Earth and Space News

Saturday, December 13, 2014

Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine

Summary: A.D. Ali of the Davey Institute identifies, as tree dwelling symbionts to know, epiphytic moss and lichen and parasitic dodder, mistletoe and woe-vine.

Fir dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium abietinum) is a parasitic plant; dwarf mistletoe parasitizing white fir (Abies concolor), Lee Canyon, Spring Mountains, southern Nevada; Wednesday, Aug. 10, 2005, 09:34: Stan Shebs, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Plants are called tree dwelling symbionts when they assume commensal, mutual or parasitic interactions with their hosts, according to Symbiosis of Parasites and Epiphytes in the December 2014 issue of Arborist News.

A.D. Ali of the Davey Institute Division of The Davey Tree Expert Company breaks symbionts into organisms that bring benefits, harm or nothing to their hosts. Commensalism caters to symbionts without causing harm to hosts while mutualism creates benefits for hosts and symbionts and parasitism confers benefits to the detriment of hosts. Dodder, mistletoe and woe-vine deserve to be called parasites since their life cycles draw light, nutrients and resources from hosts whose vigor declines, with fatal consequences.

Ball and Spanish mosses epitomize epiphytes whose commensalism sometimes ends up undesirable to hosts while lichens exemplify epiphytes whose mutualism exists in, and extols, clean ecosystems.

Dodder's red-brown, triangular seeds fling spaghetti-like, yellow-orange stems upward for peg-like organs, called haustoria, to fill parenchyma host, phloem- and xylem-filled tissues within 10-foot (3.05-meter) diameters. The annual grows without chlorophyll, and subsequently without roots or soil, into host tissue while chlorophyll gives perennial, red-orange-tinged yellow-green woe-vine base-to-crown coverage of 80-plus species.

Greater osmotic potential helps American true mistletoe in the eastern and western United States and dwarf mistletoe in the north and west to their hosts' moisture. Dwarf mistletoe impairs host seed production vigor and wood quality and inundates 50-foot (15.24-meter) distances with seeds approaching speeds of 80 feet (24.38 meters) per second.

Dwarf mistletoe and true mistletoe join woe-vine in seed production for wildlife dispersion while ball moss, Spanish moss and dodder juggle seed production for wind dispersion.

Chlorophyll keeps tree dwelling symbionts called epiphytes, airily growing as bromeliads, lichens and orchids upon host phorophytes and independently obtaining moisture, independent photosynthetic producers of nutrients.

Commensal bromeliads such as ball moss and Spanish moss let gray-green leaves and stems respectively bunch atop and drape bark, chain-link fences, poles and power lines. Opened, thinned inner canopies of moisture-, nutrient- and root-stressed trees make ball moss as high-profile as branching Spanish moss stems covered with dense, gray, hair-like trichomes.

Lichen needs commensal interactions when covering, not penetrating, bark and mutualistic interactions when nestling constituent algal producers of photosynthates into constituent fungal providers of dissolved nutrients. It never occasions the management controls that operate against North America's dense growths, wildlife- and wind-dispersed seeding and wet weights of dodder, mistletoe, moss and woe-vine.

Parasitic tree dwelling symbionts such as dodder and woe-vine prompt applications of pre-emergent herbicides, assessments of branch breakage and failure and removal by hand-pulling and pruning.

Dormant foliar applications of ethephon, excision by thinning pruning cuts 12 inches (40.48 centimeters) below infestations and post-excision black polyethylene sheet wraps qualify as mistletoe controls. Severe infestations by dodder, mistletoe and woe-vine require both pests and plants to be cut down and destroyed, rare options for reigning in rampant epiphytic mosses. De-mossing, as mechanical removal of mossy biomasses to pack shipping containers and stuff upholstery, and treatment schedules with copper-based, desiccating, high-pressure sprays serve as moss-managing controls.

Callery 'Bradford' pear, crapemyrtle, eucalyptus, gingko, sweetgum and sycamore tend to thwart mistletoe whereas dodder, mistletoe, moss and woe-vine rarely turn down vacancies on oak trees.

small ballmoss, an epiphyte that forms small ball-like clusters, parasitizes an oak tree (Quercus spp.): Edward L. Barnard/Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to:
talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet;
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for superior on-campus and on-line resources.

Image credits:

Ali, A.D. December 2014. "Symbiosis of Parasites and Epiphytes." Arborist News 23(6): 12-18.
Available @ http://viewer.epaperflip.com/Viewer.aspx?docid=f8826c35-6e05-4e85-9b89-a3ea00f791af#?page=12

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Friday, December 12, 2014

Elementary's Nutmeg Concoction and Nutmeg Botanical Illustrations

Summary: The Elementary series episode The Adventure of the Nutmeg Concoction Dec. 11, 2014, offers nefarious uses not occurring in nutmeg botanical illustrations.

Nutmeg essential oil (left) is colorless or light yellow; a steam distillation process extracts the essential oil from dried kernels of ripe nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) seeds; Elementary tv series' The Adventure of the Nutmeg Concoction (season 3 episode 7) centers on the scent of nutmeg: E R O @erybali, via Twitter May 4, 2013

The Columbia Broadcasting System series Elementary associates nutmeg with crime scene clean-ups in The Adventure of the Nutmeg Concoction Dec. 11, 2014, even though the association absents itself from nutmeg botanical illustrations.

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) believes that scenes of unsolved crimes that bear the sweet scent of nutmeg bode a serial cleaner, not a serial criminal. Famous nutmeg botanical illustrations and the first Linnaean system-coordinated scientific classifications contain nothing that conjures up nutmeg as The Adventure of the Nutmeg Concoction's clean-up odor-suppressant. The best-known nutmeg botanical illustrations display the woody plant's obvious-use parts: deciduous leaves, fleshy fruit, grindable seed and seed covering, pale flowers and light construction-friendly wood.

Antimicrobial, consumable, cough-ameliorating, dysentery-controlling, rheumatism-relieving, floor-covering, fungicidal, hallucinogenic, insect-repelling, pain-treating, pharmaceutical, pickling, teeth-cleaning properties and wood crafts, finishes, handles, molds and panels emerge as best-known employments.

Maartyn Houttuyn (1720-May 2, 1798) and Hermann Adolph Köhler (July 13, 1834-Feb. 6, 1879) furnished nutmeg scientific descriptions in 1774 and nutmeg botanical illustrations in 1883-1914.

Brown-purple, shiny, 0.8- to 1.2-inch (2- to 3-centimeter) by 0.8-inch (2-centimeter) seeds with crimson or red arils (coverings) grow 16.4- to 65.62-foot (5- to 20-meter) evergreens. The Myristicaceae nutmeg family members have conical or spreading habits and many shorter, slenderer stems if air-layered or grafted or one taller, wider trunk if seeded. The single stem is 59.06 to 98.43 inches (150 to 250 centimeters) in diameter at breast height 4.5 feet (1.37 meters) above the ground-level trunk base.

Heavy winds jeopardize nutmeg branches and trunks even though the roots juggle a 4-plus-foot (1.22-plus-meter) taproot and 11.48- to 16.40-foot (3.5- to 5-meter) lateral feeder roots.

Nutmeg botanical illustrations keep, and sometimes not, the dense, gray-green, smooth bark whose yellow juice agroindustrialists know for oxidized brown-red or red dye, among plant parts.

Semi-elliptic or oblong lance-shaped, simple, thick, 2- to 5.9-inch (5- to 15-centimeter) by 0.8- to 2.8-inch (2- to 7-centimeter) leaves, green above and silver-green below, locate alternately along branches. Dioecious ("two houses") trees manage 1- to 3-flowering female or 1- to 10-flowering male umbrella-like cymes (clusters) on 0.39- to 0.59-inch (1- to 1.5-centimeter) pedicels (stalks). Cream-yellow, green-stalked, waxy, 0.39-inch- (1-centimeter-) long flowers in nectar-filled, three-lobed calyxes (whorled sepals) individually net one single-celled, 0.28-inch- (7-millimeter-) long ovary and one two-lipped white stigma.

Nutmeg botanical illustrations optimize observing the anthers, 8 to 12 0.39-inch- (1-centimeter-) long stamens and 0.08-inch- (2-millimeter-) long stalk on staminate (male-functioning), not pistillate (female-functioning), flowers.

Apricot-like, lengthwise-grooved, one-seeded, smooth, 2.36- to 3.54-inch- (6- to 9-centimeter-) long, 0.39- to 0.59-inch- (1- to 1.5-centimeter-) thick, yellow drupes patronize brown-green, 0.59-inch- (1.5-centimeter-) long stalks.

Nutmeg shrub-trees queue up healthiest among banana and cocoa trees on low-salt, moist, organic matter-rich, well-drained soils up to 1,640.42 feet (500 meters) above sea level. Mean annual rainfall and temperatures range between 59.06 and 137.79 inches (1,500 to 3,500 millimeters) and 71.6 and 93.2 degrees Fahrenheit (22 and 34 degrees Celsius). They survive soil pH levels between semi-acidic 5.5 and semi-alkaline 7.5, mulched bark-chips and well-rotted manure and synthetic calcium ammonium nitrate or sulphate of ammonia fertilizers.

The Adventure of the Nutmeg Concoction tackles the hallucinogenic, toxic 0.28 grams (8 grams) that throttle crime-scene clean-up smells and that nutmeg botanical illustrations never touch.

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) discovers that a crime scene cleaner has been dissolved in his own nutmeg-flavored cleaning solution in Elementary tv series's The Adventure of the Nutmeg Concoction (season 3 episode 7): Sherlock Holmes Wiki @sherlockholmeswiki, via Facebook Nov. 26, 2014

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Nutmeg essential oil (left) is colorless or light yellow (left); a steam distillation process extracts the essential oil from dried kernels of ripe nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) seeds; Elementary tv series' The Adventure of the Nutmeg Concoction (season 3 episode 7) centers on the scent of nutmeg: E R O @erybali, via Twitter May 4, 2013, @ https://twitter.com/erybali/status/330849594965626880

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) discovers that a crime scene cleaner has been dissolved in his own nutmeg-flavored cleaning solution in Elementary tv series' The Adventure of the Nutmeg Concoction (season 3 episode 7): Sherlock Holmes Wiki @sherlockholmeswiki, via Facebook Nov. 26, 2014, @ https://www.facebook.com/sherlockholmeswiki/photos/a.711525708891391.1073741828.711307918913170/838023486241612/

For further information:

"The Adventure of the Nutmeg Concoction." Elementary: The Third Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Dec. 11, 2014.

Brandt, Wilhelm; Gürke, M.; Köhler, F.E.; Pabst, G.; Schellenberg, G.; Vogtherr, Max. Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte: Atlas zur Pharmacopoea germanica, austriaca, belgica, danica, helvetica, hungarica, rossica, suecica, Neerlandica, British pharmacopoeia, zum Codex medicamentarius, sowie zue Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America. Plate 132.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10837#page/609/mode/1up

Doyle, Sir Arthur. Conan. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London England: George Newsnes Ltd., 1892.
Available via Project Gutenberg @ http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1661?msg=welcome_stranger

E R O ‏@erybali. 4 May 2013. "The essential's. #oil." Twitter.
Available @ https://twitter.com/erybali/status/330849594965626880

Houttuyn, M. 1774. Natuurlyke Historie of Uitvoerige Beschryving der Dieren, Planten en Mineraalen, Volgens het Samenstel van de Heer Linnæus. Met naauwkeurige Afbeeldingen. Tweede deels, derde Stuk. De Boomen 2(3): 333.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42619945#page/80/mode/1up

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2014. “Elementary's Bird in Blue-Throated Macaw Natural History Illustrations.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/11/elementarys-bird-in-blue-throated-macaw.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 October 2014. “Bearded Dragon Natural History Illustrations: Not Elementary's Nemesis.” Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/bearded-dragon-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 May 2014. “Ficus Benjamina Botanical Illustrations and Elementary's Stunted Tree.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/05/ficus-benjamina-botanical-illustrations.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 February 2014. “Dimetrodon Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Dimetrodon.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/dimetrodon-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 January 2014. “Nanotyrannus Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Dead Clade Walking.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/01/nanotyrannus-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2013. “Fruit in Osage Orange Botanical Illustrations and Elementary Series.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/fruit-in-osage-orange-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2013. “George Stubbs Painting The Godolphin Arabian and Elementary's Nutmeg.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/george-stubbs-painting-godolphin.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2013. “John Wootton Painting The Darley Arabian and Elementary's Studhorse.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/john-wootton-painting-darley-arabian.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2013. “John Wootton Painting The Byerley Turk and Elementary's Thoroughbreds.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/john-wootton-painting-byerley-turk-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2013. “Turner Fighting Temeraire Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/turner-fighting-temeraire-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 June 2013. “Paul Gauguin Painting Tahitian Women on the Beach in Elementary's The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/paul-gauguin-painting-tahitian-women-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2013. “Rubens Painting The Incredulity of St Thomas in Elementary's The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/rubens-painting-incredulity-of-st.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 May 2013. “Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Painting Rousse in Elementary Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/henri-de-toulouse-lautrec-painting.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 May 2013. “The Bruegel Painted Parable in the Elementary Series Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-bruegel-painted-parable-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2013. “Osmia Avosetta Natural History Illustrations for Elementary's Bee.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/osmia-avosetta-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2013. “Russian Tortoise Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Clyde Jan. 31, 2013.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/russian-tortoise-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 January 2013. “Costliest, World-Most Expensive Chopard Watch: 201 Carats at $25 Million.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/costliest-world-most-expensive-chopard.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2013. “Chopard Watch Worth $25 Million on Elementary Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/chopard-watch-worth-25-million-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2013. “Claude Monet Painting Nympheas 1918 in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/claude-monet-painting-nympheas-1918-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2013. “Paul Cézanne Still Life Painting Fruit in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/paul-cezanne-still-life-painting-fruit.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 December 2012. “Paul Signac Painting Women at the Well in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/paul-signac-painting-women-at-well-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 December 2012. “The Van Gogh Pietà Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-van-gogh-pieta-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2012. “Edward Hopper Painting Western Motel in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/edward-hopper-painting-western-motel-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

Sherlock Holmes Wiki @sherlockholmeswiki. 26 November 2014. "Added a new photo." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/sherlockholmeswiki/photos/a.711525708891391.1073741828.711307918913170/838023486241612/

Wednesday, December 10, 2014

Goclenius Crater Parents Two Satellites in Southwest Mare Fecunditatis

Summary: Goclenius Crater parents two satellites in southwest Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fecundity), an equator-straddling lava plain on the moon’s near side.

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 80 shows Ibn Battuta (center left, fifth square from bottom) above Goclenius U (fourth square from bottom); scale 1:1,000,000; Mercator Projection: United States Air Force (USAF) Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (ACIC) via USGS/Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Goclenius Crater parents two satellites in southwest Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fecundity), a dark, equator-straddling lava plain located in the lunar near side’s eastern hemisphere.

Goclenius Crater’s worn rim outlines the floor-fractured crater’s (FFC) irregular elliptical shape. Rilles (German: grooves) transect the primary crater’s fairly smooth, dark floor. Its somewhat egg-shaped shallow basin measures a depth of only 2.2 kilometers, according to geographer and U.S. Geological Survey geologist Richard J. Pike’s 1976 article, “Crater Dimensions From Apollo Data and Supplemental Sources” (page 464).

Primary crater Goclenius is centered on the lunar near side at minus 10.05 degrees south latitude, 45.03 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to minus 9.17 degrees south and minus 10.93 degrees south, respectively. Goclenius maintains eastern hemisphere occupancy with easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 46.24 degrees east and 43.83 degrees east, respectively.

The lunar impact crater’s diameter spans 73.04 kilometers. Geologists Wilfred B. Bryan, Peter Alfons Jezek and Mary-Linda Adams confirm the crater’s “distorted” elliptical shape with measurements of 63 kilometers and 44 kilometers along the major and minor axes, respectively.

Goclenius satellite B perches on its parent’s step-like terraced northwestern wall. B is centered at minutes 9.22 degrees south latitude, 44.47 degrees east longitude. The satellite marks northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 9.12 degrees south and minus 9.33 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach 44.58 degrees east and 44.37 degrees east, respectively. B has a diameter of 6.22 kilometers.

Satellite U lies to its parent’s east, farther away from the southwestern edges of Mare Fecunditatis. U is centered at minus 9.33 degrees south latitude, 50.15 degrees east longitude. Northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to minus 8.97 degrees south and minus 9.7 degrees south, respectively. U claims easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 50.52 degrees east and 49.78 degrees east, respectively. Its diameter measures 22.14 kilometers.

Goclenius U’s distance from its parent crater places the satellite in the vicinity of Ibn Battuta, previously designated as Goclenius A. Located to the northeast of its former parent, Ibn Battuta lies approximately two-plus degrees north of Goclenius U.

Ibn Battuta is a circular, symmetrical lunar impact creater. A small crater sits, west of center, on Ibn Battuta’s dark floor.

Ibn Battuta is centered at minus 6.95 degrees south latitude, 50.44 degrees east longitude. Northernmost and southernmost latitudes register at minus 6.76 degrees south and minus 7.14 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach 50.63 degrees east and 50.25 degrees east, respectively. Its diameter measures 11.51 kilometers.

Goclenius is named after Rudolf Göckel (Aug. 22, 1572-March 3, 1621), a German physician who taught physics, medicine and mathematics at the University of Marburg (German: Philipps-Universität Marburg) in central Germany’s State of Hesse. Italian Jesuit astronomer Giovanni Battista Riccioli (April 17, 1598-June 25, 1671) Latinized Göckel’s name as Goclenius in his encyclopedia astronomical reference work, Almagestum Novum (New Almagest), published in 1651. Riccioli biographized Göckel as “Medicinae Doctor in Academia Marpurgensi, edidit Anno 1615 Uraniam suam, cum geminis filiabus Astronomia & Astrologia” (page XLIV).

The International Astronomical Union approved Goclenius as the crater’s official name in 1935. Goclenius B and U received name approval in 2006.

IAU approval of Ibn Battuta in 1976 as the official name for Goclenius A reduced the crater’s parentage from three to two satellites. The newly named crater honors Moroccan explorer geographer Abu Abd Allah Mohammed Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Battuta (Feb. 25, 1304-ca. 1368/1369). Ibn Battuta is located to the northeast of its former parent.

The takeaways for Goclenius Crater’s parentage of two satellites in southwest Mare Fecunditatis are that Goclenius satellite B sits on its parent’s northwestern rim, Goclenius satellite U is distanced to the east of its parent and that Ibn Battuta, formerly designated as Goclenius satellite A, is located near U.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Apollo 14 mission’s view of Ibn Battuta Crater (upper left), formerly designated as Goclenius A: NASA ID AS14-73-10163; photo taken during lunar revolution 28; film magazine M: NASA Johnson Space Center Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, NASA does not maintain a copyright, via Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth @ https://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/SearchPhotos/photo.pl?mission=AS14&roll=73&frame=10163;
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), No known copyright restrictions, via U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) @ https://nara.getarchive.net/media/as14-73-10163-apollo-14-apollo-14-mission-image-view-of-the-goclenius-a-crater-ab6a77

For further information:

Ashley, James. “The Ghosts of Mare Fecunditatis.” NASA ASU (Arizona State University) LROC (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera). Oct. 31, 2012.
Available @ http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/588

Bryan, W. (Wilfred) B.; P. A. (Peter Alfons) Jezek; and Mary-Linda Adams. “Volcanic and Tectonic Evolution of Crater Goclenius, Western Mare Fecunditatis.” In: Proceedings of the Sixth Lunar Science Conference, vol. 3 Physical Studies: 2563-2569. New York NY: Pergamon Press, Inc., 1975.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1975LPSC....6.2563B

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Elger, Thomas Gwyn. “Goclenius.” The Moon, A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features: 129. London UK: George Philip & Son, 1895.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonfulldescript00elgerich/page/129

Elston, Donald P. “Geologic Map of the Colombo Quadrangle of the Moon.” Geologic Atlas of the Moon. IMAP-714 (LAC-79). Prepared in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Department of the Interior United States Geological Survey, 1972.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i714

Godwin, Robert, comp. and ed. Apollo 8: The NASA Mission Reports. Second edition. Burlington, Canada: Apogee Books, 1971.

Hodges, Carroll Ann. “Geologic Map of the Langrenus Quadrangle of the Moon.” Geologic Atlas of the Moon. IMAP-739 (LAC-80). Prepared in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Department of the Interior United States Geological Survey, 1973.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i739

International Astronomical Union. “Goclenius.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2198

International Astronomical Union. “Goclenius B.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9511

International Astronomical Union. “Goclenius U.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9512

International Astronomical Union. “Ibn Battuta.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2633

International Astronomical Union. “Mare Fecunditatis.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3673

Jozwiak, Lauren M.; James W. Head; Maria T. Zuber; David E. Smith; and Gregory A. Neumann. “Lunar Floor-Fractured Craters: Classification, Distribution, Origin and Implications for Magmatism and Shallow Crustal Structure.” Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 117, issue E11 (November 2012): E11005.
Available @ http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/4320.pdf

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Colombo Crater Parents 10 Satellites in Southeastern Lunar Near Side.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 19, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/11/colombo-crater-parents-10-satellites-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Gutenberg Crater Parents Nine Satellites on Southwest Mare Fecunditatis." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 26, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/11/gutenberg-crater-parents-nine.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Magelhaens Crater Parents One Satellite on Southwest Mare Fecunditatis.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 3, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/magelhaens-crater-parents-one-satellite.html

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Orloff, Richard W. “Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference. NASA History Series. NASA SP 4029. Washington DC: NASA Headquarters Office of Policy and Plans, 2000.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029.pdf

Orowan, E. (Egon). “Origin of the Surface Features of the Moon.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences (Jan. 22, 1974): 141-163.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/78497

Pike, Richard J. “Crater Dimensions From Apollo Data and Supplemental Sources.” The Moon, vol. 15 (June-July 1976): 463-477.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (National Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1976Moon...15..463P

Pike, Richard J. Geometric Interpretation of Lunar Craters. Apollo 15-17 Orbital Investigations. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1046-C. Prepared on behalf of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1980.
Available via U.S. Geological Survey @ https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1046c/report.pdf

Ricciolo, Ioanne Baptista. “Rodulphus Goclenius.” Almagestum Novum Astronomiam Veterem Novamque Complectens Observationibus Aliorum, et Propriis Novisque Theorematibus, ac Tabulis Promotam, tomus primus: XLIV. In tres tomos. Bononiae: Ex Typographia Haeredis Victorij Benatij, MDCLI (1651).
Available via ETH-Bibliothek Zürich’s e-rara.ch @ https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/pageview/140243

Schultz, Peter H. “Floor-Fractured Lunar Craters.” The Moon, vol. 15 (June-July 1976): 241-273.
Available via Harvard ADSABS @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1976Moon...15..241S

Schultz, Peter H. Moon Morphology: Interpretations Based on Lunar Orbiter Photography. Austin TX: University of Texas Press, 1976.

U.S. Geological Survey. Color-Coded Topography and Shaded Relief Map of the Lunar Near Side and Far Side Hemispheres. U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series I-2769. Page last modified Nov. 30, 2016. Flagstaff AZ: U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Science Center, 2003.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2769/

Friday, December 5, 2014

Bolivian and Peruvian Morpho Aurora Natural History Illustrations

Summary: Morpho aurora natural history illustrations and Aurora morpho natural history images show Bolivia's and Peru's big-winged, shiny brush-footed butterflies.

Morpho aurora; A. Seitz's The Macrolepidopera of the World, Vol. 5 Plates (1924), plate 66: Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Morpho aurora natural history illustrations address distribution ranges, life cycles and physical appearances in Aurora morpho images that appreciate from all aesthetic angles one of northern South America's attractive, brilliant brush-footed butterflies.

Aurora morpho brush-footed butterflies bear their common name because of daylight territorial patrols and daytime flight patterns along wooded water bodies in lowland Bolivia and Peru. They carry their scientific names as the species Morpho aurora and the first- and second-classified subspecies Morpho aurora aurora and Morpho aurora aureola ("golden dawn morpho"). John Obadiah Westwood's (Dec. 22, 1805-Jan. 2, 1893) aurora and Hans Fruhstorfer's (March 7, 1866-April 9, 1922) aureola descriptions, in 1851 and 1913 respectively, dominate taxonomies.

Aurora morpho brush-footed butterflies exist in Bolivia and Peru as the brown-underwinged, larger aurora nominate ("first-named") subspecies and in Peru as the gold-underwinged, smaller aureola subspecies.

Aurora morpho brush-footed butterflies, with 14- to 21-day lifespans, follow eggs, larvae and chrysalids (from the Greek χρυσός, khrusós, "gold") in completely metamorphosing, 115-day life cycles.

The last, mature, solitary stage goes for nutrient-rich fluids in decomposing animals, fermenting fruits, fungi, mud and tree sap and a mate between November and April. Dewdrop-like 200-plus eggs hatch into green- or yellow-patched, hairy-headed, red-brown caterpillars with eversible (turning inside-out, from the Latin ēversus, "cleared-out") thoracic glands with rancid butter-smelling secretions. The second, larval stage involves five molts of hungry, night-feeding, prickly, smelly, thrashing caterpillars into five instars whose daily diets include ingested toxins from poisonous plants.

Morpho aurora natural history illustrations and Aurora morpho natural history images jangle hard-skinned, jade- to white-green chrysalises by silk-spun buttons from leafy undersides or stem sides.

The bulbous, shiny-spotted chrysalis keeps away inquisitive intruders and natural enemies at sea-level through 8,530.18-foot (2,600-meter) altitudes through touch- and wind-activated repulsive smells and ultrasonic sounds.

The Nymphalidae (from the Greek νύμφη, númphē, "bride, nymph") brush-footed butterfly family member looks iridescent-winged because of microscopic scales that limit all light wavelengths except blue. Aureola subspecies' 3.54- to 3.94-inch (9- to 10-centimeter) and aurora subspecies' 3.54- to 4.33-inch (9 to 11-centimeter) wingspans mean bouncy, easy-to-catch, slow, wobbly flight patterns. Females and their lighter, narrow-banded, smaller mates net four smaller and four larger eyespots respectively on their fore- and hind-wings' brown, gray, marbled or orange undersides.

Morpho aurora natural history illustrations and Aurora morpho natural history images observe black or brown bodies, two ridged antennae, two footless forelegs and four footed hind-legs.

Aurora morpho brush-footed butterflies prioritize forest river and stream habitats in Amazonian Bolivia's and Peru's forest river and stream habitats even though they alternatively proliferate in dry deciduous woodlands and secondary forests.

Lacewings, ladybugs; ants, bees, flies, sawflies, wasps; mammals; ants, bees, birds, frogs, lizards, mantids, sawflies, spiders, wasps respectively qualify as egg-, caterpillar-, chrysalis- and butterfly-preying predators. Aurora morpho brush-footed butterflies remain most vulnerable during daylight patrols and daytime puddling because of four-footed, not six-footed, transportation modes; iridescent colors; and slow flight patterns. Antennae and stubby forelegs serve as smellers and tasters even as eyespots and iridescence skewer predator senses of head-body arrangements and suggest unpleasant tastes and textures.

Morpho aurora natural history illustrations and Aurora morpho natural history images track brush-footed butterflies whose iridescence triggers local ceremonial mask-making and world-marketed jewelry and wood inlays.

Morpho aurora; Museum Wiesbaden, Hesse state, west central Germany; Tuesday, March 17, 2009: Notafly, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Morpho aurora; A. Seitz's The Macrolepidopera of the World, Vol. 5 Plates (1924), plate 66: Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13667186;
Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/biodivlibrary/50573021913/

Morpho aurora; Museum Wiesbaden, Hesse state, west central Germany; Tuesday, March 17, 2009: Notafly, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Morphoaurora.JPG

For further information:

Ellenrieder, Natalia von; Rosser W. Garrison. "Lepidoptera (Butterflies, Skippers, and Moths)." In: Michael Hutchins, Arthur V. Evans, Rosser W. Garrison and Neil Schlager (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Second edition. Volume 3, Insects: 383-389. Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group, 2003.

Fruhstorfer, H. (Hans). "6. Family: Morphidae Westw.: M. aurora." In: Dr. Adalbert Seitz, ed., The Macrolepidoptera of the World: A Systematic Account of Hitherto Known Macrolepidopera in Collaboration with Well Known Specialists. Division II: Fauna Exotica, Vol. 5: The American Rhopalocera, Part 2: 349. Stuttgart, Germany: Alfred Kernen, 1924.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40683050

Seitz, Adalbert, Dr, ed. The Macrolepidoptera of the World: A Systematic Account of Hitherto Known Macrolepidopera in Collaboration with Well Known Specialists. Division II: Fauna Exotica, Vol. 5 Plates. Stuttgart, Germany: Alfred Kernen, 1924.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/48585

Wednesday, December 3, 2014

Magelhaens Crater Parents One Satellite on Southwest Mare Fecunditatis

Summary: Magelhaens Crater parents one satellite on southwest Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fecundity), an equator-straddling lava plain on the moon’s near side.

Detail shows row of Magelhaens, Magelhaens A and Gutenberg D in grouping with Goclenius (above) and Colombo A (below); D.P. Elston’s Geologic Map of the Colombo Quadrangle (1972): Dept. of Interior-US Geological Survey/NASA/USAF ACIC, via USGS Publications Warehouse

Magelhaens Crater parents one satellite on southwest Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fecundity), a dark, equator-straddling lava plain occupying the lunar near side’s eastern hemisphere.

Magelhaens Crater’s eroded rim forms a rough circle around the interior floor. British Victorian selenographer Thomas Gwyn Elger (Oct. 27, 1836-Jan. 9, 1897) described the southern hemisphere crater as presenting “. . . a bright and somewhat irregular though continuous border” (page 130) in his book of lunar observations, The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features, published in 1895. A small central mountain rises from the dark, flat floor. The interior’s lava-flooded darkness matches the dark coloration of the nearby lunar mare’s (Latin: “sea”) dark, basaltic plains.

Primary crater Magelhaens is centred at minus 11.98 degrees south latitude, 44.07 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes spread from minus 11.36 degrees south to minus 12.59 degrees south, respectively. The lunar impact crater’s easternmost and westernmost longitudes stretch from 44.7 degrees east to 43.45 degrees east, respectively. Magelhaens has a diameter of 37.2 kilometers.

Magelhaens closely parents its solitary satellite. Magelhaens A is attached to its parent’s southeastern rim.

Elger noted A’s possession of a central hill on its floor. A’s light floor contrasts with its parent’s darkened floor. A craterlet rests on Magelhaens A’s northeastern rim.

The observational team of German banker and amateur astronomer Wilhelm Wolff Beer (Jan. 4, 1797-March 27, 1850) and German astronomer and selenographer Johann Heinrich von Mädler (May 29, 1794-March 14, 1874) likened Magelhaens A to Vendelinus D, “die beide gegen das Mare Foecunditatis abstürzen” (“both of which crash against Mare Foecunditatis”), in their detailed lunar geography, Der Mond (1837, page 370 §411). Lying southeast of Magelhaens A, Vendelinus D edges the southeastern Mare Fecunditatis. D numbers among 15 Vendelinus secondary craters that received official Vendelinus satellite designations in 2006.

Magelhaens A is center at minus 12.73 degrees south latitude, 44.99 degrees east longitude. The satellite’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to minus 12.25 degrees and minus 13.22 degrees south, respectively. A obtains easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 45.49 degrees east and 44.5 degrees east, respectively. With a diameter of 29.35 kilometers, satellite A approximates 80 percent of its parent’s size.

The lunar Magelhaens Crater system honors Portuguese explorer Fernão de Magalhães (Ferdinand Magellan; ca. 1480-Apil 27, 1521). Wilhelm Beer and Johann von Mädler are credited with the first cartographic designation of Magelhaens and Magelhaens A. Mädler and his patron identified the lunar southern hemisphere’s crater-conjoined satellite system as Magelhaens on quadrant IV of Mappa Selenographica, their complete map of the lunar near side, published in 1834.

Magelhaens and Magelhaens A form a northwest-to-southeast aligned row with the parent’s northwestern neighbor, Gutenberg D, along Mare Fecunditatis. The trio forms a distinctive grouping with Goclenius Crater and Colombo A. Located in Mare Fecunditatis, Goclenius lies to the northeast of the trio. An intruder into its parent’s northwestern rim, Colombo A hunkers near Magelhaens A, to the north-northwest.

NASA astronaut (born Oct. 17, 1933) William Alison Anders captured the grouping in memorable photographs taken as Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) for the Apollo 8 mission. Apollo 8 launched Saturday, Dec. 21, 1968, as the first human lunar-orbiting mission. Commander Frank Frederick Borman II (born March 14, 1928), Command Module Pilot (CMP) James Arthur Lovell Jr. (born March 25, 1928) and LMP Anders made 10 lunar orbits before their end-of-mission splashdown Friday, Dec. 27, in the North Pacific Ocean.

The takeaways for Magelhaens Crater’s parentage of one satellite on the southwestern Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fecundity) are that Magelhaens A is attached to its parent’s southeastern rim and that, at 29.35 kilometers, the satellite’s diameter equates to almost 80 percent of its parent’s 37.2-kilometer diameter.

Detail of Wilhelm Beer and Johann von Mädler’s lunar map (1834), quadrant IV, shows (lower-center right) row formed by Magelhaens, Magelhaens A and Gutenberg D in grouping with Goclenius (below) and Colombo A (above): Public Domain Mark 1.0, via Digital SLUB (Saxon State and University Library) Dresden

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Beer, Guilelmo; et Joanne Henrico Mädler. “IV.” Mappa Selenographica: totam Lunae hemisphaeram visibilem complectens Observationibus propriis secundum projectionem orthographicam. Quatuor Sectionibus constructa et delineata. Berolini [Berlin, Germany]: Apud Simon Schropp & Soc., MDCCCXXXIV (1834).
Available via Digital SLUB (Saxon State and University Library) Dresden @ https://digital.slub-dresden.de/werkansicht/?id=5363&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=57760&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=9

Beer, Wilhelm; and Joh. (Johannes) Heinrich Mädler. “Rinnebirgsgruppe des Colombo, Cook under Magelhaens. §.410. §.411.” Der Mond nach seinen kosmischen und individuellen Verhältnissen; oder, Allgemeine vergleichende Selenographie: 370. Mit besondrer Bezichung auf die von den Verfassern berausgegebens Mappa Selenographica. Berlin, Germany: Simon Schropp & Comp., 1837.
Available via ETH-Bibliothek e-rara.ch @ https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/wihibe/content/pageview/7346707
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/dermondallegein00midlgoog/page/n394
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_hO_mAAAAMAAJ/page/n395

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Elger, Thomas Gwyn. “Magelhaens.” The Moon, A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features: 130. London UK: George Philip & Son, 1895.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonfulldescript00elgerich/page/130

Godwin, Robert, comp. and ed. Apollo 8: The NASA Mission Reports. Second edition. Burlington, Canada: Apogee Books, 1971.

International Astronomical Union. “Gutenberg D.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9616

International Astronomical Union. “Magelhaens.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3578

International Astronomical Union. “Magelhaens A.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/11040

International Astronomical Union. “Vendelinus.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6346

Kluger, Jeffrey. Apollo 8: The Thrilling Story of the First Mission to the Moon. New York NY: Henry Holt and Company, 2017.

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Goclenius Crater Parents Two Satellites in Southwest Mare Fecunditatis.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 10, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/goclenius-crater-parents-two-satellites.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Gutenberg Crater Parents Nine Satellites on Southwest Mare Fecunditatis.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 26, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/11/gutenberg-crater-parents-nine.html

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Orloff, Richard W. “Apollo 8 The Second Mission: Testing the CSM in Lunar Orbit.” Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference: 31-50. NASA History Series. NASA SP 4029. Washington DC: NASA Headquarters Office of Policy and Plans, 2000.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029.pdf

Stuart-Alexander, Desiree E.; and Rowland W. Tabor. “Geologic Map of the Fracastorius Quadrangle of the Moon.” Geologic Atlas of the Moon. IMAP-720 (LAC-97). Prepared in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Department of the Interior United States Geological Survey, 1972.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i720