammal species, Hawaiian hoary bats of Hawai'i, Kaua'i, Maui, Moloka'i and O'ahu originally and now of Hawai'i and Kaua'i.

Hawaiian hoary bats, labeled locally 'ōpe'ape'a ("half-leaf") and scientifically Aeorestes semotus (from Greek αἰωρέω, "to hover," εδεστης, "eater" and Latin sēmōtus, "remote"), log annual mating seasons. Female Hawaiian hoary bats, sexually mature as four-month-olds, mate with males, sexually mature as four- to 16-month-olds, and manage two to four pups May through July. They navigate foraging flights with nursing, thumb-sized pups and then without once the latter nudge nimbly into roosting sites and, as one- to one-and-one-half-month-olds, navigate independently.

Hawaiian hoary bats, observed by Harrison Allen (April 17, 1841-Nov. 14, 1897), obtain black-edged yellow ears; brown-yellow throats; white-patched shoulders and wrists; and white-tipped brown-yellow fur.

Hawaiian hoary bats present 0.49- to 1.34-ounce (14- to 38-gram) weights, 5.1- to 5.9-inch (13- to 15-centimeter) bodies and 1.8- to 2.24-inch (4.6- to 5.7-centimeter) forearms.

The Vespertilionidae (from Latin vespertilio, "bat" and -idae, "resemblance") family members queue up 60-mile (96.56-kilometer) hourly speeds with their 10.63- to 13.38-inch (27- to 34-centimeter) wingspans. Two and six, two each, four each, six each left- and right-jawed upper and lower incisors, cuspids, premolars, molars reap koa moths (Scotorythra paludicola) and termites. Spring-summer coastal-lowland and, through 3,937.01-foot (1,200-meter) altitudes above sea level, highland tree trunks shelter them in cliffs, grasslands and hardwood forest and woodland clearings and edges.

Habitat loss and highland hibernation perhaps turn Hawaiian hoary bats up more among International Union for Conservation of Nature endangered species then at Halloween haunted venues.

Hawaii Five-0 Task Force's Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) searches for a murder victim's sister, Emily Nakua (Keely Nakama), in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 10 episode 5, He ‘oi‘o kuhihewa; he kaka ola i ‘ike ‘ia e ka makaula (Don’t blame ghosts and spirits for one’s troubles; a human is responsible): Hawaii Five-0 @HawaiiFive0CBS, via Facebook Oct. 25, 2019

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) habitat with endangered Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus), known in Hawaiian as ʻōpeʻapeʻa; Olinda, Maui, Hawaii; Tuesday, Sep. 7, 2010, 07:54:09: Forest and Kim Starr, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/starr-environmental/24420731894/;
Forest & Kim Starr, CC BY 4.0 International, via Starr Environmental @ http://www.starrenvironmental.com/images/image/?q=24420731894

"T.C." Calvin (Stephen Hill) and "Rick" Wright (Zachary Knighton) have differing interpretations of Robin Hood for Halloween in CBS TV's Magnum P.I. season 2 episode 5, Make It 'Til Dawn: Magnum P.I. @MagnumPICBS, via Facebook Oct. 25, 2019, @ https://www.facebook.com/MagnumPICBS/posts/452823278695700

Hawaii Five-0 Task Force's Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) searches for a murder victim's sister, Emily Nakua (Keely Nakama), in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 10 episode 5, He ‘oi‘o kuhihewa; he kaka ola i ‘ike ‘ia e ka makaula (Don’t blame ghosts and spirits for one’s troubles; a human is responsible): Hawaii Five-0 @HawaiiFive0CBS via Facebook Oct. 25, 2019, @ https://www.facebook.com/HawaiiFive0CBS/posts/2788372587862866

For further information:

Allen, Harrison. 9 September 1890. "Description of a New Species Bat, Atalapha Semota." Proceedings of the United States National Museum 13: 173-175. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1891.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15670889

Hawaii Five-0 @HawaiiFive0CBS. 25 October 2019. "Tracking down what goes bump in the night. A mystery murderer with monster-like methods is on the run in Hawaii Five-0, streaming now." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/HawaiiFive0CBS/posts/2788372587862866

"He 'Oi'o Kuhihewa; He Kaka Ola I 'Ike 'Ia E Ka Makaula: Don't Blame Ghosts and Spirits for One's Troubles; A Human Is Responsible." Hawaii Five-0: The Tenth Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Oct. 25, 2019.

Magnum P.I. @MagnumPICBS. 25 October 2019. "The true embodiment of the Robinhood spirit. Do some good for yourself and watch the latest new episode of Magnum P.I., streaming now.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MagnumPICBS/posts/452823278695700

"Make It 'Til Dawn." Magnum PI: The Second Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Oct. 25, 2019.

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 October 2019. "Molassesgrass Appalls Five-0's Tiny Is the Flower, Magnum's Dead Inside." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/molassesgrass-appalls-five-0s-tiny-is.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2019. "Akohekohe Honeycreepers Attack Like Magnum PI's Knight Lasts Forever." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/akohekohe-honeycreepers-attack-like.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2019. "Corsair Plane Wreck for Five-0's E Uhi Ana Ka Wa I Hala I Na Mea I Hala." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/corsair-plane-wreck-for-five-0s-e-uhi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 October 2019. "Hawaiian Quilts Are More Cryptic Than Magnum PI's Honor Among Thieves." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/hawaiian-quilts-are-more-cryptic-than.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 October 2019. "Moiliili Caves Actualize Hawaii Five-0's Kuipeia E Ka Makani Apaa." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/moiliili-caves-actualize-hawaii-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2019. "Ti Tree Root Okolehao Applies To Magnum PI's Payback Is For Beginners." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/ti-tree-root-okolehao-applies-to-magnum.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 September 2019. "Kauila Trees Assure That on Five-0 Ua 'Eha Ka 'Ili I Ka Maka O Ka Ihe." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/kauila-trees-assure-that-on-five-0-ua.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 September 2019. "Yellow Fever Mosquitoes Air a Killer on Magnum's A Kiss Before Dying." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 September 2019. "Hawaii Mamo Feathers Are Like Gold Necklaces on Magnum's Die He Said." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/hawaii-mamo-feathers-are-like-gold.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 September 2019. "Koloa Maoli Hawaiian Ducks Are One Duck Less on Magnum's Sudden Death." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/koloa-maoli-hawaiian-ducks-are-one-duck.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 May 2019. "Five-0 Endlessly Pours the Rain of Waianae into Hawaiian Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/five-0-endlessly-pours-rain-of-waianae.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 May 2019. "Lahaina Noon: Unlike Five-0's Hewa Ka Lima Rarely the Hand Is at Fault." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/lahaina-noon-unlike-five-0s-hewa-ka.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 May 2019. "'Imiloa Sky Charts and Hawaii Five-0's Ho'okani No La O Ka Malihini." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/imiloa-sky-charts-and-hawaii-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 April 2019. "Laysan Albatrosses: Earth Day 2019, Five-0 Season 9 Episode 22 Icons." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/laysan-albatrosses-earth-day-2019-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2019. "Pueo Hawaiian Short-Eared Owls and Hawaii Five-0's He Kama Na Ka Pueo." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/pueo-hawaiian-short-eared-owls-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 April 2019. "Hau Hawaiian Sea Hibiscus, Ma'a Hawaiian Sling, Five-0's Way of the Gun." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/hau-hawaiian-sea-hibiscus-maa-hawaiian.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 March 2019. “Five-0’s Hawaiian He’e Big Blue Day Octopus of the Deep Spews Its Ink.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/five-0s-hawaiian-hee-big-blue-day.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 March 2019. “Hawaii Five-0's Ai No I Ka 'Ape He Mane'o No Ko Ka Nuku: Itchy Mouths.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/hawaii-five-0s-ai-no-i-ka-ape-he-maneo.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 February 2019. “Offer Young Taro Leaves To Hawaii Five-0 Episode E'ao Lu'au A Kualima.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/offer-young-taro-leaves-to-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 February 2019. “Kanawao Shrub Fruits for Hawaii Five-0's Hapai Ke Kuko, Hanau Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/kanawao-shrub-fruits-for-hawaii-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2019. “Five-0 Hawaiian Rain Gardens Not Made Prisoner by the Reign of the Rain.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/five-0-hawaiian-rain-gardens-not-made.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 February 2019. "Makou Hawaiian Buttercups Add No Aconitine to Magnum's I, the Deceased." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/makou-hawaiian-buttercups-add-no.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 February 2019. “Humpback Whales Depressed With the Heat in Keawalua on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/humpback-whales-depressed-with-heat-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 January 2019. “No 'Awa Or Kava Shrubs If Those Above Are Descending on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/no-awa-or-kava-shrubs-if-those-above.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2019. “Kikui Tree Leaves for Hawaii Five-0 2010's Ka Hauli O Ka Mea Hewa 'Ole.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/kikui-tree-leaves-for-hawaii-five-0.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2019. “Hawaii Five-0 Gone on the Road, Without Koa Wood Outrigger Canoes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/hawaii-five-0-gone-on-road-without-koa.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2018. “Ponderosa Pine Trees for When a Hawaii Five-0 2010 House Is Dark.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/ponderosa-pine-trees-for-when-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2018. “Hawaiian Pili Grass Houses: Hawaii Five-0 2010 When the Light Goes Out.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/hawaiian-pili-grass-houses-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 December 2018. “Ko'a Black Coral for Hawaii Five-0 2010's Truth Comes from the Night.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/koa-black-coral-for-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2018. “Hawaiian Goose Nēnē: Birds of a Feather Episode on Hawaii Five-0 2010.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/hawaiian-goose-nene-birds-of-feather.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2018. “Hawaiian Horses, Chang and McGarrett: Hawaii Five-0 2010 200th Episode.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/hawaiian-horses-chang-and-mcgarrett.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 November 2018. “Olonā Hawaiian Nettle Shrubs for Hawaii Five-0 Emergency Landings?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/olona-hawaiian-nettle-shrubs-for-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2018. “Gernika Genocide Survivor Art Before Hawaii Five-0 Prophetic Child Art.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/gernika-genocide-survivor-art-before.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2018. “Hawaiian Beach Sand: Hawaii Five-0 2010's On the Slope of the Cliff.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/hawaiian-beach-sand-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2018. “Proverbial Cowrie Sea Snails for the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/proverbial-cowrie-sea-snails-for-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 October 2018. “Lamian or Ramen Noodles: Hawaii Five-0's The Man Who Fell From the Sky.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/lamian-or-ramen-noodles-hawaii-five-os.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2018. “Gutta-Percha Trees and Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season Premiere Cocoon.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/gutta-percha-trees-and-hawaii-five-o.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 September 2018. “Ki'i Pōhaku Petroglyphs: Ancients Exposed on Five-0's Waiho Wale Kahiko.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/kii-pohaku-petroglyphs-ancients-exposed.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 May 2018. “Hawaiian Rain Gardens for Five-0's Tough Branch That Does Not Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/hawaiian-rain-gardens-for-five-0s-tough.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 May 2018. “Noni for Hawaii Five-0's Ka Hana A Ka Makua, O Ka Hana No Ia A Keiki.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/noni-for-hawaii-five-0s-ka-hana-ka.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 April 2018. “'Āliamanu Salt Lake and Five-0's Kopi Wale No I Ka I'a A 'Eu No Ka Ilo.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/aliamanu-salt-lake-and-five-0s-kopi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 April 2018. “Hawaii Five-0 Episode Ahuwale Ka Nane Hina: Uku Hawaiian Gray Snappers.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/hawaii-five-0-episde-ahuwale-ka-nane.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2018. “'Iwa Great Frigatebirds: Five-0's He Lokomaika'i Ka Manu O Kaiona.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/iwa-great-frigatebirds-five-0s-he.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 April 2018. “Chinese Juniper Shrubs on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/chinese-juniper-shrubs-on-hawaii-five-0.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 April 2018. “Bonsai Gardening on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/bonsai-gardening-on-hawaii-five-0-2010.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 March 2018. “'Ulu Hawaiian Breadfruit To Do One's Duty on Five-0's E Ho'oko Kuleana.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/ulu-hawaiian-breadfruit-to-do-ones-duty.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 March 2018. “Chlorine Gas on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Holapu Ke Ahi Koe Iho Ka Lehu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/chlorine-gas-on-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 March 2018. “Golden Plovers and Stars of Heaven Know Where Pae Is on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/golden-plovers-and-stars-of-heaven-know.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 February 2018. “A Coral Reef Strengthens Out to Land on Hawaii Five-0 with Lobe Corals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/a-coral-reef-strengthens-out-to-land-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 January 2018. “No Southern House Mosquitoes on Hawaii Five-0's Na Keikia Kalaihaohia.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/no-southern-house-mosquitoes-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 January 2018. “What Is Gone Is Not Hawaiian Bobtail Squid on Hawaii Five-0 2010.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/what-is-gone-is-not-hawaiian-bobtail.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 January 2018. “Criminals Rare as Guernsey Dairy Cattle on Hawaii Five-0 The Roundup.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/criminals-rare-as-guernsey-dairy-cattle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 January 2018. “Hawaiian Cattle Roundups and Hawaii Five-0 2010 The Roundup Criminals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/hawaiian-cattle-roundups-and-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2010. “Hawaii Shave Ice Images and Take-Outs on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ho'apono.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-shave-ice-images-and-take-outs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 November 2010. “Hawaiian Wild Boars Around Hawaii Five-0 2010's North Shore of O'ahu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-wild-boars-around-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 November 2010. “Limu Lipoa Hawaiian Seaweed on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Nalowale.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/limu-lipoa-hawaiian-seaweed-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 November 2010. “Hawaiian Blueberry Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pancakes.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-blueberry-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2010. “Hawaii Five-0 2010: Respect the Land and the Pizza Without Pineapples?” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-five-0-2010-respect-land-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 November 2010. “Pygmy Hippopotamuses for Grace of the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Family?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pygmy-hippopotamuses-for-grace-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 November 2010. “Pineappley Hala Tree Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pilot.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pineappley-hala-tree-botanical.html

Mertz, Leslie Ann. "Vespertilionid Bats I." In: Michael Hutchins, Devra G. Kleiman, Valerius Geist and Melissa C. McDade, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Second edition. Volume 13, Mammals II: 497-517. Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group, 2003.

"Ua Ho'i Ka 'Ōpua I Awalua: The Clouds Always Return to Alawua." Hawaii Five-0: The Seventh Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Jan. 13, 2017.