Thich Nhat Hanh, Indra's Net at Bat Nha and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings

Summary: Indra's net admits Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures in India and Bat Nha monastery under study center founder Thich Nhat Hanh in central Vietnam.

Cổng vào tu viện Bát Nhã (Gateway to Bat Nha Monastery), central highlands, Vietnam; July 15, 2016: Tokeisan (thảo luận), CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Indra's net of Interbeing associates Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures in central-west India with Bat Nha monastery of study center founder Thich Nhat Hanh in central Vietnam and with all else.

Indra, king of the celestials and storm god brought by chariot-driving, horse-riding, light-skinned, sword-wielding Aryan invaders of northwestern India by 1700 BCE, built a spiderweb-like universe. Vedic hymns by 800 BCE commemorated Indra constructing the world, house-like, with four corner posts and walls; overcast-sky thatched roof; and separate sun-entering and sun-exiting doors. The 3,000- to 3,200-year-old Atharvaveda (from Sanskrit अथर्ववेद, "[ancient] priestly knowledge") and the 2,000-year-old Mahavaipulya Buddhavatamsaka Sutra (from Sanskrit महावैपुल्यबुद्धावतंसकसूत्र, "Flower Garland Scripture") describe Indra's net.

Indra's net exists as an infinite spiderweb that entertains infinite connections, each enshrining one of an infinite number of polished jewels that each exhibit infinite facets.

Anyone and anything, everyone and everything that fashions, or figures on, one connection, one facet, one jewel finds effects and reflections everywhere else on Indra's net.

Thich Nhat Hanh, Vietnamese-born founder of nine Plum Village Tradition mindfulness practice and training centers, gives the noun Interbeing for what Indra's net generates and gets. He hones the noun Interbeing into the infinitive interbe and such conjugated verb forms as We inter-are to harvest Buddhist teachings and Hindu and Vedic mythology. His article for the journal Resurgence indicates that, "In Indra's net the one is present in the all, and the all is present in the one."

Perhaps seasonal artisans and merchants joined resident and seasonal Buddhist monks in Interbeing journeys around Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures 1,300 to 2,300 years ago.

Perhaps jataka (from Sanskrit जातक, "born under") tales in Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures in north-central Maharashtra state kindled Interbeing among their laity and monastics.

Jataka tales lead Gautama Buddha (from Sanskrit गोतम, "brightness [dispels] darkness" and बुद्ध, "awakened") through 549 bodhisattva (from Sanskrit बोधिसत्त्व, "enlightened existence") reincarnations to his 550th. The first 35 years (624?-589 BCE?) he manifests as Sakyan Crown Prince Siddhartha (from Sanskrit सिद्धार्थ, "successful") Gautama and the enlightened last 45 as Gautama Buddha. Gautama Buddha, seventh of eight Manushi (from Sanskrit मनुषी, "feminine, humane") Buddhas who navigated human lifespans, netted bird, fish, human and other mammal, and reptile reincarnations.

Perhaps Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures offered Ajanta Sangha (from Sanskrit अजित, "invincible" and संघ, "multitude") communities aimless, empty, impermanent, non-attached, non-craving, peaceful, signless Interbeing.

Venerable Thich Duc Nghi as abbot permitted the Plum Village Tradition of founder Thich Nhat Hanh placing their Sangha and study center at Bat Nha monastery.

Five hundred quested Plum Village Tradition ordination, May 2005-June 2008, in Indra's net of aimless, empty, impermanent, non-attached, non-craving, peaceful, signless Interbeing at Bat Nha monastery. Indra's net of Interbeing empty of overriding ambition, attachments, craving, emotions, portent-seeking and selfishness and full of ever-changing teamwork reveals all times in one and vice-versa. Perhaps sojourns stopping around Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures suggest Indra's net stopped at the Bat Nha monastery study center 1,300 to 2,300 years later.

Ajanta testifies to tugs-of-war between Asmaka kings and Vakataka emperors on tribal lands, perhaps like those between colonialist and Vietnamese cultures on central-western Vietnam's tribal highlands.

Vietnamese Zen Buddhist monk Thich Nhat Hanh, founder of Bat Nha Monastery's study center as one of many jewels in his Plum Village Tradition's mindfulness practice and training centers, draws upon Indra's Net of infinite connections and reflections for the concept of Interbeing; rendering of Indra's Net by industrial designer David A. Parrott for Cincinnati, Ohio-based Stress Engineering Services depicts infinitely reflected interconnectedness; Thursday, Dec. 10, 2009: David A. Parrott, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Cổng vào tu viện Bát Nhã (Gateway to Bat Nha Monastery), central highlands, Vietnam; July 15, 2016: Tokeisan (thảo luận), CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cổng_vào_tu_viện_Bát_Nhã.jpg; Tokeisan (thảo luận), CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tập_tin:Cổng_vào_tu_viện_Bát_Nhã.jpg

Vietnamese Zen Buddhist monk Thich Nhat Hanh, founder of Bat Nha Monastery's study center as one of many jewels in his Plum Village Tradition's mindfulness practice and training centers, draws upon Indra's Net of infinite connections and reflections for the concept of Interbeing; rendering of Indra's Net by industrial designer David A. Parrott for Cincinnati, Ohio-based Stress Engineering Services depicts infinitely reflected interconnectedness; Thursday, Dec. 10, 2009: David A. Parrott, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Indras_Net-02.png

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Hellenistic Astronomers Reimaged Coma Star Cluster as Berenice’s Hair

Summary: Hellenistic astronomers reimaged the Coma Star Cluster as Berenice’s Hair, a celestial placement of a real queen’s votive offering.

depiction of Coma Berenices (top) as a constellation on renowned Southern Dutch cartographer and cosmographer Gerardus Mercator’s celestial globe of 1551: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Hellenistic astronomers reimaged the Coma Star Cluster as Berenice’s Hair (Coma Berenices) by removing the shimmery nebula from mythical Leo the Lion’s tail in order to honor a contemporaneous queen’s votive offering.

Conon of Samos (ca. 280-ca. 222 BCE), the court astronomer of King Ptolemy III Euergetes (284-222 BCE), is credited with reimaging the fluffy tuft hovering over Constellation Leo the Lion’s tail. The Greek astronomer and mathematician equated the starry cluster with a missing votive offering, the shorn, amber gold tresses of Queen Berenice II of Egypt (ca. 267-221 BCE), his king’s consort. In Greek mythology, the miraculous transformation of the queen’s sacrificial tressings into a celestial configuration exemplified a catasterism (Ancient Greek: καταστερισμός, katasterismós, “star legend”; from καταστερίζω, katasterízō, “to place among the stars”; from κατά, katá, “down” + ἀστήρ,astḗr, “star”).

The Third Syrian War (246-241 BCE) provided the context for Queen Berenice II’s votive offering. The Syrian Wars were waged as a series of six wars, beginning in 274 BCE and ending in 168 BCE, between two Hellenistic kingdoms, the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt and the Seleucid Empire of Babylonia and the Near East. Ptolemy III Euergetes (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Εὐεργέτης, Ptolemaĩos Euergétēs "Ptolemy the Benefactor") inherited involvement in the Syrian Wars as successor of his father, Ptolemy II Philadelphus (Ancient Greek: Φιλάδελφος, Philádelphos, “Brother Loving”)(ca. 308-January 246).

Influential Hellenistic Period (323-31 BCE) poet Callimachus of Cyrene (ca. 310/305-ca. 240 BCE) crafted a contemporaneous account of the catasteristic action in his Aetia (Ancient Greek: Αἴτια, "Causes"). The four-book collection of elegiac poems survives as tattered papyrus fragments. The Lock of Berenice (Ancient Greek: Βερενίκης πλόκαμος) is transmitted as Fragment 110, with a medley of complete, incomplete and missing verses in the Greek original. The last extant verse is line 94.

The Greek original of Fragment 110 and its English translation are available online via Dickinson College Commentaries. Susan Stephens, Sara Hart Kimball Professor in the Humanities and Professor of Classics at Stanford University, authored the fragment’s peer-reviewed and edited commentary.

Callimachus’ poem is a monologue, stated from the perspective of the lock of Berenice’s hair. The poem recounts the queen’s promise of the lock as a votive offering, dedicated to all the gods, upon the safe return of King Ptolemy III from war. Line seven acknowledges Conon as discoverer of the queen’s lock of hair in the sky.

Queen Berenice II placed her “fair lock” in the temple of deified Arsinoë II (316-ca. 270/260 BCE), consort of King Ptolemy II Philadelphus, at Cape Zephyrion, Cyprus. Callimachus also refers to Queen Arsinoë II as Zephyritis, the epithet associated with her worship as Arsinoe/Aphrodite of Fair Sailing, at Cape Zephyrion.

The poem notes the separation anxiety experienced by the rest of the queen’s hair. The votive lock’s mysterious disappearance during the night deepens the sorrow. The lock explains the disappearance as undertaken by Cypris, Aphrodite’s epithet honoring her birth on the island of Cyprus, so that “. . . counted among the many stars, but I also would shine . . .” (Susan Stephens, Fr. 110).

Sadly, the lock of hair does not favor placement “as a new star among the ancient ones.” The queen’s votive offering grieves at no longer touching “that head . . . from which, when she was still a young girl, I drank many simple (oil) . . .” (Susan Stephens, Fr. 110).

Late Roman Republic poet Gaius Valerius Catullus (ca. 84-ca. 54 BCE) adapted Callimachus’ poem into Latin. Known as Poem 66, his adaptation comprises 94 complete lines. American Latin scholar Elmer Truesdell Merrill (Jan. 1, 1860-April 19, 1936) described the poem’s theme as “a compound of court tradition and of astronomical tradition” and considered Catullus’ translation as “complex and artificial.” He wondered: “Whether the obscurity of some passages in it is due to lack of care on the part of the translator, or to an excessive fidelity to the original, cannot be determined . . .” (Catullus, page 166).

Dutch freelance exhibition curator and independent scholar Branko F. van Oppen de Ruiter has noted “several considerable deviations between Catullus and Callimachus” (Berenice II Euergetis, Chapter 4, page 71). For example, Callimachus’ last couplet (lines 94a-94b), which survives as a scant fragment, does not appear in Catullus’ Poem 66.

Dutch celestial cartography historian Elly Dekker (born 1943) notes that, since its introduction ca. 250 BCE by Conon of Samos, Queen Berenice II’s starry lock of hair has been “well attested in literary sources” (Illustrating the Phaenomena, page 76). She points out, however, that the first known images of Coma Berenices date only to the 16th century.

Interestingly, the depictions of Queen Berenice II’s hair in the 16th century upgrade the shimmery nebula from an asterism located within the borders of Constellation Leo the Lion to its own constellation. German celestial and geographic cartographer Caspar Vopel (1511-1561) presented the first-known image of Berenice’s Hair on his printed globe of 1536. In 1551, renowned 16th-century Southern Dutch cartographer and cosmographer Gerardus Mercator (March 5, 1512-Dec. 2, 1594) included the Hellenistic Period’s historical catasterism in his celestial globe of 1551.

In May 1922, the International Astronomical Union’s inaugural General Assembly officially recognized Coma Berenices as a constellation. Coma Berenices enjoys unique status as the only one of the 88 modern constellations that honors a historical personage.

The takeaway for Hellenistic astronomers’ reimaged Coma Star Cluster as Berenice’s Hair (Coma Berenices) is that the Hellenistic Period’s catasterism, or placement in the stars, of a contemporary event culminated in the acceptance of Coma Berenices in the 20th century as the only modern constellation with a historical figure as namesake.

portrait bust (second half of third century BCE) of Queen Berenice II; Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek, Saal des Alexander, Munich, Germany; 2007-02-08: Bibi Saint-Pol, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

depiction of Coma Berenices (top) as a constellation on renowned Southern Dutch cartographer and cosmographer Gerardus Mercator’s celestial globe of 1551: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Virgo_et_Coma_Berenices_-_Mercator.jpeg

portrait bust (second half of third century BCE) of Queen Berenice II; Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek, Saal des Alexander, Munich, Germany; 2007-02-08: Bibi Saint-Pol, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Head_Berenike_II_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg

For further information:

Bing, Peter. “Posidippus and the Admiral: Kallikrates of Samos in the Epigrams of the Milan Posidippus Papyrus (P. Mil. Vogl. VIII 309).” The Scroll and the Marble: Studies in Reading and Reception in Hellenistic Poetry: 243-244. Ann Arbor MI: The University of Michigan Press, 2009.

Condos, Theony. “The Katasterismoi (Part I).” Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflet, vol. 10, no. 496 (November 1970): 369-376.
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Condos, Theony. “The Katasterismoi (Part II).” Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflet, vol. 10, no. 497 (October 1970): 361-368.
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Dekker, Elly. “Caspar Vopel’s Ventures in Sixteenth-Century Celestial Cartography.” Imago Mundi: The International Journal for the History of Cartography, vol. 62, issue 2 (2010): 161-190.
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Harder, Annette, ed. Callimachus Aetia: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary. Volume I: Introduction, Text, and Translation. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Coma Star Cluster Formerly Fluffed Leo the Lion’s Tail.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 22, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/coma-star-cluster-formerly-fluffed-leo.html

Merrill, Elmer Truesdell, ed. Catullus. College Series of Latin Authors. Boston MA; New York NY; Chicago IL; London, England; Atlanta GA; Dallas TX; Columbus OH; San Francisco CA: Ginn and Company, 1893.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/catulluseditedby00catuuoft/

Nagy, Gregory. “About Three Fair-Haired Egyptian Queens.” Classical Inquiries. Aug. 19, 2015.
Available via Harvard University Center for Hellenic Studies (CHS) @ https://classical-inquiries.chs.harvard.edu/about-three-fair-haired-egyptian-queens/

Nagy, Gregory. “Classical Variations on a Story About an Egyptian Queen in Love.” Classical Inquiries. July 15, 2015.
Available @ https://classical-inquiries.chs.harvard.edu/classical-variations-on-a-story-about-an-egyptian-queen-in-love/

Prairie, Sandy. “Elmer Truesdell Merrill.” Find A Grave Memorial 34262500. Feb. 27, 2009.
Available @ https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/34262500/elmer-truesdell-merrill

Stephens, Susan. “The Lock of Berenice. Fr. 110.” Callimachus: Aetia. Carlisle PA: Dickinson College Commentaries, 2015.
Available @ http://dcc.dickinson.edu/callimachus-aetia/book-4/lock-berenice

Van Oppen de Ruiter, Branko F. Berenice II Euergetis: Essays in Early Hellenistic Queenship. Queenship and Power Series. New York NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.

Violanta and Die Tote Stadt Composer Erich Korngold Was Born May 29, 1897

Summary: Violanta and Die Tote Stadt composer Erich Korngold was born May 29, 1897, and had United States premieres for both operas at the Metropolitan Opera.

portrait of Erich Wolfgang Korngold by Austro-Hungarian photographer Georg Fayer (1892-Nov. 5, 1950) in 1927, the year of Violanta’s United States premiere at the Metropolitan Opera: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Violanta and Die Tote Stadt composer Erich Korngold was born May 29, 1897, and the United States premieres of both premieres, held at the Metropolitan Opera, featured Czech soprano Maria Jeritza as the principal soprano.

Erich Wolfgang Korngold was born Saturday, May 29, 1897, into a musical Jewish family in Brünn, Moravia, Austria-Hungary (present-day Brno, Moravia, Czech Republic). His parents were amateur singer and pianist Josefine Witrofsky Korngold (Feb. 12, 1872-Aug. 12, 1958) and esteemed music critic Leopold Julius Korngold (Dec. 24, 1860-Sept. 25, 1945). His only sibling, older brother Hanns Robert Korngold (July 25, 1892-May 17, 1965) led various eponymous jazz bands in Austria between 1928 and 1936.

Considered a child prodigy, he performed Gold, his cantata for solo voices and piano, for Austro-Bohemian late Romantic Era composer Gustav Mahler (July 7, 1860-May 18, 1911) in 1909. Mahler’s recommendation led to Erich Korngold’s studies with Austrian composer, conductor and teacher Alexander (von) Zemlinsky (Oct. 14, 1871-March 15, 1942).

Korngold’s first two operas premiered together March 28, 1916, at the Nationaltheater (National Theatre) in Munch, Bavaria, southeastern Germany. The two one-act operas complemented each other as a comedy and a tragedy.

His first opera, Der Ring des Polykrates (The Ring of Polykrates), was a comedy, with a German libretto by Austrian dramaturge, librettist and translator Leo Hirschfeld (Feb. 14, 1899-Sept. 5, 1924), known as Leo Feld. The libretto was based upon the same-named comic drama by Austro-Bohemian dramatist Heinrich Teweles (Nov. 13, 1856-Aug. 9, 1927). The opera’s setting is 18th century Saxony, east central Germany.

Korngold’s second opera, Violanta, was a tragedy, with a German libretto by Austro-Moravian playwright Hans Müller (Oct. 25, 1882-March 8, 1950), known as Hans Müller-Einigen. Violanta’s setting is 15th century Venice.

Korngold’s third opera, Die Tote Stadt (The Dead City), received simultaneous premieres Dec. 4, 1920, at Cologne Opera, North Rhine-Westphalia, central western Germany, and Hamburg State Opera, north central Germany. The opera’s setting is Bruges, Belgium, at the end of the 19th century. Erich and his father co-wrote the opera’s German libretto under their collective pseudonym of Paul Scott. The inspiration for the libretto was Die stille Stadt (The Still City) by Viennese playwright and poet Siegfried Trebitsch (Dec. 22, 1868-June 3, 1956).

Renamed Das Trugbild (The Mirage) by Trebitsch in 1913, Die stille Stadt was Trebitsch’s 1902 translation of Le Mirage (The Mirage) by Belgian Symbolist novelist and poet Georges Rodenbach (July 16, 1855-Dec. 25, 1898). Le Mirage, posthumously published in the April 1, 1900, issue of La Revue de Paris, was Rodenbach’s adaptation, “mais renouvelé avec une réelle puissance dramatique” (but renewed with a real dramatic power), of his 1892 novel, Bruges-la-Morte (Bruges the Dead [City]).

After Die Tote Stadt, Korngold composed three additional operas. Das Wunder der Heliane (The Miracle of Heliane) premiered Oct. 27, 1927, at Hamburg State Opera. Hans Müller-Einigen’s German libretto adapted “Die Heilige” (The Saint), a Lucifer-themed mystery play by Austrian dramatist, poet and writer Hans Kaltneker (Feb. 2, 1895-Sept. 29, 1919). Die Kathrin: A Folk Opera premiered Oct. 7, 1939, at Stockholm’s Royal Swedish Opera with a German libretto by Austrian author and music critic Ernst Décsey (April 13, 1870-March 12, 1941). Décsey’s libretto was based upon Die Magd von Aachen, a novel published in 1931 by German and American author and journalist Heinrich Eduard Jacob (Oct. 7, 1889-Oct. 25, 1967). Die stumme Serenade (The Silent Serenade) premiered Nov. 10, 1954, with a German libretto by Victor Clement, at Theater Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia, west central Germany.

The Metropolitan Opera has staged only two of Korngold’s operas. The opera house hosted the United States premieres for Korngold’s second and third operas, Violanta and Die Tote Stadt.

Die Tote Stadt’s United States premiere took place Nov. 19, 1921, at the Metropolitan Opera. The opera’s premiere marked the Met Opera debut of Maria Jeritza (Oct. 6, 1887-July 10, 1982). The Czech soprano sang the principal role of Marietta/Marie. Die Tote Stadt received eight performances during the 1921-1922 season. Met Opera has not staged Die Tote Stadt since the four performances offered during the 1922-1923 season.

Violanta’s United States premiere took place Nov. 5, 1927, at the Metropolitan Opera. Maria Jeritza sang the title role. The opera received five performances during the 1927-1928 season.

Violanta shared double billing with Met Opera’s new production of Hänsel und Gretel by German composer Engelbert Humperdinck (Sept. 1, 1854-Sept. 27, 1921). Humperdinck’s fairy tale opera received 12 performances during the 1927-1928 season.

Violanta has not been performed at the Metropolitan Opera since its premiere season. Contrastingly, Hänsel und Gretel has become a Met Opera holiday favorite, marking its 278th performance Jan. 6, 2018.

Korngold died Friday, Nov. 29, 1957, from cerebral thrombosis. He was buried in the Garden of Legends (formerly Section 8) of Hollywood Forever Cemetery, Los Angeles County, Southern California.

The takeaway for Violanta and Die Tote Stadt composer Erich Korngold, who was born May 29, 1897, is that the United States premieres for both operas took place at the Metropolitan Opera.

Czech soprano Maria Jeritza made her Metropolitan Opera debut Nov. 19, 1921, in the United States premiere of Erich Korngold’s Die tote Stadt; Maria Jeritza as Die tote Stadt’s Marietta/Marie with American operatic tenor Orville Harrold (Nov. 17, 1877-Oct. 23, 1933) as Paul; White Studio, Manhattan, New York; Bain News Service; George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division: No known restrictions on publication, via Library of Congress

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

portrait of Erich Wolfgang Korngold by Austro-Hungarian photographer Georg Fayer (1892-Nov. 5, 1950) in 1927, the year of Violanta’s United States premiere at the Metropolitan Opera: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erich_Wolfgang_Korngold_(1897–1957)_1927_©_Georg_Fayer_(1892–1950)_OeNB_10451525.jpg;
via Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek ÖNB @ https://onb.digital/result/BAG_10451525

Czech soprano Maria Jeritza made her Metropolitan Opera debut Nov. 19, 1921, in the United States premiere of Erich Korngold’s Die tote Stadt; Maria Jeritza as Die tote Stadt’s Marietta/Marie with American operatic tenor Orville Harrold (Nov. 17, 1877-Oct. 23, 1933) as Paul; White Studio, Manhattan, New York; Bain News Service; George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division: No known restrictions on publication, via Library of Congress @ http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2014713688/

For further information:

Carroll, Brendan G. The Last Prodigy: A Biography of Erich Wolfgang Korngold. Portland OR: Amadeus Press, 1997.

“Debuts: Maria Jeritza, George Meader.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 79050 United States Premier Die Tote Stadt {1} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 11/19/1921.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=79050

Dixon, Troy. “Erich Wolfgang Korngold Biography.” Erich Wolfgang Korngold Society. February 2006; revised February 2011.
Available @ http://www.korngold-society.org/bio.html

Duchen, Jessica. Erich Wolfgang Korngold. London, England: Phaidon Press, 1996.

Iola. “Erich Wolfgang Korngold.” Find A Grave > Find A Grave Memorial 7920. Dec. 23, 1999.
Available @ https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7920/erich-wolfgang-korngold

Marriner, Derdriu. “Hansel and Gretel Is Jan. 6, 2018, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Jan. 1, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/hansel-and-gretel-is-jan-6-2018-met.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Hänsel und Gretel Is the Dec. 24, 2016, Metropolitan Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Dec. 19, 2016.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/hansel-und-gretel-is-dec-24-2016.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Joseph Urban Designed Sets for 14 U.S. Premieres at Met Opera.” Earth and Space News. Monday, July 23, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/joseph-urban-designed-sets-for-14-us.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Maria Jeritza Sang Title Role in U.S. Turandot Premiere at Met Opera.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Aug. 6, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/maria-jeritza-sang-title-role-in-us.html

Mosley, Philip. “Appendix B: From Rodenbach to Korngold: The Intertextual Genesis of Die tote Stadt.” Georges Rodenbach: Critical Essays: 190-194. Cranbury NJ; London, England; Mississauga, Canada: Associated University Presses, 1996.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=jGyU7dd0ZjAC&pg=PA190

Rodenbach, Georges. “Le Mirage.” La Revue de Paris, septième année, tome deuxième (1 Avril 1900): 445-490. Paris, France: Bureaux de La Revue de Paris, 1900.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951001915970q?urlappend=%3Bseq=455

Scott, Paul. Die Tote Stadt (The Dead City): Opera in Three Acts Founded on G. Rodenbach’s “Das Trugbild.” English version for R.H. Elkin. Music by Erich Wolfgang Korngold. Mainz, Germany: B. Scott’s Sohne, 1920 (German version), 1921 (English version).
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/dietotestadtdead00korn

“United States Premiere: Die Tote Stadt.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 79050 United States Premiere Die Tote Stadt {1} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 11/19/1921.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=79050

“United States Premiere: Violanta.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 97060 United States Premiere (Violanta) New Production (Hänsel und Gretel) Violanta {1} Hänsel und Gretel {93} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 11/5/1927.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=97060

Wire Basket Removal or Wire Basket Retention: Girdling or Stable Roots

Summary: An article in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry May 2019 asks if wire basket removal or wire basket retention affects American ash girdling or stable roots.

A nine-year study reported in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry's May 2019 issue considers root girdling or stability in wire basket removal or retention of nine-year-old Fraxinus americana 'Autumn Purple' transplants; McKay Nursery Company @McKayNurseryCompany, via Facebook Oct. 5, 2012

An article by a nurseryman and three University researchers for Arboriculture & Urban Forestry May 2019 analyzes nine-year-old ash transplants for girdling or stable roots, wire basket removal or wire basket retention.

The article Impacts of Wire Basket Retention and Removal on Fraxinus americana 'Autumn Purple' growth nine years after transplanting begins with tree care industry removal recommendations. Bob Bleicher, Richard Hauer, Andrew Koeser and Ryan Klein consider full or partial wire basket removal versus wire basket retention for root-ball protection and tree survival. The Nebraska nurseryman, University of Wisconsin researcher and two University of Florida researchers describe 300-plus surveyed arborists' and landscapers' wire basket removal or alteration before transplanting.

Bonnie Appleton's and Scharlene Floyd's survey from 2004 equates wire basket retention with girdling buttress roots; injured, restricted roots and vascular flow; and growth-destabilizing, stress-effectuated decline.

Carol Goodwin and Glen Lumis's and Jeff Edgar, Richard Hauer, Andrew Koeser and David Kleinhuizens' controlled studies in 1992 and 2015 feature two- to three-year findings.

The Bleicher, Hauer, Klein, Koeser nine-year, 2019-published study gets ground-breaking status for first-time comparative controlled assessments of American white ash (Fraxinus americana) and longest time frames. Eagle Nursery, LLC mechanically harvested 45 1.5-inch (3.8-centimeter) field-grown ashes Nov. 29-30, 2008, and randomly had 15 each as balled-and-burlapped full-removal, balled-and-burlapped wire-intact or spaded transplants. Twenty-eight-inch (71-centimeter) skid steer-mounted hydraulic tree spades directly inserted ball-, burlap-, wireless ashes into silty clay-loamed United States Department of Agriculture Hardiness Zone 5b planting locations.

Forty-five ashes pruned for basal, crossing, dead, wind-damaged branches juggled four-gallon (15-liter) drip-irrigated hourly rates, 2- to 4-inch (5- to 10-centimeter) hardwood mulch and weed-controlling glyphosate.

Annual trunk caliper measurements 6 inches (1.2 centimeters) above soil lines after autumnal leaf drop knew increases from 1.5-inch (3.8-centimeter) first-year to 4-inch (10.23-centimeter) ninth-year diameters.

Full-removal, spaded and wire-intact transplant calipers lacked overall significant differences but logged marginal fifth- through ninth-year differences with 4.2-inch (10.86-centimeter), 4.01-inch (10.20-centimeter) and 3.78-inch (9.62-centimeter) diameters. Annual tree height measurements manifested marginal overall differences since full-removal, spaded and wire-intact transplants managed similar increases from 121-inch (308-centimeter) first-year to 254-inch (645-centimeter) ninth-year heights. Above-average temperatures and extreme drought netted perhaps fourth- and fifth-year moisture stress and limited tree growth in 2013 without any mortality rates because of supplemental watering.

The nine-year study offers wire basket removal and wire basket retention as less important than post-transplant activities and site factors such as watering and rooting-soil volumes.

The Appleton and Floyd survey perceives wire basket retention as more problematic than wire basket removal by posing tripping hazards and presenting stump-grinders with embedded wires.

Natural burlap, if multi-layered, quells root-growing and synthetic burlap quickens root-girdling, both respectively queuing up among balled-and-burlapped materials for cutting away or for avoiding or removing. Present and previous studies reveal cutting away natural burlap versus natural burlap removal, wire basket removal versus wire basket retention as arborists' and landscapers' personal choices. Natural burlap removal and wire basket removal from pre-planted transplants for windy sites, unlike removal from or retention on transplants non-staked on calm sites, suggest staking.

Nine years of tracking root growth and stability, tree diameter and tree height team wire basket removal versus wire basket retention with larger versus smaller calipers.

Present and previous studies find that arborists' and landscapers' personal choices determine wire basket removal or retention: Julia Malakie @JuliaMalakie, via Twitter Sept. 8, 2013

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

A nine-year study reported in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry's May 2019 issue considers root girdling or stability in wire basket removal or retention of nine-year-old Fraxinus americana 'Autumn Purple' transplants: McKay Nursery Company @McKayNurseryCompany, via Facebook Oct. 5, 2012, @ https://www.facebook.com/McKayNurseryCompany/photos/a.136780156362833/465757863465059/

Present and previous studies find that arborists' and landscapers' personal choices determine wire basket removal or retention: Julia Malakie @JuliaMalakie, via Twitter Sept. 8, 2013, @ https://twitter.com/JuliaMalakie/status/376815622279032832

For further information:

Appleton, Bonnie; and Scharlene A. Floyd. July 2004. "Wire Baskets -- Current Products and Their Handling at Planting." Journal of Arboriculture 30(4): 261-265.

Goodwin, Carol; and Glen Lumis. May 1992. "Embedded Wire Tree Roots: Implications for Tree Growth and Root Function." Journal of Arboriculture 18(3): 115-123.

Julia Malakie ‏@JuliaMalakie. 8 September 2013. "Now we know why last tree died. Balled&burlap planted in its wire basket. Don't make that mistake! #NewtonMA #trees." Twitter.
Available @ https://twitter.com/JuliaMalakie/status/376815622279032832

Klein, Ryan W.; Richard J. Hauer; Andrew K. Koeser; and Bob Bleicher. May 2019. "Impacts of Wire Basket Retention and Removal on Fraxinus americana 'Autumn Purple' Growth Nine Years After Transplanting." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 45(3): 79-84.

Koeser, Andrew; Richard Hauer; Jeff Edgar; and David Kleinhuizen. January 2015. "Impacts of Wire Basket Retention and Removal on Planting Time, Root-Ball Condition, and Early Growth of Acer platanoides and Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 41(1): 18-25.

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2019. "Woody Plant Appraisal Data Collection for Shrubs, Trees and Vines." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2019. "Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/balancing-roadside-tree-benefits-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2019. “Plant Appraisal Estimate, Scope, Data, Analysis, Reconciliation, Report.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

McKay Nursery Company @McKayNurseryCompany. 5 October 2012. "Autumn Purple Ash is a McKay introduction! Check out the fall color!" Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/McKayNurseryCompany/photos/a.136780156362833/465757863465059/