Earth and Space News: Mare Frigoris craters

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Wednesday, August 28, 2013

Baily Crater Parents Three Satellites in the Northeastern Near Side

Summary: Baily Crater parents three satellites in the northeastern near side, with two to the north in eastern Mare Frigoris and one in southern Mare Frigoris.

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Chart (LAC) 13 shows Baily Crater and its three satellites in the lunar near side’s Mare Frigoris; courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Baily Crater parents three satellites in the northeastern near side, with two northern satellites residing in eastern Mare Frigoris and one southern satellite in the southern extension of Mare Frigoris.

Baily Crater, the Baily Crater system’s primary crater, is centered at 49.78 degrees north, 30.56 degrees east, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northern hemisphere crater establishes its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 50.2 degrees north and 49.36 degrees north, respectively. The eastern hemisphere crater sets easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 31.21 degrees east and 29.9 degrees east, respectively. Baily Crater’s diameter measures 25.68 kilometers.

Baily Crater parents three satellites from its location on rugged terrain separating Mare Frigoris (Sea of Cold) and Lacus Mortis (Lake of Death). Two satellites, Baily B and Baily K, are located in eastern Mare Frigoris to the north of their parent. One satellite, Baily A, resides in the southern extension of Mare Frigoris, to the south of its parent.

Mare Frigoris is a lunar mare (Latin: mare, “sea”) that spreads across the near side’s portion of the lunar northern hemisphere’s middle to polar latitudes. A slender stretch of rugged terrain separates the dark, basaltic plain from Lacus Mortis. In its southward dip, an extension of Mare Frigoris brushes against the Lake of Death’s eastern edge.

Mare Frigoris is centered at 57.59 degrees north latitude, minus 0.01 degrees west longitude. The northern hemisphere mare reaches its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 64.38 degrees north and 49.08 degrees north, respectively. The elongated lunar mare’s easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to 38.03 degrees east and minus 43.14 degrees west, respectively. The Sea of Cold’s diameter spans 1,446.41 kilometers.

Baily B and Baily K occupy eastern Mare Frigoris as the Baily Crater system’s northern satellites. Baily B lies to the east-southeast of Baily K. Baily B’s placement qualifies it as the Baily Crater system’s easternmost satellite. Baily K’s placement qualifies it was the most northerly and the most westerly of the Baily Crater system’s three satellites.

Baily B is centered at 51 degrees north latitude, 35.18 degrees east longitude. Baily B confines its northernmost and southernmost latitudes to 51.12 degrees north and 50.89 degrees north, respectively. It restricts its easternmost and westernmost longitudes to 35.36 degrees east and 35 degrees east, respectively. Baily B has a diameter of 6.96 kilometers.

Baily K is centered at 51.51 degrees north latitude, 30.53 degrees east longitude. It narrows its northernmost and southernmost latitudes to 51.56 degrees north and 51.45 degrees north, respectively. It limits its easternmost and westernmost longitudes to 30.62 degrees east and 30.44 degrees east, respectively. Baily K’s diameter of 3.42 kilometers qualifies it as the smallest of the Baily Crater system’s three satellites.

Baily A occurs as the Baily Crater system’s sole southern satellite. Baily A’s placement in the southern extension of Mare Frigoris, to the south-southeast of its parent, qualifies it as the most southerly of the Baily Crater system’s three satellites. Baily A also claims the closest proximity to its parent.

Baily A is centered at 48.71 degrees north latitude, 31.39 degrees east longitude. It obtains its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 48.97 degrees north and 48.44 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at 31.79 degrees east and 30.98 degrees east, respectively. Baily A’s diameter of 16.25 kilometers qualifies it as the largest of the Baily Crater system’s three satellites.

Baily A’s residence in the western portion of the Sea of Cold’s southern extension places it to the northeast of Lacus Mortis (Lake of Death). The small basaltic plain pits the near side’s northeastern quadrant as a semi-circular feature. Via a press release dated March 3, 2014, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based Astrobotic Technology identified Lacus Mortis as its target site for collapsed lava tube exploration in the space robotics company’s entry for the Google Lunar X Prize competition.

Lacus Mortis is centered at 45.13 degrees north latitude, 27.32 degrees east longitude. The basaltic lava plain records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 47.75 degrees north and 42.5 degrees north, respectively. It registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 31.03 degrees east and 23.61 degrees east, respectively. Lacus Mortis has a diameter of 158.78 kilometers.

The takeaways for Baily Crater’s parentage of three satellites in the northeastern near side are that the Baily Crater system’s two northern satellites reside in eastern Mare Frigoris; and that Baily Crater’s solitary southern satellite lies in the southern extension of Mare Frigoris.

Detail of Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Baily Crater as Mare Frigoris, with easternmost satellite Baily B (upper right) and southernmost satellite Baily A (to parent’s lower right): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Astrobotic Technology. “Lunar Destination: Lacus Mortis.” Astrobotic Technology > Press. March 3, 2014.
Available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20140529052003/http://www.astrobotic.com/2014/03/03/lunar-destination-lacus-mortis/

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Baily.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/562

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Baily A.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/7511

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Baily B.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/7512

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Baily K.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/7513

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Lacus Mortis.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3212

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Mare Frigoris.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3674

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: The Moon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target

Kerber, L.; L.M. Jozwiak; J. Whitten; R.V. Wagner; and B.W. Cenevi. “The Geologic Context of Major Lunar Mare Pits.” 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPSC 50), March 18-22, 2019, The Woodlands, Texas: 3134.
Available @ https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/3134.pdf

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Baily Crater Honors British Astronomer Francis Baily.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 21, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/baily-crater-honors-british-astronomer.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Sheepshanks Crater Honors British Astronomical Benefactor Anne Sheepshanks.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 1, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/sheepshanks-crater-honors-british.html

The Moon Wiki. “Baily.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > B Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Baily

The Moon Wiki. “IAU Directions.” The Moon.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_directions

The Moon Wiki. “Lacus Mortis.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > M Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Lacus_Mortis

The Moon Wiki. “Mare Frigoris.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > F Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Mare_Frigoris

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Wilhelms, Don E.; John F. McCauley; and Newell J. Trask. The Geologic History of the Moon. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1348. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1348

Williams, Nathan. “Tectonics in Mare Frigoris.” LROC SESE ASU (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera / Arizona School of Earth and Space Exploration / Arizona State University) > Posts. Oct. 12, 2011.
Available @ http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/375

Wednesday, August 21, 2013

Baily Crater Honors British Astronomer Francis Baily

Summary: Baily Crater honors British astronomer Francis Baily, whose astronomical contributions include describing the Baily’s beads phenomenon.

Detail of image obtained 1967 by Lunar Orbiter 4 shows Baily Crater (upper left) with its southern satellite, Baily A (lower right) on lunar near side; NASA ID 40867 H3: James Stuby (Jstuby), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Baily Crater honors British astronomer Francis Baily, whose contributions to astronomy include describing the diamond ring effect, named Baily’s beads in his honor.

Baily Crater is a flooded lunar impact crater in the lunar near side’s northeastern quadrant. Only the rim’s northern portion has survived the crater’s flooding by lava. The remnant crater’s northeastern rim exhibits an outward bulge that might be associated with a pre-flood overlapping crater. Lava resurfacing has flattened the crater’s interior floor.

Baily Crater is centered at 49.78 degrees north, 30.56 degrees east, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The middle latitude crater finds its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 50.2 degrees north and 49.36 degrees north, respectively. The eastern hemisphere crater posts easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 31.21 degrees east and 29.9 degrees east, respectively. Baily Crater has a diameter of 25.68 kilometers.

Baily Crater parents three satellites. Two satellites are sited to the north of their parent. One satellite is located to the south of its parent.

British selenographer Thomas Gwyn Empy Elger (Oct. 27, 1836-Jan. 9, 1897) noted the flanking of Baily Crater by mountains in his Victorian era lunar guide, The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features, published in 1895. He also observed: “The group of mountains standing about midway between it and Burg are very noteworthy” (page 54).

Bürg Crater lies to the south-southwest of Baily Crater. The prominent lunar impact crater occurs near the center of Lacus Mortis (Lake of Death).

Bürg is centered at 45.07 degrees north latitude, 28.21 degrees east longitude. The nearly circular crater sets its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 45.7 degrees north and 44.45 degrees north, respectively. It establishes its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 29.14 degrees east and 27.27 degrees east, respectively. Bürg Crater has a diameter of 41.04 kilometers.

Lacus Mortis is centered at 45.13 degrees north latitude, 27.32 degrees east longitude. The basaltic lava plain obtains its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 47.75 degrees north and 42.5 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at 31.03 degrees east and 23.61 degrees east, respectively. The Lake of Death’s diameter measures 158.78 kilometers.

Baily Crater honors British astronomer Francis Baily (April 28, 1774-Aug. 30, 1844). The International Astronomical Union (IAU) approved Baily as the crater’s official name in 1935, during the organization’s XVth (5th) General Assembly, held in Paris, France, from Wednesday, July 10, to Wednesday, July 17. The letter designations for the Baily Crater system’s three satellites received approval in 2006.

Francis Baily’s name is especially associated with a solar eclipse phenomenon that he first described in 1836. The diamond ring effect associated with annular and total solar eclipses is known as Baily’s beads in honor of the provision of the first extensive description of the phenomenon by Francis Baily. He detailed the effect in his paper, “On a Remarkable Phenomenon That Occurs in Total and Annular Eclipses of the Sun,” which was read for the Royal Astronomical Society on Dec. 9, 1836.

Baily revisited the bead phenomenon in “Some Remarks on the Total Eclipse of the Sun, on July 8th, 1842,” which was read for the Royal Astronomical Society on Nov. 11, 1842. He observed the phenomenon via the same Dollond 3.5-foot refracting telescope that he had used for the May 15, 1836, annular solar eclipse. The first appearance of the beads was “. . . distinctly visible . . .” (page 4) to Baily at his observation site in an upper room of a building on the campus of northern Italy’s University of Pavia.

Baily was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society (FRAS) on Feb. 8, 1820. He served four terms as President of the Royal Astronomical Society (PRAS): 1825-1827, 1833-1835, 1837-1839, 1843-1845. He ties with British astronomer Sir George Biddell Airy (July 27, 1801-Jan. 2, 1892) as the most-termed Royal Society president.

Baily was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRAS) on Feb. 22, 1821. He served one term (1835-1838) as the society’s treasurer and three terms (1832-1834, 1835-1840, 1842-1843) as the society’s vice-president.

The takeaways for Baily Crater, which honors British astronomer Francis Baily, are that the flooded lunar impact crater lies in the lunar near side’s northeastern quadrant; that Baily Crater parents three satellites; and that the lunar crater’s namesake is credited with providing the first complete description of the annular and total solar eclipse phenomenon named Baily’s beads in his honor.

Detail shows Baily Crater with satellites Baily A, Baily B and Baily K on lunar near side; Baerbel Koesters Lucchitta, Geologic Map of the Wilhelm Quadrangle of the Moon (1972): U.S. Geological Survey, via USGS Publications Warehouse

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Andersson, Leif E.; and Ewen A. Whitaker. NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA Reference Publication 1097. Washington DC: NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch, October 1982.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19830003761.pdf

Baily, Francis. “I. On a Remarkable Phenomenon That Occurs in Total and Annular Eclipses of the Sun.” Read Dec. 9, 1836. Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. X: 1-43. London [England]: J. Weale, 1838.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.30000089593614?urlappend=%3Bseq=13

Baily, Francis. “Some Remarks on the Total Eclipse of the Sun, on July 8th, 1842.” Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. XV: 1-8. London [England]: J. Weale, 1846.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.30000089777035?urlappend=%3Bseq=18

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

de Jager, C. (Cornelis); and A. (Arnost) Jappel, eds. XIVth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XIV B Proceedings of the 14th General Assembly Brighton, United Kingdom, August 18-27, 1970. Washington DC: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Jan. 1, 1971.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Elger, Thomas Gwyn. “Baily.” The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features: 54. London [England]: George Philip & Son, 1895.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonfulldescript00elgerich/page/54/

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

Herschel, Sir J.F.W. (John Frederick William). “List of Mr. Francis Baily’s Publications. Chronologically Arranged.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. VI, no. 10 (Nov. 8, 1844): 121-128.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0006//0000121.000.html

Herschel, Sir J.F.W. (John Frederick William). “Memoir.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. VI, no. 10 (Nov. 8, 1844): 89-121.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0006//0000089.000.html

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Bürg.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/948

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Lucchitta, Baerbel Koesters. “Geologic Map of the Aristoteles Quadrangle of the Moon.” Geologic Atlas of the Moon Aristoteles Quadrangle I-725 (LAC-13). Prepared in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Washington DC: U.S. Geological Survey, 1972.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0725/plate-1.pdf

Marriner, Derdriu. “Airy Crater Honors British Astronomer Sir George Biddell Airy.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 24, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/07/airy-crater-honors-british-astronomer.html

McKie, J.N. “James Veitch, 1771-1838.” Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol. 87, no. 1 (Session 1976-1977): 44-50.
Available via Harvard ADSABS @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1976JBAA...87...44M
Available via Harvard ADSABS @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1976JBAA...87...44M

The Moon Wiki. “Baily.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > B Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Baily

The Moon Wiki. “Bürg.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > B Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Bürg

The Moon Wiki. “IAU Directions.” The Moon.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_directions

The Moon Wiki. “Lacus Mortis.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > M Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Lacus_Mortis

The Moon Wiki. “Mare Frigoris.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > F Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Mare_Frigoris

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Royal Astronomical Society. “Francis Baily.” Royal Astronomical Society > Obituaries.
Available @ https://ras.ac.uk/obituaries/Francis/Baily

Royal Astronomical Society. “Past RAS Presidents.” Royal Astronomical Society > About the RAS.
Available @ https://ras.ac.uk/about-the-ras/79-general/766-past-ras-presidents

The Royal Society. “Baily; Francis (1774-1844); Astronomer.” The Royal Society > Fellows.
Available via The Royal Society @ https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=1&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27Baily%27%29

Stevens, Anne Shurtleff. “James Miller Veitch.” Find A Grave > Memorial. Nov. 3, 2011.
Available @ https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/79824705/james-miller-veitch

Stratton, F.J.M. (Frederick John Marrian), ed. Vth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. V B Proceedings of the 5th General Assembly Paris France, July 10-17, 1935. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Jan. 1, 1936.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

van der Hucht, Karel A., ed. XXVIth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XVII B Proceedings of the 26th General Assembly Prague, Czech Republic, August 14-25, 2006. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Dec. 30, 2008.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Wednesday, September 5, 2012

W. Bond Crater Honors American Astronomer William Cranch Bond

Summary: W. Bond Crater honors American astronomer William Cranch Bond, who served as the first director of Harvard College Observatory.

view of W. Bond Crater obtained by Lunar Orbiter 4: James Stuby (Jstuby), Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons

W. Bond Crater honors American astronomer William Cranch Bond, whose appointment in 1839 as Astronomical Observer to the University marked the founding of the Harvard College University (HCO) in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

W. Bond Crater occurs as a near-side crater in the north polar region. English amateur astronomer Edmund Neville Nevill (Aug. 27, 1849-Jan. 14, 1940), who wrote his 1876 lunar guide, The Moon and the Condition and Configuration of Its Surface, pseudonymously as Edmund Neison, noted W. Bond’s occupancy of both the eastern and western hemispheres. He described the crater as an “. . . extensive walled-plain traversed by the selenographical first meridian . . .” (page 237). Although most of the crater lies in the lunar eastern hemisphere, a portion of western W. Bond juts across the lunar prime meridian, zero degrees longitude.

W. Bond Crater is an irregularly shaped crater with a generally eroded rim. The crater’s interior floor displays relative flatness, although the floor roughens near the crater’s northern rim.

British selenographer Thomas Gwyn Empy Elger (Oct. 27, 1836-Jan. 9, 1897) described W. Bond, also known then as W.C. Bond, as a “great enclosed plain of rhomboidal shape” (page 66) in his Victorian-Age lunar guide, The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features, published in 1895. Elger also observed: “The interior, which is covered with rows of hillocks, is very noteworthy at sunrise.

W. Bond Crater is centered at 65.41 degrees north latitude, 3.52 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northern hemisphere crater’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes occur at 68.15 degrees north and 62.66 degrees north, respectively. The eastern-western straddler obtains easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 9.72 degrees east and minus 2.54 degrees west, respectively. W. Bond Crater’s diameter measures 170.53 kilometers.

Pentagon-shaped Timaeus Crater blends with southwestern W. Bond Crater. Timaeus is centered at 62.91 degrees north latitude, minus 0.55 degrees west longitude. It records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 63.45 degrees north and 62.38 degrees north, respectively. Timaeus registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 0.57 degrees east and minus 1.67 degrees west, respectively. Timaeus Crater has a diameter of 32.81 kilometers.

W. Bond Crater parents six satellites. All of the W. Bond Crater system’s satellites are associated with their parent’s eastern portion.

W. Bond Crater lies near the northern edge of Mare Frigoris (Sea of Cold). The elongated lunar mare is centered at 57.59 degrees north latitude, minus 0.01 degrees west longitude. Mare Frigoris stretches across lunar middle and polar latitudes, with northernmost and southernmost latitudes reaching 64.38 degrees north and 49.08 degrees north, respectively. Frigoris straddles the moon’s eastern and western hemispheres, with easternmost and westernmost longitudes tapping 38.03 degrees east and minus 43.14 degrees west, respectively. Mare Frigoris’ diameter spans 1,446.41 kilometers.

W. Bond Crater honors American astronomer William Cranch Bond (Sept. 9, 1789-Jan. 29, 1859). The International Astronomical Union (IAU) approved W. Bond as the crater’s official name in 1935, during the organization’s Vth (5th) General Assembly, which was held in Paris France, from Wednesday, July 10, to Wednesday, July 17. The letter designations of the W. Bond Crater system’s six satellites were adopted in 2006.

William Cranch Bond was trained in the family business of making clocks and chronometers. In addition to his skill with precise timepieces, he pursued an interest in observational astronomy. The avid amateur astronomer converted the parlor of his home at 158 East Cottage Street in Dorchester into an observatory and mounted an array of astronomical instruments in his yard.

He was appointed as "Astronomical Observer" for the founding of Harvard College Observatory (HCO) in 1839. His astronomical accomplishments at the observatory included the discovery of the eighth Saturnian moon, now known as Hyperion, on Saturday, Sept. 16, 1848. He made the discovery with his second son, George Phillips Bond (May 20, 1825-Feb. 17, 1865), who served as his father’s assistant. In his report of the Saturnian discovery for the Nov. 10, 1848, issue of the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, William noted that the satellite was perceived as a “. . . point of light . . . in the plane of Saturn’s ring, between Titan and Japetus . . .” (page 1).

Approximately two years two months after their discovery of Hyperion, the father-son team made another Saturnian discovery. In November 1850, they discerned a new, dark ring (now known as C Ring) inward of Saturn’s B Ring. William reported that George made the first drawing of the new ring on Monday, Nov. 11. Father and son observed the new ring again on Friday, Nov. 15, and continued their observations to Tuesday, Jan. 7, 1851.

The takeaways for W. Bond Crater, which honors American astronomer William Cranch Bond, are that the irregularly shaped, generally eroded crater lies primarily in the lunar near side’s northeastern quadrant; that a portion of western W. Bond Crater juts into the western hemisphere; that the W. Bond Crater system parents six satellites; and that the W. Bond Crater system’s namesake directed Harvard College Observatory from its founding in 1839 until his death in 1859; and that his astronomical accomplishments as director included co-discovery of Saturn’s eighth moon, now known as Hyperion, and of Saturn’s C ring with his assistant and second son, George Phillips Bond.

Detail of Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows W. Bond Crater (upper center) straddling the western and eastern hemisphere in the lunar far’s northwestern and northeastern quadrants: U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

View of W. Bond Crater, obtained by Lunar Orbiter 4: James Stuby (Jstuby), Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:W_Bond_crater_4116_h1_h2.jpg

Bond, W.C. “Discovery of a New Satellite of Saturn.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. IX, no. 1 (Nov. 10, 1848): 1-2.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1848MNRAS...9....1B
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1848MNRAS...9....1B

Bond, W.C. “On the New Ring of Saturn.” Astronomical Journal, vol. II, no. 25, no. 1 (May 2, 1851): 5.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1851AJ......2Q...5B
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1851AJ......2Q...5B

Bond, William Cranch. “Observations on the Planet Saturn, Made With the Twenty-Three Foot Equatoreal at the Observatory of Harvard College, 1847-1857.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. XVIII, no. 3 (Jan. 8, 1858): 75-78.
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Wednesday, February 1, 2012

Sheepshanks Crater Honors British Astronomical Benefactor Anne Sheepshanks

Summary: The lunar near side’s Sheepshanks Crater honors British astronomical benefactor Anne Sheepshanks, whose gifts included books, equipment and funding

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Charts (LAC) 13 shows the Sheepshanks Crater system, occupants of northern Mare Frigoris in the lunar near side’s northeastern quadrant; courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

The lunar near side’s Sheepshanks Crater honors British astronomical benefactor Anne Sheepshanks, whose beneficence included books, equipment and a university scholarship.

Sheepshanks Crater occurs as a middle-latitude impact crater in the lunar near side’s northeastern quadrant. Sheepshanks is centered at 59.24 degrees north latitude, 17.04 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northern hemisphere crater records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 59.64 degrees north and 58.85 degrees north, respectively. It registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 17.8 degrees east and 16.28 degrees east, respectively. Sheepshanks Crater’s diameter measures 23.67 kilometers.

Sheepshanks Crater lies in the foothills on the northern edge of Mare Frigoris (Sea of Cold). The middle-latitude dark basaltic plain is centered at 57.59 degrees north latitude, minus 0.01 degrees west longitude. The lunar mare’s northernmost latitude of 64.38 degrees north taps the moon’s north polar region. Its southernmost latitude touches 49.08 degrees north. The eastern and western hemisphere straddler obtains easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 38.03 degrees east and minus 43.14 degrees west, respectively. Mare Frigoris has a diameter of 1,446.41 kilometers.

As the primary crater in the Sheepshanks Crater system, Sheepshanks parents three satellites. Two satellites, A and B, hover to the northeast of their parent. Sheepshanks C’s south-southeasterly location on Mare Frigoris qualifies it as the most distant of the Sheepshanks Crater system’s three satellites.

Sheepshanks A claims the closest position to its parent, with its site between its parent and satellite B. Sheepshanks A is centered at 60 degrees north latitude, 18.96 degrees east longitude. It posts northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 60.11 degrees north and 59.89 degrees north, respectively. It marks easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 19.17 degrees east and 18.74 degrees east. Sheepshanks A has a diameter of 6.65 kilometers.

Sheepshanks B’s northeasterly location qualifies it as the most northerly and the most easterly of the Sheepshanks Crater system’s three craters. Satellite B is centered at 60.32 degrees north latitude, 21.09 degrees east longitude. It obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 60.4 degrees north and 60.25 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at 21.25 degrees east and 20.93 degrees east, respectively. Sheepshanks B’s diameter of 4.77 kilometers qualifies it as the smallest of the Sheepshanks Crater system’s three satellites.

Sheepshanks C’s placement on northern Mare Frigoris qualifies it as the most southerly of the Sheepshanks Crater system’s three satellites. Satellite C is centered at 57.03 degrees north latitude, 18.09 degrees east longitude. Sheepshanks C records northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 57.2 degrees north and 56.86 degrees north, respectively. It registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 18.4 degrees east and 17.77 degrees east, respectively. Sheepshanks C’s diameter of 10.39 kilometers qualifies it as the largest of the Sheepshanks Crater system’s three satellites.

Sheepshanks Crater honors British astronomical benefactor Anne Sheepshanks (1789-Feb. 8, 1855). The International Astronomical Union (IAU) approved Sheepshanks as the crater’s official name in 1935, during the organization’s Vth (5th) General Assembly, held in Paris, France, from Wednesday, July 10, to Wednesday, July 17. Approval of the letter designations for the Sheepshanks Crater system’s three satellites was given in 2006.

Anne Sheepshanks was born in the Industrial Revolution’s major mill town of Leeds in Northern England’s county of West Yorkshire. She was the middle child and only daughter of Joseph Sheepshanks, a successful textile manufacturer. Her older brother, John (1787-1863), partnered in the family business and bequeathed his art collection to the London’s Victoria & Albert Museum.

The family’s wealth allowed Anne’s younger brother, Richard (July 30, 1794-Aug. 4, 1855), to pursue his interests in astronomy. He served as secretary of the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) and edited the society’s journal, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS), from 1829 until his death.

In 1862, Anne Sheepshanks became the third woman to be named an Honorary Member of the Royal Astronomical Society. Uranus discover William Herschel’s sister Caroline Lucretia Herschel (March 16, 1750-Jan. 9, 1848) and Scottish astronomer Mary Fairfax Greig Somerville (Dec. 26, 1780-Nov. 29, 1872) had become the society’s first and second female Honorary Members in 1835.

As her brother Richard’s heir, Anne gifted the Royal Astronomical Society with telescopes and other astronomical instruments from Richard’s extensive collection. The Society made the bequests available for loan to active astronomers. Anne also donated 192 volumes from her brother’s library to the Society.

Anne’s benefactions to her younger brother’s alma mater, the University of Cambridge, included establishing the Sheepshanks Exhibition as a three-year scholarship for undergraduates. Her financial support of the Cambridge Observatory allowed for research stipend payments and instrument purchases.

The takeaways for Sheepshanks Crater, which honors British astronomical benefactor Anne Sheepshanks, are that the near side lunar impact crater parents three satellites along northern Mare Frigoris in the northeastern quadrant; that the Sheepshanks Crater system’s namesake numbered as the Royal Astronomical Society’s third female Honorary Member; and that the Royal Astronomical Society, the University of Cambridge and the Cambridge Observatory were the immediate recipients of Anne Sheepshanks’ benefactions.

Detail of Lunar Orbiter 4 photo shows sheepshanks crater system of primary Sheepshanks Crater; (above right of parent) satellite A (D4) and satellite B (CB 7.5); and (below right of parent) satellite C (D 7.5); D.E. Bowker and J.K. Hughes, Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon (1971), plate 32, Photo No. IV-104-H1: Public Domain, via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server)

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Detail of Lunar Orbiter 4 photo shows Sheepshanks Crater system of primary Sheepshanks Crater (E5); (above right of parent) satellite A (D4) and satellite B (CB 7.5); and (below right of parent) satellite C (D 7.5); D.E. Bowker and J.K. Hughes, Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon (1971), plate 32, Photo No. IV-104-H1: Public Domain, via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730005152.pdf; via USRA (Universities Space Research Association) LPI (Lunar and Planetary Institute) @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/lunar_orbiter/bin/info.shtml?272

For further information:

Altschuler, Daniel R.; and Fernando J. Ballesteros. “Chapter 6: Anne Sheepshanks (1789-1876).” Women of the Moon: Tales of Science, Love, Sorrow, and Courage: 96-99. New York NY: Oxford University Press, 2019.
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Available via Oxford University Press Scholarship Online @ https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198844419.001.0001/oso-9780198844419-chapter-10

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Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13073

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Sheepshanks B.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13074

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