Earth and Space News

Saturday, February 16, 2013

Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences

Summary: Jeffrey O. Dawson of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign discusses inoculations and occurrences of tree friendly beneficial soil microbes.

mycorrhizal fungi encircle white spruces (Picea glauca): USDA Forest Service-Northeastern Area/USDA Forest Service/Bugwood.org,, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Actinorhizal and rhizobial bacteria and ectomycorrhizal and endomycorrhizal fungi are tree friendly beneficial soil microbes, according to Things Arborists Should Know about Soil Microbes in the February 2013 issue of Arborist News.

Jeffrey O. Dawson, Forest Biology professor emeritus in the University of Illinois' Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences at Urbana-Champaign, broaches bacterial and fungal symbionts. Symbionts construct "mutually defensive partnerships" whereby host tree roots exchange along- or in-root shelter and excess photosynthetic sugars for bodyguard services and soluble nitrogen and phosphorus. Inaccessible or unavailable phosphorus diminishes chemical energy transfer and use by plant cells in older, leached soils of Australia and of sandy coastal southeastern United States.

Nitrogen, like phosphorus, "macronutrient that soils commonly lack, worldwide," exerts similar impacts upon plant growth as the "essential component of amino acids, proteins [and] nucleic acids."

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), also known as endomycorrhizae, form symbiotic associations with "broader host ranges" on "more plant species than any other type of mycorrhizal fungi."

Endomycorrhizal infections give "tree-like" looks to the "microscopic hyphal clusters that form inside the outer cells of young tree roots" penetrated, but not killed, by AMF. Tree friendly beneficial soil microbes, such as endomycorrhizal fungi, hasten "little if any change in external root morphology" whereas ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) have hyphae-filled fungal mantles. Dense hyphal mantles extending from root exteriors "out into soil some distance" impede root intrusion by "harmful soil bacteria and fungi" and increase root-fungal absorptive surfaces.

EMF-hosting beeches, birches, cedars, cherries, chestnuts, Douglas-firs, firs, hawthorns, hazels, hemlocks, hickories, hornbeams, larches, lindens, oaks, pines, spruces and walnuts join AMF-/EMF-hosting eucalypts, poplars and willows.

Ectomycorrhizal fungi, endomycorrhizal fungi and filamentous actinomycetes called actinorhizal bacteria keep casuarina tree roots healthy with soluble nitrogen, even in mine spoils and fill-and-rubble urban soils.

Nitrogen-fixing nodules formed by actinorhizal bacteria to convert atmospherically inert nitrogen gas to ammonia let alders supplement AMF- and EMF-hosting root intakes of nitrogen and phosphorus. Rhizobial bacteria manage high-profile nitrogen-fixing since actinorhizal bacteria nodulate 24 genera in eight families, including autumn and Russian olives, bayberries, bog and wax myrtles and Ceanothus. Rhizobial bacteria nodulate temperate and tropical tree legume members of the bean and pea family, including acacias, black locusts, New Mexico locusts and Siberian pea shrubs. They offer no nitrogen-fixing services as tree friendly beneficial microbes to temperate honey locusts, Kentucky coffee trees, redbuds or yellowwoods even though redbuds may be EMF-hosted.

Feedback mechanisms in host plants prevent symbiotic uptakes when soils provide roots with sufficient amounts of moisture and of such essential elements as nitrogen and phosphorus.

Tree friendly beneficial soil microbes such as some actinorhizal bacterial strains qualify as natural occurrences while other strains quit being present in locations without host plants. Inoculation represents an option when actinorhizal, mycorrhizal and rhizobial plants relocate beyond native ranges, such as Australian casuarinas in Florida and Californian radiata pines in Chile. Inoculations and occurrences of actinorhizal bacteria, ectomycorrhizal fungi, endomycorrhizal fungi and rhizobial bacterial salvage alluvial deposits and debris from landslides, mining, riparian bars, tsunamis and volcanoes.

Inoculation tends to be successful when "biological, physical, and chemical properties of a given soil" treat the biological, chemical and physical needs of hosts and symbionts.

Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. menziesii) root with ectomycorrhizae (Corinarius sp.), in Corvallis, Benton County, west central Oregon: B. Zak/USDA Forest Service, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to:
talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet;
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for superior on-campus and on-line resources.

Image credits:

mycorrhizal fungi encircle white spruces (Picea glauca): USDA Forest Service-Northeastern Area/USDA Forest Service/Bugwood.org,, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1396184

Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. menziesii) root with ectomycorrhizae (Cortinarius sp.), Corvallis, Benton County, west central Oregon: B. Zak/USDA Forest Service, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ectomycorrhizae002.jpg

For further information:

Dawson, Jeffrey O. February 2013. "Things Arborists Should Know about Soil Microbes." Arborist News 22(1): 14-20.
Available @ http://viewer.epaperflip.com/Viewer.aspx?docid=2e673a77-9270-4a84-b4d5-a2a400bb6926#?page=14

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Wednesday, February 13, 2013

G. Bond Crater Honors American Astronomer George Phillips Bond

Summary: G. Bond Crater honors American astronomer George Phillips Bond, who co-discovered the seventh Saturnian moon with his father, William Cranch Bond.

G. Bond Crater honors American astronomer George Phillips Bond, who co-discovered the seventh Saturnian moon with his father, William Cranch Bond, whom he succeeded as Harvard College Observatory (HCO) director.

G. Bond is a lunar impact crater that occupies the near side’s northeastern quadrant. The roughly circular crater’s sloping inner walls create a bowl-shape effect with the interior floor.

G. Bond is centered at 32.39 degrees north latitude, 36.32 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northern hemisphere crater confines northernmost and southernmost latitudes to 32.7 degrees north and 32.07 degrees north, respectively. It establishes easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 36.69 degrees east and 35.95 degrees east, respectively. G. Bond Crater has a diameter of 19.05 kilometers.

G. Bond parents five satellites. Three lie to the east of their parent. Two have southwesterly placements with respect to their parent.

G. Bond lies south of Lacus Somniorum (Lake of Dreams). The irregularly-shaped lunar mare is centered at 37.56 degrees north latitude, 30.8 degrees east longitude. The dark, basaltic plain’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to 41.5 degrees north and 33.22 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach 39.15 degrees east and 22.04 degrees east, respectively. Lacus Somniorium’s length spans 424.76 kilometers.

Hall Crater is G. Bond’s nearest named, non-G. Bond Crater system crater. G. Bond Crater’s northern neighbor lies in southeastern Lacus Somniorum.

Hall Crater is centered at 33.81 degrees north latitude, 36.75 degrees east longitude. The lava-flooded crater obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 34.33 degrees north and 33.29 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at 37.38 degrees east and 36.12 degrees east, respectively. Hall Crater’s diameter measures 31.77 kilometers.

Rima G. Bond is a prominent rille (German: rille, “groove”) that receives its name from nearby G. Bond Crater. Rima G. Bond displays a somewhat arcing north-south orientation in its course to the west of G. Bond Crater and Hall Crater. Southeastern Lacus Somniorum claims the rille’s northern end. It finds its southern end near eastern G. Bond B.

Rima G. Bond is centered at 32.86 degrees north latitude, 35.25 degrees east longitude. It records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 35.22 degrees north and 30.32 degrees north. It registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 36.61 degrees east and 34.96 degrees east, respectively. Rima G. Bond’s length spans 166.85 kilometers.

G. Bond Crater honors American astronomer George Phillips Bond (May 20, 1825-Feb. 17, 1865). The International Astronomical Union (IAU) approved G. Bond as the crater’s official name in 1935, during the organization’s Vth (5th) General Assembly, held in Paris, France, from Wednesday, July 10, to Wednesday, July 17. The letter designations for the G. Bond Crater system's five satellites were approved in 2006.

Harvard College Observatory was founded in 1839 with George Phillips Bond’s father, American astronomer William Cranch Bond (Sept. 9, 1789-Jan. 29, 1859), as “Astronomical Observer to the University.” In 1846, William Cranch Bond was appointed as the observatory’s first director, with his son George as his assistant. Upon his father’s death in 1859, George was appointed as the observatory’s second director.

Astrophotography numbers among the father-and-son team’s areas of astronomical expertise. In the September 1890 issue of Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, American astronomers Edward Singleton Holden (Nov. 5, 1846-March 16, 1914) and William Wallace Campbell (April 11, 1862-June 14, 1938) credited the Bonds with the “first photographs of stars,” which were taken in the decade 1850 to 1860 at the Harvard College Observatory (page 250).

George Bond and American early photographer John Adams Whipple (Sept. 10, 1822-April 10, 1891) obtained the first photograph of a star on July 17, 1850, with their capture of the image of Alpha Lyrae (α Lyrae; Alpha Lyr, α Lyr), known traditionally as Vega, the brightest star in Lyra the Lyre constellation. Bond and Whipple used Harvard College Observatory’s 15-inch (38 centimeter) refractor telescope for their capture of Vega’s image on a 100-second exposure Daguerreotype plate, according to British astronomer and astronomy historian Stefan Hughes in his history of astrophotography, Catchers of the Light, published in 2012 (page 466).

The takeaways for G. Bond Crater, which honors American astronomer George Phillips Bond, are that the lunar impact crater lies southeast of Lacus Somniorum (Lake of Dreams) in the near side’s northeastern quadrant; that G. Bond Crater parents five satellites; that the lunar crater’s namesake was appointed in 1846 as assistant to his father, William Cranch Bond, at Harvard College Observatory; that he partnered with American early photographer John Adams Whipple to obtain the first photograph of a star, Vega (Alpha Lyrae) on July 17, 1850; and that, upon his father’s death in 1859, he succeeded his father as the observatory’s director.

Detail of Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows G. Bond Crater (lower right) as a middle-latitude crater lying southeast of Lacus Somniorum (Lake of Dreams) in the near side’s northeastern quadrant: U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Detail of Lunar Orbiter 4 photo shows G. Bond Crater (upper center; E-D 4-5) below flooded Hall Crater (E-D 2-3.5), with Rima G. Bond to the west (left; FE 1-7; D.E. Bowker and J.K. Hughes, Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon (1971), plate 124, Photo No. IV-79-H1: Public Domain, via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730005152.pdf; via USRA (Universities Space Research Association) LPI (Lunar and Planetary Institute) @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/lunar_orbiter/bin/info.shtml?187

Andersson, Leif E.; and Ewen A. Whitaker. NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA Reference Publication 1097. Washington DC: NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch, October 1982.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19830003761.pdf

Bowker, David E.; and J. Kenrick Hughes. “Photo No. IV-79-H1 Plate 124.” Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon. Prepared by Langley Research Center. NASA SP-206. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Office, Jan. 1, 1971.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730005152
Available via Universities Space Research Association’s (USRA) Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI) @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/lunar_orbiter/bin/info.shtml?272

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Elger, Thomas Gwyn. “Bond, G.P.” The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features: 53. London UK: George Philip & Son, 1895.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonfulldescript00elgerich/page/53

Elger, Thomas Gwyn. “Ring-Plains.” The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features: 12-14. London UK: George Philip & Son, 1895.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonfulldescript00elgerich/page/12/Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

Holden, Edward S. Memorials of William Cranch Bond, Director of the Harvard College Observatory 1840-1859, and of His Son, George Phillips Bond, Director of the Harvard College Observatory 1859-1865. San Francisco CA: C.A. Murdock & Co.; New York NY: Lemcke & Buechner, 1897.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/memorialsofwilli00holdiala/

Holden, Edward S.; and W.W. (William Wallace) Campbell. “Photographs of Alpha Lyrae in Broad Daylight.” Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, vol. 2, no. 10 (September 1890): 249-250.
Available via IOP Science @ https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/120156

Hughes, Stefan. “V.1.9. ‘Starlight.’” Catchers of the Light: The Forgotten Lives of the Men and Women Who First Photographed the Heavens. Vol. 1 Catching Space, Part V Starlight: 484-487. Paphos, Cyprus: ArtDeCiel Publishing, 2012.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=iZk5OOf7fVYC

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “G. Bond.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2046

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “G. Bond A.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9276

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “G. Bond B.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9277

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “G. Bond C.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/11354

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “G. Bond G.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9279

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “G. Bond K.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9280

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Hall.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2327

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Lacus Somniorum.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3217

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Rima G. Bond.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5060

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “W. Bond Crater Honors American Astronomer William Cranch Bond.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 5, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/w-bond-crater-honors-american.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “W. Bond Crater Parents Six Satellites Near Northern Mare Frigoris.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 12, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/w-bond-crater-parents-six-satellites.html

The Moon Wiki. “G. Bond.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > G Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/G._Bond

The Moon Wiki. “Hall.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > H Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Hall

The Moon Wiki. “IAU Directions.” The Moon.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_directions

The Moon Wiki. “Lacus Somniorum.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > S Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Lacus_Somniorum

The Moon Wiki. “Rima G. Bond.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > G Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Rima_G._Bond

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Neison, Edmund. “Bond (B.) [Posidonius G, M.].” The Moon, and the Condition and Configurations of Its Surface: 199-200. London UK: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1876.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonconditioncon00neis/page/199

Neison, Edmund. “Lacus Somniorum (R.).” The Moon, and the Condition and Configurations of Its Surface: 198-199. London UK: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1876.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonconditioncon00neis/page/198

Neison, Edmund. “Ring-plains.” The Moon, and the Condition and Configurations of Its Surface: 57-62. London UK: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1876.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonconditioncon00neis/page/56

Stratton, F.J.M. (Frederick John Marrian), ed. Vth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. V B Proceedings of the 5th General Assembly Paris France, July 10-17, 1935. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Jan. 1, 1936.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Sunday, February 10, 2013

Bennu Herons Perhaps Avert Elementary's A Giant Gun Filled With Drugs

Summary: Bennu herons perhaps are the ancient ash-arising phoenixes that a consulting detective admires on Elementary's A Giant Gun Filled with Drugs Feb. 7, 2013.

Bennu heron (Ardea bennuides) describes extinct gray heron species that may have been associated with Bennu bird of resurrection in ancient Egyptian mythology: Denis Bezmelnitsin @Bezmelnitsin, via Twitter Jan. 31, 2013

Bennu herons perhaps account for allusions on Elementary's procedural drama television series episode A Giant Gun Filled with Drugs Feb. 7, 2013, to arise as phoenixes from the ashes of drug abuse.

Director Guy Ferland and writers Corinne Brinkerhoff, Liz Friedman and Christopher Silber bring together a recovering dealer and a recovering user on Season One's 15th episode. Joan Watkins (Lucy Liu), addiction counselor and sober companion to drug ex-user Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) considers drug ex-dealer Rhys Kinlan's (John Hannah) company counterproductive. Rhys deems that Sherlock alone draws upon the daring, deductive detective skills to divine the former's daughter Emily Grant's (Allie Gallerani) whereabouts with dangerous, ransom-demanding abductors.

Sherlock elucidates their co-destructive experiences as "And it's worth nothing, he is an ex-dealer, just as I am an ex-junkie. Two phoenixes risen from the ashes."

Mythology-fed ancient Greek and even more ancient Egyptian art, histories, literatures and religions respectively featured phoenixes by the 25th century B.C.E. and the sixth century B.C.E.

Herodotus (484?-425? B.C.E. guided anthropologists, archaeologists, linguists and paleontologists to ancient Egypt as generator of phoenix presences through Book II in The Histories of 440 B.C.E. Peninsular Greece's Mycenaean civilization (1600-1100 B.C.E.) harbors the word phoenix (from Greek φοῖνῐξ, "crimson purple," "date [palm fruit]," guitar-like instrument invented by Phoenicians, mythical bird, "Phoenician"). It inherited the phoenix mythology from the ancient Egyptian word bnw, indicated hieroglyphically as lower leg and foot, pot, six-crested wave, quail chick and Bennu-bird deity.

Perhaps Bennu herons, as Chapter 73's phoenixes, join sacred cats, crocodiles, hippopotamuses, otters and serpents in Book II, Euterpé (from Greek Εὐτέρπη, "muse of lyric poetry").

Herodotus knew phoenixes from images and from information from Nile Delta inhabitants of Heliopolis (from Greek Ἡλιούπολις, "City of the Sun," from Egyptian I͗wnw, "The Pillars").

The 73rd chapter in The Histories' second book, labeled Euterpé, lists phoenixes as leaving Arabia every 500 years to land at Heliopolis' Temple of the Sun. Death motivated quincentennial migrations across the modern-day Arabian Peninsula, perhaps from Umm al-Nar (from Arabic أُمّ الـنَّـار‎, "Mother of the Fire") in modern-day United Arab Emirates. Phoenixes nestle dead parents within huge balls of myrrh (Commiphora) that necessitate plastering fresh myrrh over insertion openings to net "the same weight as at first."

Herodotus observed phoenixes artistically with gold and red plumage over body shapes and sizes similarly observable in eagles (Accipitridae family) and hieroglyphically perhaps as Bennu herons.

New Kingdom art of the 18th through 20th dynasties, from the 16th through 11th centuries B.C.E. poses long-beaked gray herons with two-feathered crests atop benben stones.

Ella Hoch, Copenhagen University Geological Museum professor (1974-2000) and, since 2000, Gram Museum of Paleontology research associate, qualifies Bennu herons as quintessential phoenixes from Umm al-Nar. She realized the scientific classification Ardea bennuides (from Latin ardea, "heron"; Egyptian Bennu, god of death; and Greek -ειδής, "-like") from a tibio-tarsus (lower leg bone) fragment. The benben stone to creation from watery chaos, the god Bennu (from Egyptian wbn, "to rise in brilliance") and Umm al-Nar source phoenixes in Bennu herons.

Herodotus, Hoch and Holmes perhaps turn bone from 3050 B.C.E. reconstructively into Goliath (Ardea goliath), gray (Ardea cinerea) and purple (Ardea purpurea) heron-like Bennu heron phoenixes.

Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) doubts self'-described "ex-junkie" Sherlock Holmes' (Jonny Lee Miller) characterization of a surprise visit by ex-drug dealer Rhys Kinlan (John Hannah) as "Two phoenixes risen from the ashes" in CBS Elementary's A Giant Gun Filled With Drugs (season 1 episode 15): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook Feb. 6, 2013

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

"A Giant Gun Filled with Drugs." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Feb. 7, 2013.

Denis Bezmelnitsin @Bezmelnitsin. 31 January 2013. "In Ancient Egypt Bennu was a sacred bird of Heliopolis. Bennu was considered the manifestation, the soul of Ra." Twitter.
Available @ https://twitter.com/Bezmelnitsin/status/297027163511721984

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1892. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd.

Elementary @CBSElementary. 6 February 2013. “You're only 1 day away from an all new Elementary! Watch the preview now! http://bit.ly/Wvr6wE.” Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/220838548041264

Herodotus; and George Rawlinson, transl. 1936. "73. They have also another sacred bird called the phœnix, which I myself have never seen, except in pictures." The History of Herodotus, vol. I, second book: 149-150. Translated by George Rawlinson. Edited by E. H. Blakeney, M.A. in 2 Vols. London, England: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd.; and New York NY: E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc., 1936.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/herodotus00herouoft/page/n185

Hoch, Ella. 1977. "Reflections on Prehistoric Life at Umm An-Nar (Trucial Oman) Based on Faunal Remains from the Third Millennium B.C." Pages 589-638. In: M. Taddei, ed. South Asian Archaeology 1977. Fourth International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe. Naples, Italy: Istituto Universitario Orientale Seminari di Studi Asiatici Series Minor 6, 1979.

Kurokarasu. 27 November 2012. "Creature Feature: Bennu Heron." Myths Made Real.
Available @ http://myths-made-real.blogspot.com/2012/11/creature-feature-bennu-heron.html

Kushlan, James A. "Herons and Bitterns (Ardeidae)." In: Michael Hutchins, Jerome A. Jackson, Walter J. Bock and Donna Olendorf, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Second edition. Volume 8, Birds I: 239-260. Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group, 2002.

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 February 2013. "Frankincense Tree Essential Oils Affirm Elementary's The Deductionist." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/frankincense-tree-essential-oils-affirm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2013. “Russian Tortoise Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Clyde Jan. 31, 2013.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/russian-tortoise-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 January 2013. “Costliest, World-Most Expensive Chopard Watch: 201 Carats at $25 Million.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/costliest-world-most-expensive-chopard.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2013. “Chopard Watch Worth $25 Million on Elementary Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/chopard-watch-worth-25-million-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2013. "Are Red-Whiskered Bulbuls Smuggled from Vietnam on Elementary's M?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/are-red-whiskered-bulbuls-smuggled-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2013. “Claude Monet Painting Nympheas 1918 in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/claude-monet-painting-nympheas-1918-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2013. "Are Snowdrop Flowers Why Yogurt Appears on Elementary's Dirty Laundry?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/are-snowdrop-flowers-why-yogurt-appears.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2013. “Paul Cézanne Still Life Painting Fruit in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/paul-cezanne-still-life-painting-fruit.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 December 2012. “Paul Signac Painting Women at the Well in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/paul-signac-painting-women-at-well-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 December 2012. “The Van Gogh Pietà Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-van-gogh-pieta-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2012. “Edward Hopper Painting Western Motel in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/edward-hopper-painting-western-motel-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2012. "Barako Coffee Allays Ailments on Elementary's You Do It To Yourself." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/barako-coffee-allays-ailments-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 December 2012. "Liberian Coffee Perhaps Averts Addiction on Elementary's The Long Fuse." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/liberian-coffee-perhaps-averts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2012. "Are Juices From Trifoliate Oranges on Elementary's One Way to Get Off?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/are-juices-from-trifoliate-oranges-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2012. "Saltmeadow Cordgrass Adheres to a Body on Elementary's Flight Risk." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/saltmeadow-cordgrass-adheres-to-body-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 November 2012. "Anisakis Worms That Adulterate Sushi Are Not Elementary's Lesser Evils." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/anisakis-worms-that-adulterate-sushi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2012. "Elementary's The Rat Race Accesses Vanilla Latte from Vanilla Orchids." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/elementarys-rat-race-accesses-vanilla.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2012. "Why Are Lemon Presses for Lemons on Elementary's Child Predator?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/why-are-lemon-presses-for-lemons-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 October 2012. "Bach Chaconne Absorbs Anguish on Elementary's While You Were Sleeping." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/bach-chaconne-absorbs-anguish-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

Niemann, Derek William. "Ciconiiformes (Herons, Storks, Spoonbills, Ibis, and New World Vultures)." In: Michael Hutchins, Jerome A. Jackson, Walter J. Bock and Donna Olendorf, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Second edition. Volume 8, Birds I: 233-237. Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group, 2002.

van de Walle, B. 1963. "Egypt: Syncretism and State Religion." Pages 25-53. In: Pierre Grimal, ed. Larousse World Mythology. Translated by Patricia Beardsworth. New York NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons.

Saturday, February 9, 2013

Frankincense Tree Essential Oils Affirm Elementary's The Deductionist

Summary: Frankincense tree essential oils assume crime-solving aspects in a kidney transplant candidate's abode on Elementary's The Deductionist Feb. 3, 2013.

Queen's Freddie Mercury, Parsee-born as Farrokh Bulsara, may have been familiar in childhood with frankincense trees (Boswellia sacra) and their essential oils, brought anciently from Persia to Bethlehem by the Three Wise Men; Queen's (left to right) Brian May, Roger Taylor, Freddie Mercury and John Deacon; Queen @Queen, via Facebook April 13, 2011

Frankincense tree essential oils affirm deductive analyses by a consulting detective about the criminal agenda of a kidney transplant candidate on Elementary procedural drama television series episode The Deductionist Feb. 3, 2013.

Director John Polson and writers Robert Doherty and Craig Sweeny bare frankincense tree essential oils to betray two siblings' criminal blame on Season One's 14th episode. Patricia Ennis (Jessica Hecht) convinces New York prison authorities to conduct her brother Howard (Terry Kinney) to Saint Gerard's Hospital operating room for kidney transplant procedures. Howard, serial killer described as the peeler for skinning blonde female victims, departs with both kidneys and with the entire attending hospital and prison staff dead.

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) and Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) espy frankincense, "highly toxic when ingested," and, enigmatically for kidney-compromised Patricia, "especially to the renal system."

Trees scientifically named Boswellia frereana, Boswellia papyrifera, Boswellia sacra (for Dr. John Boswell, 1710-1780, from Latin sacra, "sacred") and Boswellia serrata furnish frankincense tree essential oils.

A 4,000-plus-year-old trading history has among its cultural highlights frankincense trees harvested by ancient Egyptians for royal mummification, such as Tutankhamen's (1341?-1323 B.C.E.), 18th Dynasty pharaoh. Frankincense trees (from Old French franc encens, "pure incense" and literally "free lighting"), as Boswellia sacra, generate world-famous resins from which Patricia perhaps got essential oils. Christians and Parsee (from Sanskrit पारसि, "[Zoroastrian] Perso-Iranian") descendants of the Three Wise Men who visited Jesus (5 BCE?-29 C.E.?) include frankincense in their religious ceremonies.

Freddie Mercury (Sept. 5, 1946-Nov. 24, 1991) perhaps journeyed around frankincense trees during his Parsee childhood as Farrokh Bulsara before journeying worldwide as Queen lead vocalist.

Frankincense trees know propagation by cuttings and by seeds from three- to five-angled 0.32- to 0.47-inch (8- to 12-millimeter) fruit capsules kindled by 3.94-inch (10-centimeter) flowers.

Frankincense trees locate fruit-producing ovaries within fleshy discs within five-toothed cups with five white-yellow petals and 10 pollen-producing stamens for April-blooming branch-tip clusters amid branch-tip foliage. Tangled branches manifest compound, deciduous, opposite-positioned leaves with downy surfaces when young and with odd numbers of leaflets munched upon by browsing animals, especially commercial livestock. Tappers net pale drip-collected and red scrape-collected oleo-gum-resins from the Burseraceae (for Joachim Burser, 1583-Aug. 28, 1639, from Latin -āceae, "-like") family member's papery, peeling bark.

Oleo-gum-resins obtainable throughout mature, 6.56- to 26.25-foot (2- to 8-meter) tall, three-plus-year-old frankincense trees, observed by Friedrich Flückinger (May 15, 1828-Dec. 11, 1894), offer essential oils.

Buttress roots to one trunk with a swollen base or to many stems with swollen bases plants frankincense trees firmly amid boulders or into rocky faces.

Frankincense trees queue up quintessential oils in the Arabian Peninsula's mountain woodlands of southern Yemen and southwest Oman and in northeast Africa's rocky, steep-sloped northern Somalia. They require chalky soils rich in calcium carbonates in desert and fog-oasis woodlands and rocky limestone gullies and slopes through 3,937.01-foot (1,200-meter) altitudes above sea level. Agro-industrial stress from livestock farming and ranching, logging and over-harvesting suggest near-threatened survival and sustainability of frankincense trees to the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Frankincense trees take on pollutant particles, thrust out air-friendly oxygen and soil-friendly exudates and, through frankincense tree essential oils, treat aromatherapy, not kidney, patients and theists.

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) and Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) study a depiction of Constellation Cassiopeia as possible aid for deducing locations of serial killer Howard Ennis' (Terry Kinney) next two intended crime scenes in CBS Elementary's The Deductionist (season 1 episode 14): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook Feb. 3, 2013

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

"The Deductionist." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Feb. 3, 2013.

DerdriuMarriner. 16 October 2013. "Socotra Frankincense Tree (Boswellia socotrana): Island of the Phoenix and Its Vulnerable Incense." Wizzley > Plants and Gardening > Plants > Trees.
Available @ https://wizzley.com/socotra-frankincense-tree-boswellia-socotrana/

DerdriuMarriner. "Ground Control to David Bowie: You Made Everything Look Different." Wizzley.
Available @ https://wizzley.com/ground-control-to-david-bowie-you-made-everything-look-different/

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1892. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd.

Elementary @CBSElementary. 3 February 2013. “After the Super Bowl, there's a new team worth rooting for: Sherlock and Watson. Catch an all new episode TONIGHT after the game: http://bit.ly/WYzd3S.” Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/219192801539172

Flückinger, Dr. F.A. [Friedrich August]. 1867. "Olibanum. Gummi - resina Olibanum. Thus. Weihrauch. Encens. Incence. 2. Boswellia sacra nov. spec." Lehrbuch der Pharmakognosie des Pflanzenreiches: Naturgeschichte der Wichtigeren Arzneistoffe Vegetabilischen Ursprunges 31-33. Berlin, Germany: Verlag von Rudlph Gaertner; London, England: Williams & Norgate; and Paris, France: Haar & Steinert.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35874445

Queen @Queen. 13 April 2011. "Added a new photo." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/Queen/photos/a.10150158330097362/10150158330242362/

Thulin, M. 1998. "Boswellia sacra." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T34533A9874201. http://.dx.doi/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T34533A9874201.en.
Available @ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/34533/9874201

Wednesday, February 6, 2013

Dreyer Crater Parents Six Satellites Along Eastern Mare Marginis

Summary: Dreyer Crater parents six satellites along eastern Mare Marginis in the equatorial latitudes of the far side portion of the northern hemisphere.

Detail of oblique view, obtained 1971 with 70mm Hasselblad camera during Apollo 14 mission, shows lunar far side’s Dreyer Crater (center left) with intrusive satellites Dreyer C (right; east) and Dreyer K (below; south-southeast); Dreyer D is east (right) of Dreyer C and south (below) of joined satellites Ginzel H (with bright east side) and Ginzel G; Dreyer J (lower left center) is next to Dreyer K; NASA ID AS14-71-9889: James Stuby (Jstuby), Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons

Dreyer Crater parents six satellites along eastern Mare Marginis (Sea of the Edge) as an equatorial-latitude crater system in the far side’s portion of the moon’s northern hemisphere.

Dreyer Crater is centered at 10.24 degrees north latitude, 97.09 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northern hemisphere crater obtains its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 11.29 degrees north and 9.18 degrees north, respectively. The eastern hemisphere crater’s easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at 98.16 degrees east and 96.03 degrees east, respectively. Gill Crater’s diameter spans 63.84 kilometers.

Dreyer Crater parents six satellites on the lunar far side, just beyond the near side’s northeastern limb. Two of the Gill Crater system’s six satellites associate with their parent’s western side. Four of the Gill Crater system’s six craters are east-side residents.

Dreyer Crater lies along the eastern edge of Mare Marginis (Sea of the Edge). The equatorial-latitude lunar mare (Latin: mare, “sea”) wraps around the lunar near side’s northeastern limb in its occupancy of far side and near side portions of the moon’s eastern and northern hemispheres.

Dreyer R and Dreyer W associate with their parent’s western side. Dreyer R resides to the southwest of its parent. Dreyer R’s placement qualifies it as the most southerly and the most westerly of the Dreyer Crater system’s six satellites. Dreyer W lies to the northwest of its parent. Dreyer W’s placement qualifies it as the most northerly of the Dreyer Crater system’s six satellites.

Dreyer R is centered at 8.49 degrees north latitude, 94.48 degrees east longitude. Satellite R confines its northernmost and southernmost latitudes to 8.79 degrees north and 8.2 degrees north, respectively. It restricts its easternmost and westernmost longitudes to 94.78 degrees east and 94.17 degrees east, respectively. Dreyer R has a diameter of 18.08 kilometers.

Dreyer W is centered at 11.77 degrees north latitude, 95.8 degrees east longitude. It posts northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 12.28 degrees north and 11.26 degrees north, respectively. It marks its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 96.32 degrees east and 95.28 degrees east, respectively. Dreyer W’s diameter spans 30.74 kilometers.

Dreyer C, Dreyer D, Dreyer J and Dreyer K claim locations associated with their parent’s eastern side. Dreyer C and Dreyer K intrude across their parent’s northeastern and southeastern borders, respectively. Dreyer D’s location to the east of Dreyer C qualifies it as the most easterly of the Dreyer Crater system’s six satellites. Dreyer J neighbors along Dreyer K’s eastern side.

Dreyer C is centered at 11 degrees north latitude, 98.26 degrees east longitude. It records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 11.59 degrees north and 10.42 degrees north, respectively. It registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 98.85 degrees east and 97.66 degrees east, respectively. Dreyer C’s diameter of 35.44 kilometers qualifies it as the largest of the Dreyer Crater system’s six satellites.

Dreyer D is centered at 10.71 degrees north latitude, 99.83 degrees east longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes are confined to 11.12 degrees north and 10.3 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are restricted to 100.25 degrees east and 99.42 degrees east, respectively. Dreyer D’s diameter of 10.71 kilometers qualifies it as the smallest of the Dreyer Crater system’s six satellites.

Dreyer J is centered at 9.02 degrees north latitude, 98.52 degrees east longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes are found at 9.46 degrees north and 8.58 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are posted at 98.97 degrees east and 98.07 degrees east, respectively. Dreyer J’s diameter measures 26.85 kilometers.

Dreyer K is centered at 9.24 degrees north latitude, 97.73 degrees east longitude. It narrows its northernmost and southernmost latitudes to 9.59 degrees north and 8.88 degrees north, respectively. It trims its easternmost and westernmost longitudes to 98.09 degrees east and 97.37 degrees east, respectively. Dreyer K’s diameter measures 21.56 kilometers.

The takeaways for Dreyer Crater’s parentage of six satellites along eastern Mare Marginis (Sea of the Edge) are that two satellites, Dreyer R and Dreyer W, lie to the west of their parent; that Dreyer C, Dreyer D, Dreyer J and Dreyer K are east-side residents; that Dreyer C and Dreyer D qualify as the far side crater system’s largest and smallest satellites, respectively; that Dreyer W and Dreyer D qualify as the Dreyer Crater system’s most northerly and most easterly satellites, respectively; and that outlying Dreyer R qualifies as the Dreyer Crater system’s most southerly and most westerly satellite.

Details of Lunar Astronautical Chart (LAC) 64 shows the lunar far side’s Dreyer Crater with its six satellites along the eastern edge of Mare Marginis (Sea of the Edge); courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

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Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1638

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Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8830

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Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8831

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Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8832

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