Summary: Bycatch, overfishing, products industry ail Greenland sharks in Reader's Digest Explores Sharks, Reader's Digest Association, Inc., Monday, July 6, 1998.
"God talks to human beings through many vectors: through each other, through organized religion, through the great books of those religions, through wise people, through art and music and literature and poetry, but nowhere with such detail and grace and color and joy as through creation. When we destroy a species, when we destroy a special place, we're diminishing our capacity to sense the divine, understand who God is and what our own potential is." Robert Francis Kennedy Jr., April 19, 2023, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts.
“And there’s many people out there who want us to move to the next planet already and I’m like, hang on, let’s not give up on this planet yet," William, Prince of Wales, July 31, 2023, Sorted Food food truck, London, England, United Kingdom.
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| Greenland sharks unobtrusively visited the Labrador Current-influenced cold, sub-polar, shallow waters of Baie Comeau (Comeau Bay), a coastal bay for the same-named city of Baie-Comeau, until their discovery May 2003 by Baie-Comeau-based diver Sylvain Sirois. The city locates on the north shore of Fleuve Saint-Laurent (St. Lawrence River), Côte-Nord (North Coast) region, Quebec (French: Québec), central Canada. The unexpected habitat, however, seemingly has lost its unusual visitors, according to Sylvain Sirois. Greenland shark as Quebec visitor, photographed by London, England-born, Vancouver Island, Canada-based marine and terrestrial wildlife photographer, Elasmodiver and SharksAndRays websites creator and exploration leader Andy Murch.: Andy Murch at Shark Photography Group, via Facebook Aug. 23, 2020 |
Bycatch, overfishing, products industry ail Greenland sharks in Reader's Digest Explores Sharks, by authors/contributors Leonard J.V. Compagno, Kim Holland, John E. McConker, Colin Simpfendorfer, Reader's Digest Association, Inc., Monday, July 6, 1998.
Greenland sharks belong to the Somniosidae ("sleepy-tending"; Latin somniōsus -idæ) sleeper-shark family whose scientific classification bases itself within the Squaliformes ("spiny-shaped"; Latin squalus fōrmēs) dogfish-shark order. The Chondrichthyes ("cartilage-fish"; Greek χόνδρος ἰχθύς) cartilaginous-, non-bony-fishes class contains the Elasmobranchii ("metal-plate-gills"; Greek ἔλασμα βράγχια) rays-and-sharks and the holocephalus ("whole-head"; Greek ὅλος κεφαλή) chimaeras subclasses. The Elasmobranchii subclass demands 5- to 7-paired separate-opening plate-like gills on each side of shark-division member heads and on the lower side of ray-division member heads.
The Elasmobranchii elaboration entails eight orders enumerated as frilled-, sixgill-, sevengill-shark Hexanchiformes; dogfish-shark Squaliformes; sawshark Pristiophoriformes; angelshark Suatiniformes; hornshark Heterodontiformes; carpetshark Orectolobiformes; mackerel-shark Lamniformes; ground-shark Carcharhiniformes.
Two species in the Somniosidae sleeper-shark family within the Squaliformes dogfish-shark order frequent cold, deep waters under the Arctic icecap and the inshore, shallow Arctic-region waters.
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| Two species in the Somniosidae sleeper-shark family within the Squaliformes dogfish-shark order, the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) and the Pacific sleeper shark (Somniosus pacificus), locate in cold, deep waters under the Arctic icecap and the inshore, shallow Arctic-region waters. The Pacific sleeper shark mainly dwells in temperate and subarctic waters of the North Pacific Ocean. Pacific sleeper shark in state of Alaska's subarctic waters, photographed by London, England-born, Vancouver Island, Canada-based marine and terrestrial wildlife photographer, Elasmodiver and SharksAndRays websites creator and exploration leader Andy Murch.: Andy Murch at Shark Photography Group, via Facebook Jan. 20, 2021 |
Two species in the Somniosidae sleeper-shark family within the Squaliformes dogfish-shark order frequent cold, deep waters under the Arctic icecap and the inshore, shallow Arctic-region waters.
Arctic waters off Unitedstatesian-state Alaska and Far-East Russian, northeast-Asian Siberia guard Pacific-sleeper sharks even as Greenland sharks garrison Arctic-watered insular North America, north Europe, northern Asia. Sub-Antarctic island waters house Pacific-sleeper sharks (Somniosus pacificus; "sleepy peaceable/peacemaking"; Latin somniōsus pācificus [pāx -ficus]) even as perhaps no sleeper-shark species heads inside the Antarctic Circle. Perhaps neither Arctic chill nor Arctic thaw inhibits or intimidates Greenland sharks even as the afore-identified species inhabits shallow waters less intrusively than 1,800-foot (550-meter) depths.
The Reader's Digest Explores Sharks perhaps judges Arctic chill, Arctic thaw as jeopardizing Greenland sharks less than non-target bycatch; non-target, target overfishing; and the products industry.
Chondrichthyes membership kindles Greenland sharks as aquatic, water-breathing vertebrates ("jointed"; Latin vertebrātus) with brain; cartilaginous skeleton; lower-, upper-lobed caudal tail-fin; skin-like, small, tooth-like denticles; spinal cord.
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| Non-target bycatch, non-target and target fishing and the products industry jeopardize Greenland sharks (Somniosus microcephalus) more than Arctic chill or Arctic thaw, as suggested in Reader's Digest Explores Sharks (1998). Careful handling increases chances of survival and of safe return to their oceanic habitats for Greenland sharks captured alive by bottom trawling. In images and (lower right) video, an approximately 100-year-old, bottom-trawled female Greenland shark, with a length of 3.7 meters (12.1391 feet), returns safely to the Arctic Ocean north of Norway's Svalbard Archipelago in November 2025. Røst, Nordland county, Northern Norway-based Håvard Eggen self-describes as "Explorer with a camera" on his Instagram profile (https://www.instagram.com/havardeggen/) and members in BirdLife Norge, founded in 1957 as Norsk Ornitologisk Forening (NOF; Norwegian Ornithological Society NOS) and based in Trondheim, Trøndelag county, central Norway.: Håvard Eggen is with Stein-Einar Selseth, via Facebook Sep. 28, 2025 |
Chondrichthyes membership kindles Greenland sharks as aquatic, water-breathing vertebrates ("jointed"; Latin vertebrātus) with brain; cartilaginous skeleton; lower-, upper-lobed caudal tail-fin; skin-like, small, tooth-like denticles; spinal cord.
Chondrichthyes members lodge paired ear-, eye-, nasal-sense organs; paired lower and upper jaws, whose soft tissue links hard, replaceable, transverse-rowed teeth; paired pectoral and pelvic fins. Dogfish-order Squaliformes membership means no anal fin even as it merits five-paired metal-plate-like gill openings; mouth manifesting undersidedly; non-ray-like body; non-ray-like short snout; two dorsal fins. Somniosidae sleeper-shark family members net two broad-shaped, moderate-sized dorsal fins even as Greenland-shark physical and sexual maturity niches cylindrical bodies that nudge moderate to large sizes.
The Reader's Digest Explores Sharks overlaps Greenland sharks in shallow waters with bycatch, overfishing, products industry that occasion overfishing non-target Greenland sharks, target swordfish and tuna.
Genus-specied membership presents gurry and sleeper shark-profiled Greenland sharks carrion, invertebrate, seafloor-proliferating fish, seal diets; carrion, invertebrate, seal diets; 15-inch (38-centimeter) birth, 21-foot (6.4-meter) mature lengths.
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| Incidental capture of Greenland sharks may result in mortality or in safe release. Bycatches may happen to Greenland sharks who feed from bottom longlines. Incidental capture may be prompted by a feeding Greenland shark's entanglement in the fishing gear. The tightened wrapping of the mainline around the caudal peduncle, caused by the entangled shark's rolling behavior, has complicated safe release. Viewed as a "nuisance species" by commercial fisheries, the incidentally captured Greenland shark has suffered mortality-inducing release by the caudal fin's severance (Davis et al., 2013), as noted by Dalhousie University post-doctoral researcher Jena Elizabeth Edwards and 18 co-authors, "Advancing Research for the Management of Long-Lived Species: A Case Study on the Greenland Shark," Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 6, article 87 (April 2, 2019), page 17 of 27 pages (via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331501950). Despite the illegality of shark finning during at-sea carcass disposal since 1994 in Canada, Inuit communities observe the practice for a species regarded as economically and socially disadvantageous, as stated by Dalhousie University Brendal Davis and five co-authors, "The Conservation of the Greenland Shark (Somniosus microcephalus): Setting Scientific, Law, and Policy Coordinates for Avoiding a Species at Risk," Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy, vol. 16, no. 4 (Oct. 1, 2013), pages 310-311 (via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258306180). "FIGURE 5 / Incidental capture of Greenland sharks via scientific bottom longline. (A) Shark entangled in mainline around caudle peduncle. (B) Shark hooked by mouth (photos Jena Edwards)," in Jena E. Edwards, page 18 of 27 pages.: Jena Edwards, CC BY 4.0 International, via ResearchGate |
Genus-specied membership presents gurry and sleeper shark-profiled Greenland sharks carrion, invertebrate, seafloor-proliferating fish, seal diets; carrion, invertebrate, seal diets; 15-inch (38-centimeter) birth, 21-foot (6.4-meter) mature lengths.
The Arctic and the North-Atlantic waters off Greenland; Iceland; insular and mainland-coastal North America, northern Europe and northwest Russia quarter the asymmetrical caudal tail-finned Greenland shark. Blue-black-finned, gray-pink Greenland sharks each reveal excrementary-, reproductive-realizing vent; green eyes, whose corneas retain bioluminescent, parasitic, perhaps prey-attracting copepods ("handle-/oar-foot"; Greek κώπη πούς); rounded, short snout. Greenland-shark males shelter a copulatory-organ clasper even as sexual maturity sustains impregnated females sequencing live-birthed, ovoviviparous ("egg-live-hatched"; Latin ōvum vīviparus ["live I-produce"; vīvus pariō) 10-pup litters.
The Reader's Digest Explores Sharks perhaps terms human-non-threatening Greenland sharks threatenedly tending shallow-water nurseries even as Greenland sharks tolerate 36- to 45-degree-Fahrenheit (2- to 7-degree-Celsius) waters.
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| Pretoria-born, Cape Town-based, South African freelance illustrator, animator and graphic designer Alexis Schofield included the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) as one of seven sharks on Save Our Seas Foundation (SOSF) poster "The Depths Awaken." The long-lived, deep dweller shares SOSF's celebration of "the weird and wonderful sharks from Earth’s own inner ‘space’" with the counterilluminated velvet belly lanternshark (Etmopterus spinax), the lateral dermal denticle-concentrated, black ninja lanternshark (Etmopterus benchleyi), the 3.1 meters-per-second slingshot-styled protruding-jawed goblin shark (Mitsukurina owstoni), the high-speeding, quickly turning winghead (Eusphyra blochii), the deep-diving cookiecutter sharks (Isistius brasiliensis and Isistius plutodus) and the rubbery-lipped, large-headed megamouth shark (Megachasma pelagios), according to Pacific Northwest-based science and wildlife journalist Sarah Keartes ("The Depths Awaken," May 4, 2020, Save Our Seas Foundation @ https://saveourseas.com/the-depths-awaken/).: Save Our Seas Foundation, via Facebook May 4, 2020 |
Acknowledgment
My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.
Dedication
Dedication
This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.
Image credits:
Image credits:
Greenland sharks unobtrusively visited the Labrador Current-influenced cold, sub-polar, shallow waters of Baie Comeau (Comeau Bay), a coastal bay for the same-named city of Baie-Comeau, until their discovery May 2003 by Baie-Comeau-based diver Sylvain Sirois. The city locates on the north shore of Fleuve Saint-Laurent (St. Lawrence River), Côte-Nord (North Coast) region, Quebec (French: Québec), central Canada.
The unexpected habitat, however, seemingly has lost its unusual visitors, according to Sylvain Sirois.
Greenland shark as Quebec visitor, photographed by London, England-born, Vancouver Island, Canada-based marine and terrestrial wildlife photographer, Elasmodiver and SharksAndRays websites creator and exploration leader Andy Murch.:
Andy Murch at Shark Photography Group, via Facebook Aug. 23, 2020, @ https://www.facebook.com/groups/165496767509367/posts/674633309929041/;
Cliff Etzel, "Diver captures rare footage of sharks," DeeperBlue > Scuba Diving, June 10, 2003, via DeeperBlue digital media platform @ https://www.deeperblue.com/diver-captures-rare-footage-of-sharks/;
Les Perreaux, "Canadian researchers unravel the mystery of giant deep-water shark," Canadian Press, Sunday, July 06, 2003: DivingGal, July 8, 2003, via ScubaBoard @ https://scubaboard.com/community/threads/giant-sharks-haunt-st-lawrence.31279/;
Andy Murch, "Dodging Death with Silvain Sirois and the Greenland Sharks of Baie Comeau," Sep. 13, 2007, Shark Diving blog > Archives: September 2007, via Wordpress blog Shark Diving @ https://sharkdiving.wordpress.com/2007/09/13/dodging-death-with-silvain-sirois-and-the-greenland-sharks-of-baie-comeau/
The unexpected habitat, however, seemingly has lost its unusual visitors, according to Sylvain Sirois.
Greenland shark as Quebec visitor, photographed by London, England-born, Vancouver Island, Canada-based marine and terrestrial wildlife photographer, Elasmodiver and SharksAndRays websites creator and exploration leader Andy Murch.:
Andy Murch at Shark Photography Group, via Facebook Aug. 23, 2020, @ https://www.facebook.com/groups/165496767509367/posts/674633309929041/;
Cliff Etzel, "Diver captures rare footage of sharks," DeeperBlue > Scuba Diving, June 10, 2003, via DeeperBlue digital media platform @ https://www.deeperblue.com/diver-captures-rare-footage-of-sharks/;
Les Perreaux, "Canadian researchers unravel the mystery of giant deep-water shark," Canadian Press, Sunday, July 06, 2003: DivingGal, July 8, 2003, via ScubaBoard @ https://scubaboard.com/community/threads/giant-sharks-haunt-st-lawrence.31279/;
Andy Murch, "Dodging Death with Silvain Sirois and the Greenland Sharks of Baie Comeau," Sep. 13, 2007, Shark Diving blog > Archives: September 2007, via Wordpress blog Shark Diving @ https://sharkdiving.wordpress.com/2007/09/13/dodging-death-with-silvain-sirois-and-the-greenland-sharks-of-baie-comeau/
Two species in the Somniosidae sleeper-shark family within the Squaliformes dogfish-shark order, the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) and the Pacific sleeper shark (Somniosus pacificus), locate in cold, deep waters under the Arctic icecap and the inshore, shallow Arctic-region waters.
The Pacific sleeper shark mainly dwells in temperate and subarctic waters of the North Pacific Ocean.
Pacific sleeper shark in state of Alaska's subarctic waters, photographed by London, England-born, Vancouver Island, Canada-based marine and terrestrial wildlife photographer, Elasmodiver and SharksAndRays websites creator and exploration leader Andy Murch.:
Andy Murch at Shark Photography Group, via Facebook Jan. 20, 2021, @ https://www.facebook.com/groups/165496767509367/posts/776131936445844/
The Pacific sleeper shark mainly dwells in temperate and subarctic waters of the North Pacific Ocean.
Pacific sleeper shark in state of Alaska's subarctic waters, photographed by London, England-born, Vancouver Island, Canada-based marine and terrestrial wildlife photographer, Elasmodiver and SharksAndRays websites creator and exploration leader Andy Murch.:
Andy Murch at Shark Photography Group, via Facebook Jan. 20, 2021, @ https://www.facebook.com/groups/165496767509367/posts/776131936445844/
Non-target bycatch, non-target and target fishing and the products industry jeopardize Greenland sharks (Somniosus microcephalus) more than Arctic chill or Arctic thaw, as suggested in Reader's Digest Explores Sharks (1998).
Careful handling increases chances of survival and of safe return to their oceanic habitats for Greenland sharks captured alive by bottom trawling.
In images and (lower right) video, an approximately 100-year-old, bottom-trawled female Greenland shark, with a length of 3.7 meters (12.1391 feet), returns safely to the Arctic Ocean north of Norway's Svalbard Archipelago in November 2025.
Røst, Nordland county, Northern Norway-based Håvard Eggen self-describes as "Explorer with a camera" on his Instagram profile (https://www.instagram.com/havardeggen/) and members in BirdLife Norge, founded in 1957 as Norsk Ornitologisk Forening (NOF; Norwegian Ornithological Society NOS) and based in Trondheim, Trøndelag county, central Norway.:
Håvard Eggen is with Stein-Einar Selseth, via Facebook Sep. 28, 2025, @ https://www.facebook.com/Sjonkelro/posts/pfbid021GzZceEVFKEN4VjAvPSAYcJnKSZk59dYvojwQbBj3Wj5Lscs4zjwmUvjqxDgjM9Xl
Careful handling increases chances of survival and of safe return to their oceanic habitats for Greenland sharks captured alive by bottom trawling.
In images and (lower right) video, an approximately 100-year-old, bottom-trawled female Greenland shark, with a length of 3.7 meters (12.1391 feet), returns safely to the Arctic Ocean north of Norway's Svalbard Archipelago in November 2025.
Røst, Nordland county, Northern Norway-based Håvard Eggen self-describes as "Explorer with a camera" on his Instagram profile (https://www.instagram.com/havardeggen/) and members in BirdLife Norge, founded in 1957 as Norsk Ornitologisk Forening (NOF; Norwegian Ornithological Society NOS) and based in Trondheim, Trøndelag county, central Norway.:
Håvard Eggen is with Stein-Einar Selseth, via Facebook Sep. 28, 2025, @ https://www.facebook.com/Sjonkelro/posts/pfbid021GzZceEVFKEN4VjAvPSAYcJnKSZk59dYvojwQbBj3Wj5Lscs4zjwmUvjqxDgjM9Xl
Incidental capture of Greenland sharks may result in mortality or in safe release.
Bycatches may happen to Greenland sharks who feed from bottom longlines. Incidental capture may be prompted by a feeding Greenland shark's entanglement in the fishing gear. The tightened wrapping of the mainline around the caudal peduncle, caused by the entangled shark's rolling behavior, has complicated safe release. Viewed as a "nuisance species" by commercial fisheries, the incidentally captured Greenland shark has suffered mortality-inducing release by the caudal fin's severance (Davis et al., 2013), as noted by Dalhousie University post-doctoral researcher Jena Elizabeth Edwards and 18 co-authors, "Advancing Research for the Management of Long-Lived Species: A Case Study on the Greenland Shark," Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 6, article 87 (April 2, 2019), page 17 of 27 pages (via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331501950).
Despite the illegality of shark finning during at-sea carcass disposal since 1994 in Canada, Inuit communities observe the practice for a species regarded as economically and socially disadvantageous, as stated by Dalhousie University Brendal Davis and five co-authors, "The Conservation of the Greenland Shark (Somniosus microcephalus): Setting Scientific, Law, and Policy Coordinates for Avoiding a Species at Risk," Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy, vol. 16, no. 4 (Oct. 1, 2013), pages 310-311 (via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258306180).
"FIGURE 5 / Incidental capture of Greenland sharks via scientific bottom longline. (A) Shark entangled in mainline around caudle peduncle. (B) Shark hooked by mouth (photos Jena Edwards)," in Jena E. Edwards, page 18 of 27 pages.:
Jena Edwards, CC BY 4.0 International, via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331501950/figure/fig5/AS:11431281239649122@1714439863377/Incidental-capture-of-Greenland-sharks-via-scientific-bottom-longline-A-Shark.tif [image specific URL];
Jena E. Edwards, Elizabeth Hiltz, Franziska Broell, Peter G. Bushnell, Steven E. Campana, Jørgen S. Christiansen, Brynn M. Devine, Jeffrey J. Gallant, Kevin J. Hedges, M. Aaron MacNeil, Bailey C. McMeans, Julius Nielsen, Kim Præbel, Gregory B. Skomal, John F. Steffensen, Ryan P. Walter, Yuuki Y. Watanabe, David L. VanderZwaag and Nigel E. Hussey, "Advancing Research for the Management of Long-Lived Species: A Case Study on the Greenland Shark," Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 6, article 87 (April 2, 2019): CC BY 4.0 International, via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331501950_Advancing_Research_for_the_Management_of_Long-Lived_Species_A_Case_Study_on_the_Greenland_Shark;
Brendal Davis, David Vanderzwaag, Aurelie Cosandey-Godin, Nigel E Hussey, Steven T Kessel and Boris Worm, "The Conservation of the Greenland Shark (Somniosus microcephalus): Setting Scientific, Law, and Policy Coordinates for Avoiding a Species at Risk," Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy, vol. 16, no. 4 (Oct. 1, 2013), 300-330: via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258306180_The_Conservation_of_the_Greenland_Shark_Somniosus_microcephalus_Setting_Scientific_Law_and_Policy_Coordinates_for_Avoiding_a_Species_at_Risk
Bycatches may happen to Greenland sharks who feed from bottom longlines. Incidental capture may be prompted by a feeding Greenland shark's entanglement in the fishing gear. The tightened wrapping of the mainline around the caudal peduncle, caused by the entangled shark's rolling behavior, has complicated safe release. Viewed as a "nuisance species" by commercial fisheries, the incidentally captured Greenland shark has suffered mortality-inducing release by the caudal fin's severance (Davis et al., 2013), as noted by Dalhousie University post-doctoral researcher Jena Elizabeth Edwards and 18 co-authors, "Advancing Research for the Management of Long-Lived Species: A Case Study on the Greenland Shark," Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 6, article 87 (April 2, 2019), page 17 of 27 pages (via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331501950).
Despite the illegality of shark finning during at-sea carcass disposal since 1994 in Canada, Inuit communities observe the practice for a species regarded as economically and socially disadvantageous, as stated by Dalhousie University Brendal Davis and five co-authors, "The Conservation of the Greenland Shark (Somniosus microcephalus): Setting Scientific, Law, and Policy Coordinates for Avoiding a Species at Risk," Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy, vol. 16, no. 4 (Oct. 1, 2013), pages 310-311 (via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258306180).
"FIGURE 5 / Incidental capture of Greenland sharks via scientific bottom longline. (A) Shark entangled in mainline around caudle peduncle. (B) Shark hooked by mouth (photos Jena Edwards)," in Jena E. Edwards, page 18 of 27 pages.:
Jena Edwards, CC BY 4.0 International, via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331501950/figure/fig5/AS:11431281239649122@1714439863377/Incidental-capture-of-Greenland-sharks-via-scientific-bottom-longline-A-Shark.tif [image specific URL];
Jena E. Edwards, Elizabeth Hiltz, Franziska Broell, Peter G. Bushnell, Steven E. Campana, Jørgen S. Christiansen, Brynn M. Devine, Jeffrey J. Gallant, Kevin J. Hedges, M. Aaron MacNeil, Bailey C. McMeans, Julius Nielsen, Kim Præbel, Gregory B. Skomal, John F. Steffensen, Ryan P. Walter, Yuuki Y. Watanabe, David L. VanderZwaag and Nigel E. Hussey, "Advancing Research for the Management of Long-Lived Species: A Case Study on the Greenland Shark," Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 6, article 87 (April 2, 2019): CC BY 4.0 International, via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331501950_Advancing_Research_for_the_Management_of_Long-Lived_Species_A_Case_Study_on_the_Greenland_Shark;
Brendal Davis, David Vanderzwaag, Aurelie Cosandey-Godin, Nigel E Hussey, Steven T Kessel and Boris Worm, "The Conservation of the Greenland Shark (Somniosus microcephalus): Setting Scientific, Law, and Policy Coordinates for Avoiding a Species at Risk," Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy, vol. 16, no. 4 (Oct. 1, 2013), 300-330: via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258306180_The_Conservation_of_the_Greenland_Shark_Somniosus_microcephalus_Setting_Scientific_Law_and_Policy_Coordinates_for_Avoiding_a_Species_at_Risk
Pretoria-born, Cape Town-based, South African freelance illustrator, animator and graphic designer Alexis Schofield included the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) as one of seven sharks on Save Our Seas Foundation (SOSF) poster "The Depths Awaken." The long-lived, deep dweller shares SOSF's celebration of "the weird and wonderful sharks from Earth’s own inner ‘space’" with the counterilluminated velvet belly lanternshark (Etmopterus spinax), the lateral dermal denticle-concentrated, black ninja lanternshark (Etmopterus benchleyi), the 3.1 meters-per-second slingshot-styled protruding-jawed goblin shark (Mitsukurina owstoni), the high-speeding, quickly turning winghead (Eusphyra blochii), the deep-diving cookiecutter sharks (Isistius brasiliensis and Isistius plutodus) and the rubbery-lipped, large-headed megamouth shark (Megachasma pelagios), according to Pacific Northwest-based science and wildlife journalist Sarah Keartes ("The Depths Awaken," May 4, 2020, Save Our Seas Foundation @ https://saveourseas.com/the-depths-awaken/).:
Save Our Seas Foundation, via Facebook May 4, 2020, @ https://www.facebook.com/saveourseasngo/posts/10159587432376729;
Save Our Seas Foundation, via Facebook May 4, 2020, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159587432376729&set=a.10159587430191729;
Save Our Seas Foundation, via Facebook May 4, 2020, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159587432376729&set=shark-five-standing-by-the-winghead-shark-isnt-a-deep-dweller-but-this-endangere;
Sarah Keartes, "The Depths Awaken: Artwork by Alexis Schofield / © Save Our Seas Foundation," Save Our Seas Founcation (SOSF) > News > Ocean News, May 4, 2020, via Save Our Seas Foundation @ https://saveourseas.com/the-depths-awaken/;
"Alexis Schofield. South African, b. 1982," via Artsy @ https://www.artsy.net/artist/alexis-schofield
For further information:
Save Our Seas Foundation, via Facebook May 4, 2020, @ https://www.facebook.com/saveourseasngo/posts/10159587432376729;
Save Our Seas Foundation, via Facebook May 4, 2020, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159587432376729&set=a.10159587430191729;
Save Our Seas Foundation, via Facebook May 4, 2020, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159587432376729&set=shark-five-standing-by-the-winghead-shark-isnt-a-deep-dweller-but-this-endangere;
Sarah Keartes, "The Depths Awaken: Artwork by Alexis Schofield / © Save Our Seas Foundation," Save Our Seas Founcation (SOSF) > News > Ocean News, May 4, 2020, via Save Our Seas Foundation @ https://saveourseas.com/the-depths-awaken/;
"Alexis Schofield. South African, b. 1982," via Artsy @ https://www.artsy.net/artist/alexis-schofield
For further information:
Auerbach, Loren; and Jacqueline Simpson. 1997. Sagas of the Norsemen: Viking and German Myth. London [England UK:] Duncan Baird Publishers.
Benz, George W., Ph.D. "Greenland shark Somniosus microcephalus." Pages 156-157. In: Bernhard Grzimek, Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 2nd edition. Volumes 4-5, Fishes I-II, edited by Michael Hutchins, Dennis A. Thoney, Paul V. Loiselle and Neil Schlager. Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group, 2003.
Bittel, Jason. 2023. "The Frozen Worlds." Illustrated by Claire McElfatrick. New York NY USA: DK Publishing.
Bloch, M. E. and Schneider, J. G. 1801. "Squalus microcephalus." Page 135. In: M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit Jo. Gottlob Schneider, Saxo. Berolini. Sumtibus Auctoris Impressum et Bibliopolio Sanderiano Commissum. Systema Ichthyol. i-lx + 1-584.
"Ord. III. ABD. G 37. Squalus. *29. MICROCEPHALUS. S. capite et pinnis parvis, dentibus parvis, compreſſis, acie lata, hamata, naribus terminalibus, pinna dorſali paulum poſt baſin pectoralium, meſsura poſt ventralium lineam perpendicularem poſita, omnibus remotiſſimis, ano pinnae caudali vicino, cauda brevi.
Habitat in mari glaciali.
Exemplum meum 13 pedes longum."
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5475232#page/199/mode/1up
"Ord. III. ABD. G 37. Squalus. *29. MICROCEPHALUS. S. capite et pinnis parvis, dentibus parvis, compreſſis, acie lata, hamata, naribus terminalibus, pinna dorſali paulum poſt baſin pectoralium, meſsura poſt ventralium lineam perpendicularem poſita, omnibus remotiſſimis, ano pinnae caudali vicino, cauda brevi.
Habitat in mari glaciali.
Exemplum meum 13 pedes longum."
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5475232#page/199/mode/1up
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Marriner, Derdriu. 25 Sep 2025. "Bycatch, Overfishing, Products Industry Ail Greenland Sharks in Sharks." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/09/bycatch-overfishing-products-industry.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/09/bycatch-overfishing-products-industry.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 18 September 2025. "Arctic Thaw Ails All Greenland in Smithsonian Ocean by Deborah Cramer." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/09/arctic-thaw-ails-all-greenland-in_01338646045.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/09/arctic-thaw-ails-all-greenland-in_01338646045.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 11 September 2025. "Arctic Chill and Arctic Thaw Affix Greenland in The Winds of Change." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/09/arctic-chill-and-arctic-thaw-affix.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/09/arctic-chill-and-arctic-thaw-affix.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 4 September 2025. "Oils Are Why Greenland Sharks Are in Greenland by Jean F. Blashfield." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/09/oils-are-why-greenland-sharks-are-in.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/09/oils-are-why-greenland-sharks-are-in.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 28 August 2025. "Arctic Thaw Awaits Greenland Sharks in Ocean by Miezan van Zyl." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/08/arctic-thaw-awaits-greenland-sharks-in.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/08/arctic-thaw-awaits-greenland-sharks-in.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 21 August 2025. "Greenland Sharks Not Polar Thaw Awe The Ocean by Miranda Krestovnikoff." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/08/greenland-sharks-not-polar-thaw-awe.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/08/greenland-sharks-not-polar-thaw-awe.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 14 August 2025. "The Illustrated Atlas of Wildlife Adds Arctic Thaw to Greenland Sharks." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/08/the-illustrated-atlas-of-wildlife-adds.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/08/the-illustrated-atlas-of-wildlife-adds.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 7 August 2025. "Arctic Thaw Affects No Greenland Sharks in Everything About Sharks." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/08/arctic-thaw-affects-no-greenland-sharks.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/08/arctic-thaw-affects-no-greenland-sharks.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 31 July 2025. "Greenland Sharks Age Despite or Due to Arctic Thaw in Mission: Arctic." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/07/greenland-sharks-age-despite-or-due-to.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/07/greenland-sharks-age-despite-or-due-to.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 24 July 2025. "Arctic Thaw Aggresses Greenland Sharks in The Ultimate Book of Sharks." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/07/arctic-thaw-aggresses-greenland-sharks.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/07/arctic-thaw-aggresses-greenland-sharks.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 July 2025. "People, Not Arctic Thaw, Aggress Greenland Sharks in 100 Facts/Sharks." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/07/people-not-arctic-thaw-aggress.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/07/people-not-arctic-thaw-aggress.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 10 July 2025. "Pores Aid Greenland Sharks During Climate Change in South with the Sun." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/07/pores-aid-greenland-sharks-during.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/07/pores-aid-greenland-sharks-during.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 3 July 2025. "Greenland Sharks Maybe Avoid Arctic Thaw as Greenland Ice Melt in Ice." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/07/greenland-sharks-maybe-avoid-arctic.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/07/greenland-sharks-maybe-avoid-arctic.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 26 June 2025. "The Secret History of Sharks Absents Arctic Thaw From Greenland Sharks." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/06/the-secret-history-of-sharks-absents.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/06/the-secret-history-of-sharks-absents.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 19 June 2025. "Arctic Thaw Aids No Overfished Greenland Sharks in Vanishing Treasures." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/06/arctic-thaw-aids-no-overfished.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/06/arctic-thaw-aids-no-overfished.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 12 June 2025. "No Arctic Thaws Ax Greenland Sharks in Sharks and Other Dangerous Fish." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/06/no-arctic-thaws-ax-greenland-sharks-in.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/06/no-arctic-thaws-ax-greenland-sharks-in.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 5 June 2025. "Arctic Thaw Alarms No Greenland Sharks in Fantastic Facts About Sharks." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/06/arctic-thaw-alarms-no-greenland-sharks.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/06/arctic-thaw-alarms-no-greenland-sharks.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 29 May 2025. "Arctic Thaw Ails No Overfished Greenland Sharks in How Old Is a Whale." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/05/arctic-thaw-ails-no-overfished.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/05/arctic-thaw-ails-no-overfished.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2025. "Men With Chains, Hooks, Pollution Ail Greenland Sharks in Shark Drunk." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/05/men-with-chains-hooks-pollution-ail.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/05/men-with-chains-hooks-pollution-ail.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 15 May 2025. "Overkilling Afflicts Greenland Sharks in Shark by Dr Miranda Macquitty." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/05/overkilling-afflicts-greenland-sharks.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/05/overkilling-afflicts-greenland-sharks.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 8 May 2025. "Overfishing Affects Greenland Sharks in Shark by Dr Miranda Macquitty." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/05/overfishing-affects-greenland-sharks-in.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/05/overfishing-affects-greenland-sharks-in.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 1 May 2025. "Greenland Sharks Are in Can't Get Enough Shark Stuff by Kelly Hargrave." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/05/greenland-sharks-are-in-cant-get-enough.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/05/greenland-sharks-are-in-cant-get-enough.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 24 April 2025. "Jonathan Sheikh-Miller, Monica Tamariz Avail Tiburones Greenland Shark." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/04/jonathan-sheikh-miller-monica-tamariz.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/04/jonathan-sheikh-miller-monica-tamariz.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 April 2025. "George W Benz Authors Greenland Shark for Grzimek's Animal Life." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/04/george-w-benz-authors-greenland-shark.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/04/george-w-benz-authors-greenland-shark.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 10 April 2025. "Super Shark by Derek Harvey Airs Greenland Sharks Without Arctic Thaw." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/04/super-shark-by-derek-harvey-airs_59.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/04/super-shark-by-derek-harvey-airs_59.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 3 April 2025. "Greenland Sharks in The Shark Handbook by Dr Skomal Avoid Arctic Thaw." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/04/greenland-sharks-in-shark-handbook-by.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/04/greenland-sharks-in-shark-handbook-by.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 27 March 2025. "The Encyclopedia of Sharks by Steve Parker Applauds Greenland Sharks." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/03/the-encyclopedia-of-sharks-by-steve.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/03/the-encyclopedia-of-sharks-by-steve.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 20 March 2025. "Jennifer V Schmidt Authors Greenland Shark for World Book Volume 8: G." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/03/jennifer-v-schmidt-authors-greenland.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/03/jennifer-v-schmidt-authors-greenland.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 13 March 2025. "Mary Pope Osborne Adds No Greenland Sharks to Narwhal on a Sunny Night." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/03/mary-pope-osborne-adds-no-greenland.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/03/mary-pope-osborne-adds-no-greenland.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2025. "Greenland Sharks Allure Julia and the Shark by Kiran Millwood Hargrave." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/03/greenland-sharks-allure-julia-and-shark.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/03/greenland-sharks-allure-julia-and-shark.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 27 February 2025. "Angela's Glacier by Jordan Scott Amplifies Greenland Thaw in Underland." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/02/angelas-glacier-by-jordan-scott.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/02/angelas-glacier-by-jordan-scott.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 20 February 2025. "Greenland Thaw and Nuclear Waste Appall Robert Macfarlane in Underland." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/02/greenland-thaw-and-nuclear-waste-appall.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/02/greenland-thaw-and-nuclear-waste-appall.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 13 February 2025. "Greenland, World Waters and Their Water World Life Affect Each Other." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/02/greenland-world-waters-and-their-water.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/02/greenland-world-waters-and-their-water.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 6 February 2025. "Arctic Thaw Affects Arctic Circle, Arctic Ocean Island Greenland." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/02/arctic-thaw-affects-arctic-circle.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/02/arctic-thaw-affects-arctic-circle.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 30 January 2025. "Michael J Trinklein Absents Arctic Thaw From Iceland in Lost States." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/01/michael-j-trinklein-absents-arctic-thaw_30.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/01/michael-j-trinklein-absents-arctic-thaw_30.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2025. "Arctic Thaw Affects Greenland in Lost States by Michael J Trinklein." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/01/arctic-thaw-affects-greenland-in-lost.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2025/01/arctic-thaw-affects-greenland-in-lost.html
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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/11/5-percent-greenland-ice-sheet-loss-as.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/11/5-percent-greenland-ice-sheet-loss-as.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 11 July 2014. "Greenland Sleeper Shark Natural History Illustrations and Photographs." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/07/greenland-sleeper-shark-natural-history.html
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/07/greenland-sleeper-shark-natural-history.html
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Available @ https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/scientists-puzzled-by-new-phenomenon-witnessed-on-greenland-ice-sheet-we-haven-t-observed-anything-like-this-before/ar-AA1Klep4?ocid=BingHp01&cvid=8033e83665b6498df127408b13656bd6&ei=10
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Available @ https://www.newsweek.com/map-us-nuclear-base-cold-war-greenland-2072612
Available @ https://www.newsweek.com/map-us-nuclear-base-cold-war-greenland-2072612