Southeastern Street Tree Arthropod Pests Are Online Survey Subjects

Summary: Southeastern street tree arthropod pests are subjects of an online survey analyzed by its author for the September 2019 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

Damage by southern pine beetles (Dendroctonus frontalis) qualify the bark beetle as the top southeastern street tree arthropod pest species for stressed pines (Pinus spp.): Richard Spriggs, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Southeastern street tree arthropod pests are analyzed in the article A Survey of Key Arthropod Pests on Common Southeastern Streets by Steven D. Frank for the September 2019 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

The author, at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, broaches integrated pest management of urban trees based, unlike agricultural crops, in complex pest- and plant-diversified landscapes. One forester, two technical specialists and 12 university professors consider key arthropod pests that cause frequent or persistent severe damage and disproportionate control efforts and expenses. That new exotic arthropod pest species distributions and tree species preferences defer to climate-changed, globally warmed average winter temperatures demands updating 30-year-old rankings of arthropod pests.

Scott Jamieson, James Kielbaso and Zeming Wu established aphids, bagworms and borers, and then scales and webworms, as the South's top three arthropod pests in 1991.

The Kennedy and Kielbaso, the Nielsen and the Wu pest management and status assessments in 1983, 1985 and 1991 furnished no pest-poor or pest-prone tree species.

The 2017 study's goal gives current key pests in Alabama, Florida, Kentucky, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia in comparison to past regional assessments. It harbors Acer (maple), Fraxinus (ash), Lagerstroemia (crapemyrtle), Liquidambar (sweetgum), Liriodendron (tulip-tree), Pinus (pine), Platanus (planes), Prunus (plum), Pyrus (pear), Quercus (oak), Ulmus (elm) and Zelkova. It includes as pest species bark beetles and trunk and twig borers; bark- and leaf-sucking insects; defoliators and leafminers; leaf and stem gall-forming arthropods; and mites.

One Alabaman, one Oklahoman, one South Carolinian, one Virginian, two Floridians, two Kentuckians, three Tennesseans and four North Carolinians judged southeastern street tree arthropod pest species.

The first of two survey tables kindled damage and frequency rankings of 3, 2, 1 or 0 for "very common/damaging," "moderate," "rare/not very damaging" or "non-issue."

Bark-sucking insects such as armored scales, through vascular tissue-feeding on cambium, parenchyma and phloem fluids, left maple and zelkova tree species dead-branched, low-energy, poor-storing, slow-growing, sparse-canopied. Zelkova; ash and pine; pear; and sweetgum, plum and elm trees respectively muster bark-sucking insects and borers, borers, borers and defoliators, and defoliators as top-ranked pests. Almond, apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach and plum genus members netted lepidopteran order defoliators through eastern tent caterpillars (Malacosoma americanum) nestling preferentially on black cherry (Prunus serotina).

Leaf/stem gallers and, occurring through through Massachusetts, southern pine beetles (Dendroctonus frontalis) respectively occupy oak and stressed pines as top-ranked southeastern street tree arthropod pest species.

Spider mites, prevalent when insecticide and nitrogen applications respectively pull natural enemies down and leaf quality up, presented highest problematic presences on maple and oak species.

Dozens of species, not pest-prone or poor landscape and street planting choices, perhaps qualified oak and maple trees for respectively highest and second-highest total pest ratings. Greater use of native species, to reach conservation-friendly consumer and municipal goals, perhaps rallies realizing integrated pest management tactics for the commonest, most pest-prone native trees. The 2017 study serves to stress lepidopteran butterfly and moth order caterpillar stages as sources of rapid tree death and stimulants for expensive, extreme management practices.

Tallying southeastern street tree arthropod pest species takes city foresters and urban arborists to educational tasks fine-tuned to the likeliest pests that practitioners and teachers tackle.

Fine flecks or stipples evince oak spider mite (Oligonychus bicolor) visits to white oak (Quercus albus L.) leaves: James Solomon, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Damage by southern pine beetles (Dendroctonus frontalis) qualify the bark beetle as the top southeastern street tree arthropod pest species for stressed pines (Pinus spp.): Richard Spriggs, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=0007065

Fine flecks or stipples evince oak spider mite (Oligonychus bicolor) visits to white oak (Quercus albus L.) leaves: James Solomon, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=3066056

For further information:

Frank, Steven D. September 2019. "A Survey of Key Arthropod Pests on Common Southeastern Street Trees." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 45(5): 155-166.

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