Earth and Space News: January 2025

Wednesday, January 29, 2025

Mailing Addresses for 2024 Forms 1040 and 1040SR Filed in 2025

Summary: Mailing addresses for 2024 forms 1040 and 1040SR filed in 2025, due date Tuesday, April 15, 2025, are provided for the benefit of taxpayers filing in paper format.

IRSnews @IRSnews, via X (formerly Twitter) Jan. 27, 2025

Federal income tax forms 1040 and 1040SR for 2024 income have a due date of Tuesday, April 25, 2025. Mailing addresses for 2024 forms 1040 and 1040SR are provided for the benefit of taxpayers choosing to submit their 2024 federal individual income tax returns in paper format.

IRS help line telephone number for individuals: 800-829-1040
Open Monday through Friday, 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. local time
Alaska and Hawaii residents should follow Pacific Time
Puerto Rico phone lines open 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. local time

IRS website: https://www.irs.gov/

IRSnews @IRSnews, via X (formerly Twitter) Jan. 22, 2025

Paper and Paperless Formats of 2024 Forms 1040 and 1040SR

U.S. taxpayers usually provide their individual federal income information via forms 1040 or 1040SR. "Everyone can file Form 1040. Form 1040-SR is available to you if you were born before January 2, 1959," the IRS notes in section "Line Instructions for Forms 1040 and 1040-SR" (page 12) of IRS Tax Year 2024 1040 (and 1040-SR) Instructions.

Forms 1040 and 1040SR may be filed in paper or paperless formats. The paperless format entails electronic filing (e-file). Electronic-formatted Direct File and Free File are listed in "Free Ways To File Your Taxes" (page 7) of the instructions booklet for forms 1040 and 1040SR. "Direct File is an option for eligible taxpayers to file their federal tax returns online, securely with the IRS." For Free File, taxpayers are advised: "If you meet the adjusted gross income requirement, you may be able to use free tax preparation software to prepare and e-file your tax return." Free File's adjusted gross income qualification is $84,000 or less, according to "Ways to file for free" on "File your tax return" page of the IRS website (https://www.irs.gov/filing/individuals/how-to-file).

Paper format filing requires mailing completed forms 1040 and 1040SR to specific addresses differentiated by residence location and by no payment-enclosed, payment-enclosed or refund-requested tax returns. Six IRS centers are responsible for processing 2024 forms 1040 and 1040SR filed in 2025 ("Where Do You File?," page 113 [back cover]). The three centers for 2024 individual income tax returns with either refund requests or no-enclosed payments for taxes owed are located in Kansas City, Missouri; Austin, Texas; and Ogden, Utah. IRS centers in Louisville, Kentucky; Charlotte, North Carolina; and Cincinnati, Ohio, accept payment-enclosed 2024 forms 1040 and 1040SR.

IRSnews @IRSnews, via X (formerly Twitter) Jan. 17, 2025

Mailing Addresses for Forms 1040 and 1040SR

Mailing addresses for 2024 forms 1040 and 1040SR are listed in a table on the back cover of Tax Year 2024 1040 (and 1040-SR) Instructions booklet (page 113). Those addresses also are given in eight tables below. The headings for each of the eight tables provide the two addresses for each grouping.

Six tax return processing centers correlate with eight groupings of forms 104 and 1040SR. The first seven associate with forms 1040 and 1040SR mailed by taxpayers located in the District of Columbia and the 50 U.S. states.

The eighth group concerns taxpayers in special situations of living in a foreign country or a U.S. territory, of using an APO or FPO address, of filing Form 2555 for Foreign Earned Income (URL for form: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f2555.pdf; URL for instructions: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f2555.pdf) or Form 4563 for Exclusion of Income for Bona Fide Residents of American Samoa (URL: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f4563.pdf), or of being a dual-status alien. An asterisked note directs taxpayers in American Samoa, Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands or the Northern Mariana Islands to consult Publication 570, Tax Guide for Individuals With Income From U.S. Possessions (URL: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-prior/p570--2023.pdf).

Mailing Addresses for Forms 1040 and 1040SR:

Taxpayers living in:	Refund or No Payment	Payment Enclosed
	Department of the Treasury	Internal Revenue Service
	Internal Revenue Service	P.O. Box 1214
	Austin TX 73001-0002	Charlotte NC 28201-1214
Alabama
Georgia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee



Taxpayers living in:	Refund or No Payment	Payment Enclosed
	Department of the Treasury	Internal Revenue Center
	Internal Revenue Service	P.O. Box 802501
	Ogden UT 84201-0002	Cincinnati OH 45280-2501
Alaska
California
Colorado
Hawaii
Idaho
Kansas
Michigan
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
South Dakota
Utah
Washington
Wyoming



Taxpayers living in:	Refund or No Payment	Payment Enclosed
	Department of the Treasury	Internal Revenue Service
	Internal Revenue Service	P.O. Box 802501
	Austin TX 73301-0002	Cincinnati OH 45280-2501
Arizona
New Mexico







Taxpayers living in:	Refund or No Payment	Payment Enclosed
	Department of the Treasury	Internal Revenue Service
	Internal Revenue Service	P.O. Box 931000
	Austin TX 73301-0002	Louisville KY 40293-1000
Arkansas
Oklahoma



Taxpayers living in:	Refund or No Payment	Payment Enclosed
	Department of the Treasury	Internal Revenue Center
	Internal Revenue Service	P.O. Box 931000
	Kansas City MO 64999-0002	Louisville KY 40293-1000
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kentucky
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Minnesota
Missouri
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin



Taxpayers living in:	Refund or No Payment	Payment Enclosed
	Department of the Treasury	Internal Revenue Service
	Internal Revenue Service	P.O. Box 1214
	Austin TX 73301-0002	Charlotte NC 28201-1214
Florida
Louisiana
Mississippi
Texas



Taxpayers living in:	Refund or No Payment	Payment Enclosed
	Department of the Treasury	Internal Revenue Center
	Internal Revenue Service	P.O. Box 802501
	Kansas City MO 64999-0002	Cincinnati OH 45280-2501
Pennsylvania



Taxpayers living in:	Refund or No Payment	Payment Enclosed
	Department of the Treasury	Internal Revenue Center
	Internal Revenue Service	P.O. Box 1303
	Austin TX 73301-0215	Charlotte NC 28201-1303
A foreign country
U.S. territory*
use an APO or FPO address
file Form 2555 or Form 4563
are a dual-status alien

(*If you live in American Samoa, Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, or the Northern Mariana Islands, see Publication 570.)

"Where Do You File?" Tax Year 2024 1040 (and 1040-SR) Instructions, page 113 (back cover): via U.S. Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service (IRS) @ https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/i1040gi.pdf

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

"The #IRS will begin accepting tax returns #TODAY, January 27, and will include tools and resources such as Direct File and Free File programs to help you through the process. Learn more about what's available to you this filing season: https://ow.ly/sVTm50UEwQN.": IRSnews @IRSnews, via X (formerly Twitter) Jan. 27, 2025, @ https://x.com/IRSnews/status/1883880196161372163

"Tax season starts Jan. 27 this year. It's time to #GetReady to file your tax return. Take a look at all your filing options on the #IRS website to make the choice that's right for you. You can choose free filing options like Free File or Direct File, work with a tax professional or choose from many other ways to file. Whatever you choose--it's helpful to plan ahead. We have enhanced features on our website to help answer your questions any time of day or night. Get started at https://ow.ly/sVTm50UEwQN.": IRS @IRS, via Facebook Jan. 22, 2025, @ https://www.facebook.com/IRS/posts/pfbid021tQ9go6Wvk4amZvJWpEpEk3AuB1QfMBHs4V233DdQY2axCMrP9wzMXWdSiryJY6dl; via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1012012814305774&set=pb.100064911930482.-2207520000

"Starting Jan. 27, eligible taxpayers in 25 states can file their taxes directly with the #IRS for free using Direct File. New features, enhanced live chat support and expanded credits and deductions make filing easier and quicker. Learn more: https://ow.ly/sVTm50UEwQN.": IRS @IRS, via Facebook Jan. 17, 2025, @ https://www.facebook.com/IRS/posts/pfbid02jhjjaQcLKSrEzY9pXrjjvgGWPg29Ppqxth7Pv839uwnfUHreC4M4qNe5exYBZNMxl; via Facebook Jan. 17, 2025, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1008571361316586&set=pb.100064911930482.-2207520000

DerdriuMarriner. "Mailing Addresses for 2023 Forms 1040 and 1040SR Filed in 2024." Wizzley. April 15, 2024.
Available @ https://wizzley.com/mailing-addresses-for-2023-forms-1040-and-1040sr-filed-in-2024/

DerdriuMarriner. "Mailing Addresses for 2023 Form 4868 Extending 1040 and 1040SR April 15, 2024, Due Date." Wizzley. April 15, 2024.
Available @ https://wizzley.com/mailing-addresses-for-2023-form-4868-extending-1040-and-1040sr-april-15-2024-due-date/

DerdriuMarriner. "Mailing Addresses for 2022 Forms 1040 and 1040SR Filed in 2023." Wizzley. April 13, 2023.
Available @ https://wizzley.com/mailing-addresses-for-2022-forms-1040-and-1040sr-filed-in-2023/

DerdriuMarriner. "Mailing Addresses for 2022 Form 4868 Extending 1040 and 1040SR April 18, 2023, Due Date." Wizzley. April 13, 2023.
Available @ https://wizzley.com/mailing-addresses-for-2022-form-4868-extending-1040-and-1040sr-april-18-2023-due-date/

IRS Internal Revenue Service. "As tax season approaches, the #IRS is reminding people of simple steps they can take now to #GetReady to file their 2024 federal tax returns. Learn more at https://ow.ly/ch8X50UeZQx.": IRS @IRS, via Facebook Dec. 4, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/IRS/posts/pfbid0ozC4vhXmnqqepxmC6gXkCjDY87bm2AqSffik6DsvPmCR1CeFumLkKTrwTRbC6ZxAl; via Facebook Dec. 4, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=978584537648602&set=pb.100064911930482.-2207520000

IRS Internal Revenue Service. "As tax season approaches, there are steps you can take now to #GetReady to file your 2024 #IRS tax return. Step 1: Bookmark IRS.gov for easy access to tax resources and guides. For more ways to get ready, see: https://ow.ly/Bp7150UFj6x.": IRS @IRS, via Facebook Jan. 13, 2025, @ https://www.facebook.com/IRS/posts/pfbid0C5SoTcyrrWx62Rsiyvu4mP7jDdzoxEAgwbkuoML4z9zdiCumh9FUfzrGMWGdSdwfl; via Facebook Jan.13, 2025, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1005873304919725&set=pb.100064911930482.-2207520000

IRS Internal Revenue Service. "Just like your cherished family recipes, it's important to keep your tax records ready and organized so they're easy to find when you need them. Keeping accurate records may help you avoid delays that slow your refund and can even help you find overlooked #IRS credits and deductions. See our list of documents to gather before you file your return this upcoming filing season https://ow.ly/OSRx50UjpPo.": IRS @IRS, via Facebook Dec. 8, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/IRS/posts/pfbid026F7WNEqCrW9TNxz5PQFt5soRhW7d1KDtnCZQZfCUs49UFnMoWWwwCiDPrkumvKcnl; via Facebook Dec. 8, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=981419927365063&set=pb.100064911930482.-2207520000

IRS Internal Revenue Service. "Looking to get your #IRS tax refund fast? Filing electronically and choosing direct deposit is the fastest way to access your refund. Get ready for the tax filing season by locating your bank's routing and accounting numbers. Visit www.irs.gov/getready for more tips on how to prepare for the tax filing season.": IRS @IRS, via Facebook Dec. 9, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/IRS/posts/pfbid0QuGwjzUqyvpR28QNEUVa3NhYXSwa4yU48ekdzoChP379WCzgoGn6g7x7Gto6LkjEl; via Facebook Dec. 9, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=981940620646327&set=pb.100064911930482.-2207520000

IRS Internal Revenue Service. "Starting Jan. 27, eligible taxpayers in 25 states can file their taxes directly with the #IRS for free using Direct File. New features, enhanced live chat support and expanded credits and deductions make filing easier and quicker. Learn more: https://ow.ly/sVTm50UEwQN.": IRS @IRS, via Facebook Jan. 17, 2025, @ https://www.facebook.com/IRS/posts/pfbid02jhjjaQcLKSrEzY9pXrjjvgGWPg29Ppqxth7Pv839uwnfUHreC4M4qNe5exYBZNMxl; via Facebook Jan. 17, 2025, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1008571361316586&set=pb.100064911930482.-2207520000

IRS Internal Revenue Service. "Tax filing season is in full swing. For many Americans, it is one of the most common times you interact with the #IRS. When you need to interact with us, you have 10 rights that are outlined in the Taxpayer Bill of Rights (TBOR). In this tax tip, we explain your rights as a taxpayer to help you know what to expect. For more on the Taxpayer Bill of Rights, visit https://ow.ly/QLFX50UOLkK..": IRS @IRS, via Facebook Jan. 29, 2025, @ https://www.facebook.com/IRS/posts/pfbid0A1rsHhYeHvnSTofWpgRu9iWv4QoedpqhymEPyiX42caZaDYU9UkreDWkuaCtGwpil; via Facebook Jan. 29, 2025, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1017050263802029&set=pb.100064911930482.-2207520000

IRS Internal Revenue Service. "Tax season starts Jan. 27 this year. It's time to #GetReady to file your tax return. Take a look at all your filing options on the #IRS website to make the choice that's right for you. You can choose free filing options like Free File or Direct File, work with a tax professional or choose from many other ways to file. Whatever you choose--it's helpful to plan ahead. We have enhanced features on our website to help answer your questions any time of day or night. Get started at https://ow.ly/sVTm50UEwQN.": IRS @IRS, via Facebook Jan. 22, 2025, @ https://www.facebook.com/IRS/posts/pfbid021tQ9go6Wvk4amZvJWpEpEk3AuB1QfMBHs4V233DdQY2axCMrP9wzMXWdSiryJY6dl; via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1012012814305774&set=pb.100064911930482.-2207520000

IRS Internal Revenue Service. "The #IRS offers new mobile-friendly forms that can be filled out using your cell phone or tablet. For forms that require signatures, you need an #IRS Online Account to complete mobile friendly forms. Make sure you have scans of your supporting documentation ready to send with your submission. Find out what forms we have available in mobile-friendly versions at https://ow.ly/ezuS50UxkYj.": IRS @IRS, via Facebook Jan. 8, 2025, @ https://www.facebook.com/IRS/posts/pfbid02RHt5wxT8Za7gHV8SQUUrykeW76zBMTLcmcGbub64E8eWZ5C6zpxMSUWN4y5VtegBl; via Facebook Jan. 8, 2025, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1002418151931907&set=pb.100064911930482.-2207520000

IRS Internal Revenue Service. "The #IRS will begin accepting tax returns #TODAY, January 27, and will include tools and resources such as Direct File and Free File programs to help you through the process. Learn more about what's available to you this filing season: https://ow.ly/sVTm50UEwQN.": IRSnews @IRSnews, via X (formerly Twitter) Jan. 27, 2025, @ https://x.com/IRSnews/status/1883880196161372163

IRS Internal Revenue Service. "The nation's tax season begins today -- the #IRS will now start accepting and processing 2024 tax returns. This filing season will continue reflecting our focus on improving services for taxpayers. Find out more.": IRSnews @IRSnews, via X (formerly Twitter) Jan. 27, 2025, @ https://x.com/IRSnews/status/1883943108108292241

IRS Internal Revenue Service. "To #GetReady for tax season 2025, the #IRS offers a variety of online tools like the Individual Online Account, which is available 24/7. Read more about available tools and tax resources here: https://ow.ly/ch8X50UeZQx.": IRS @IRS, via Facebook Dec. 11, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/IRS/posts/pfbid0vEfFtb8rtXqHc6qVrA7AYTRVX2Tf8QhwJNJnNKJSt8CWVXJNiHPRwZGNQDBYiP1Jl; via Facebook Dec. 11, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=983422283831494&set=pb.100064911930482.-2207520000

Marriner, Derdriu. "Where to Mail 2022 Federal Income Tax Return Forms 1040 and 1040SR." Earth and Space News. Thursday, April 13, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/04/where-to-mail-2022-federal-income-tax.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Where to Mail 2022 Form 4868 to Extend 1040/1040SR April 18, 2023, Due Date." Earth and Space News. Thursday, April 13, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/04/where-to-mail-2022-form-4868-to-extend.html

U.S. Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service. "2024 Instructions for Form 2555 Foreign Earned Income 2024." Catalog Number 11901A. June 21, 2024. Internal Revenue Service > Forms and Publications.
Available via IRS @ https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f2555.pdf

U.S. Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service. "Form 1040 U.S. Individual Income Tax Return 2024." Internal Revenue Service > Forms and Publications.
Available via IRS @ https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f1040.pdf

U.S. Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service. "Form 1040-SR U.S. Tax Return for Seniors 2024." Internal Revenue Service > Forms and Publications.
Available via IRS @ https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f1040s.pdf

U.S. Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service. "Form 2555 Foreign Earned Income 2024." Internal Revenue Service > Forms and Publications.
Available via IRS @ https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f2555.pdf

U.S. Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service. "Form 4563 (Rev. September 2024) Exclusion of Income for Bona Fide Residents of American Samoa." Internal Revenue Service > Forms and Publications.
Available via IRS @ https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f4563.pdf

U.S. Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service. Tax Guide 2024 for Individuals: Your Federal Income Tax for Individuals for Use in Preparing 2024 Returns. Publication 17. Catalog Number 10311G. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Jan. 22, 2025.
Available via IRS @ https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p17.pdf

U.S. Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service. Tax Guide for Individuals With Income From U.S. Possessions for Use in Preparing 2023 Returns. Publication 570. Catalog Number 15118B. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Feb. 8. 2023.
Available via IRS @ https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-prior/p570--2023.pdf

U.S. Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service. Tax Year 2024 1040 (and 1040-SR) Instructions. Washington DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office (GPO), Dec. 16, 2024.
Available via IRS @ https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/i1040gi.pdf

Tuesday, January 28, 2025

Lakkrístoppar Are Icelandic Chocolate and Licorice Meringue Cookies

Summary: Chocolate and licorice flavor meringue cookies in Iceland's Lakkrístoppar, literally "licorice tops," a Christmas sweet with year-round appeal.

"God talks to human beings through many vectors: through each other, through organized religion, through the great books of those religions, through wise people, through art and music and literature and poetry, but nowhere with such detail and grace and color and joy as through creation. When we destroy a species, when we destroy a special place, we're diminishing our capacity to sense the divine, understand who God is and what our own potential is." Robert Francis Kennedy Jr., April 19, 2023, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts.

“And there’s many people out there who want us to move to the next planet already and I’m like, hang on, let’s not give up on this planet yet," William, Prince of Wales, July 31, 2023, Sorted Food food truck, London, England, United Kingdom.

Lakkrístoppar ("Licorice Tops") flavor the Icelandic Christmas as meringue cookies with aromatic chocolate and licorice: Ljúfmeti og lekkerheit, via Facebook Dec. 21, 2015

Chocolate and licorice meringue cookies bake aromatically as Lakkrístoppar, literally "licorice tops," an Icelandic Christmas sweet that my family also enjoys throughout the year.

Ingredients:

3 eggs, with whites separated
7/8 cup (200 grams) light brown sugar
3/4 cup (150 grams) chocolate chips
1 package (4.4 ounces; 150 grams) Lakkrískurl ("licorice curls") by Nói Síríus

Preparation:

Preheat oven to 300 degrees Fahrenheit (150 degrees Celsius).
Place parchment paper on baking sheet.

Separate whites from yolks of three eggs.
Place egg whites in large bowl.
Set egg yolks in refrigerator. (My family favors using egg yolks for another Icelandic recipe, Eggjamjólk, Egg Soup.)

Gently whisk egg whites to fluffiness.
Slowly pour or spoon light brown sugar into bowl.
Lightly whisk to combine egg whites and sugar.
Then vigorously whisk mixture to form stiff peaks.

Gently fold chocolate chips and licorice curls into egg white and sugar mixture.

Scoop mixture with a teaspoon for placement on baking sheet's parchment paper.

Bake at 300 degrees Fahrenheit (150 degrees Celsius) for approximately 20 minutes, until cookies are slightly brown and lightly crispy,

Allow cookies to cool. (Sometimes my family serves Licorice Top cookies while still lightly warm.)

Yield: According to portion size of medium or thick scoops with teaspoon, recipe usually approximates two dozen (24) to three dozen (36) cookies.

Glycyrrhiza glabra is known as licorice in American English and as liquorice in Commonwealth English. The flowering plant with a sweetly flavored root members in the bean family Fabaceae. The herbaceous perennial legume is native to Western Asia, Southern Europe and North Africa.

Iceland's importation of licorice dates to the mid-19th century, according to Copenhagen-born, Reykjavik-raised journalist and social media content writer Helga Dís Björgúlfsdóttir in "Licorice in Iceland – A Love Story," posted Oct. 5, 2022, on Your Friend In Reykjavik blog. Licorice root's first appearances in Iceland occurred in pharmacies. Traditional medicinal properties of "apothecary licorice," known in Europe and in China, include effectiveness as cough suppressants, mucolytics for mucous control and laxatives, as noted by Linni Kral in "Why Is Iceland So in Love With Licorice?", posted April 24, 2017, on the Atlas Obscura website.

Opal debuted as the first Icelandic licorice product in 1945, according to Helga Dís Björgúlfsdóttir. Consistent with imported apothecary licorice, Reykjavik-based Sælgætisgerðin Opal ("Opal Confectionary") introduced Opal licorice tablets as a medicinal product available for purchase in pharmacies.

The popularity of Victory V, a British brand of licorice lozenges sold in red rectangular packages, had inspired Sælgætisgerðin Opal's creation of an Icelandic apothecary licorice, as credited by Lilja Katrín Gunnarsdóttir in "Yfir 100 tilraunir til að endurgera bláan Opal: 'Þetta hefur verið barátta' -- 'Laundrykkjumenn lagstir í Opal?'" in the Dec. 10, 2018, issue of Matur and also by Helga Dís Björgúlfsdóttir. Sælgætisgerðin Opal released the pioneer Icelandic licorice in a rectangular box with a distinctive pattern of red-and-white circles designed by Reykjavik-born painter and advertising graphic artist Atli Már Árnason (Jan. 17, 1918-Feb. 9, 2006). Iceland's first licorice product is known as rauður Opal ("red Opal").

Reykjavik-headquartered Icelandic chocolate and confection manufacturer Nói Sírius purchased Sælgætisgerðin Opal at the end of 1995, according to Sagan ("Our History") on Iceland's biggest candy producer's website (https://www.noi.is/fyrirtaekid/sagan/; English @ https://www.noi.is/en/about-noi-sirius/our-history/). Founded in 1920 as Brjóstsykursgerðin Nói, Nói Sírius, Nói purchased 1895-founded Sírius chocolate factory in 1933. In 1977 Nói and Sírius merged as Nói Sírius.

In 1962 Jón Sigurður Kjartansson and his two brothers founded Reykjavik-based Sambó Kólus as a manufacturer of pure licorice products, according to "Our Story" on the family confectionary's website (http://sambo.is/ourstory.html). Icelanders popularly pair Sambó's licorice rolls and straws as wraparounds with chocolate and as sippers with Egils Appelsín, according to Sambó's website and Helga Dís Björgúlfsdóttir. Egils Appelsín is an orange soda produced since 1955 by Ölgerðin Egill Skallagrímsson (Egill Skallagrimsson Brewery), a Reykjavik-based Icelandic beer and beverage company established in 1913.

In 1990, Kólus presented Icelandic chocolate-and-licorice lovers with Þristur ("three"). The Sambó brand's name reflects the confection's three main ingredients of caramel and licorice bits in a milk chocolate bar.

Iceland's Christmas tradition of Lakkrístoppar epitomizes the elevated aesthetic, gustatory status occupied by the combination of chocolate and licorice in the Land of Fire and Ice.

Reykjavik, Iceland-headquartered Nói Síríus includes the recipe for Lakkrístoppar on the Icelandic chocolate and confectionary manufacturer's packets of Lakkrískurl ("Licorice Curls"): Nói Síríus, via Facebook Nov. 18, 2011, @ https://www.facebook.com/noisirius/posts/10150411325432485

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

Lakkrístoppar ("Licorice Tops") flavor the Icelandic Christmas as meringue cookies with aromatic chocolate and licorice: Ljúfmeti og lekkerheit, via Facebook Dec. 21, 2015, @ https://www.facebook.com/ljufmeti/posts/1115776871766751/

Lakkrístoppar ("Licorice Tops") are easy to make, easy to eat and easy to enjoy: Iceland Food Centre, "Icelandic Christmas Meringue Cookies / Lakkrístoppar -- ICELAND FOOD CENTRE #15," via YouTube. Dec. 9, 2020, @ YouTube @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrAe2TrwrPU

Björgúlfsdóttir, Helga Dís. "Licorice in Iceland -- A Love Story." Your Friend In Reykjavik. Oct. 5, 2022. Available via @ https://yourfriendinreykjavik.com/licorice-in-iceland-a-love-story/

DV Editorial. "Kólus rekið með tugmilljóna gróða -- Sælgætisgerðin skilar hagnaði ár eftir ár -- Framkvæmdastjórinn 83 ára." (Translation: "Kolus operated with tens of millions in profits. -- The confectionary business returns a profit year after year -- The CEO is 83 years old."). DV. Sunday, Sep. 18, 2016.
Available in Icelandic via DV @ https://www.dv.is/frettir/2016/09/18/kolus-rekid-med-tugmilljona-groda/
Available in English translation via DV @ https://www-dv-is.translate.goog/frettir/2016/09/18/kolus-rekid-med-tugmilljona-groda/?_x_tr_sl=is&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc

Eldar, Albert. "Lakkrístoppar -- hinar sívinsælu smákökur." (Translation: "Licorice tops -- the ever popular cookies"). Albert Eldar. Dec. 10, 2020.
Available via Albert Eldar @ https://alberteldar.is/2020/12/10/lakkristoppar/

Giggles (Rhonda Adkins). "Icelandic Lakkrís Toppar." The Kitchen Witch > Recipes > Desserts. Jan. 1, 2017.
Available via The Kitchen Witch @ https://www.thekitchenwitchblog.com/2017/01/01/icelandic-lakkris-toppar/

Góa. "UPPSKRIFT: ÓMÓTSTÆÐILEGIR (APPELSÍNU)LAKKRÍSTOPPAR -- svo einfaldir að allir geta bakað. Varúð: Það er mjög erfitt að hætta að maula þegar maður hefur smakkað fyrsta bitann! --- HRÁEFNIÐ: 3 eggjahvítur 200 gr. púðursykur 150 gr. Lindu appelsínurjómasúkkulaði 2 pokar Appolo lakkrískurl AÐFERÐIN: Stífþeytið eggjahvíturnar og púðursykurinn, það ætti að taka um það bil 15 mínútur. Saxið súkkulaðið smátt og blandið því ásamt lakkrískurlinu saman við stífþeyttu eggjahvíturnar og hrærið saman með sleif (ekki hrærivél). Setjið á bökunarpappír með skeið en þessi uppskrift ætti að duga á tvær meðalstórar bökunarplötur. Bakið við 150 gráðu hita í 15 mínútur. Athugið að bakarofnar eru eins misjafnir og þeir eru margir og því skyldi maður alltaf fylgjast vel með bakstrinum. --- Látið okkur endilega vita hvernig tekst til. Ætlarðu ekki alveg örugglega að prófa?" Facebook. Nov. 24, 2016.
Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/goa.is/posts/1227898107256733:0/

Gunnarsdóttir, Lilja Katrín. "Yfir 100 tilraunir til að endurgera bláan Opal: 'Þetta hefur verið barátta' -- 'Laundrykkjumenn lagstir í Opal?'" Matur. Dec. 10, 2018.
Available via Matur @ https://www.dv.is/matur/2018/12/10/yfir-100-tilraunir-til-ad-endurgera-blaan-opal-thetta-hefur-verid-baratta-laundrykkjumenn-lagstir-opal/

Hovdenak Distillery. "Jón Sigurður Kjartansson, the "Willy Wonka of Icelandic chocolate and licorice," began his legacy in 1962 by creating many of Iceland's most beloved chocolates, licorice, and sweets. Sixty-two years later, at the age of 85, he still ensures that the factory runs smoothly. In 1990, the chocolate bar Þristur hit the Icelandic market and quickly became a favorite, capturing the hearts of the island's residents. In 2020, we humbly knocked on Sambó's door in Árbær, Reykjavík with an idea. We wanted to transform the iconic Icelandic chocolate bar into a liqueur. We sincerely hope that we at Hovdenak Distillery did it justice. At least, we believe we did. Coming Soon!" Facebook. June 28, 2024.
Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/hovdenakdistillery/posts/1000329222100039/
Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1000329222100039&set=a.453576763441957

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Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/IcelandFoodCentre/videos/icelandic-meringue-christmas-cookies/209400290672985/

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Available via YouTube @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrAe2TrwrPU

Iceland Food Centre. "Lakkrístoppar -- Icelandic Christmas Meringue Cookies." Iceland Food Centre > Recipes.
Available @ https://www.icelandfoodcentre.com/lakkristoppar-icelandic-meringue-cookies/

Iceland Unwrapped By Helgastina -- Travel Planner. "To learn a language we at Iceland Unwrapped recommend learning Icelandic through recipe. Especially Christmas cookie recopies. We don´t know of almost any home that doesn´t do those for the holiday season. Everything with licorice is eaten in Iceland so please join us in baking Lakkrís toppar. Here is a recipe in Icelandic by my friend Albert https://alberteldar.is/2020/12/10/lakkristoppar/ and here is one in English https://www.icelandfoodcentre.com/lakkristoppar.../ Enjoy and look further on these pages for other great options for food and baking." Facebook.
Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1154039823198404&id=100057771923047

Ljúfmeti og lekkerheit. "Þetta eru uppáhalds lakkrístopparnir okkar. Ég veit ekki hvað ég hef bakað þá oft, en veit að ég þarf að baka þá aftur fyrir jólin því kökuboxið er enn og aftur tómt! http://ljufmeti.com/.../21/lakkristoppar-med-karamellukurli/." Facebook. Dec. 21, 2015.
Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/ljufmeti/posts/1115776871766751/
Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/ljufmeti/photos/a.493711307306647/1115776871766751/

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Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/noisirius/posts/10150411325432485
Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10150411325432485&id=173312492484&set=a.175428207484

Nói Sírius. "Sagan." (Translation: "Our History").
Available via Nói Sírius @ https://www.noi.is/fyrirtaekid/sagan/
Available in English translation via Nói Sírius @ https://www.noi.is/en/about-noi-sirius/our-history/

Rebecka Helen-Wilson. "I LOVE licorice and in Iceland I found out that they bake a Christmas Meringue Cookie that contains licorice -- Lakkrístoppar. Sounds delicious if you ask me. [Lakkrístoppar - Icelandic Christmas Meringue Cookies - Iceland Food Centre](https://www.icelandfoodcentre.com/lakkristoppar.../)." Facebook. Dec. 22, 2020.
Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/groups/3220021954712162/posts/3611776402203380/

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Monday, January 27, 2025

Star Lines Awe Galaxy-, Moon-, Planet-Lit Hawaiian Skies January 2025

Summary: Star lines awe galaxy-, moon-, planet-lit Hawaiian skies January 2025 over University Park for Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Hilo.

Star lines awe galaxy-, moon-, planet-lit Hawaiian skies January 2025 over University Park for Science and Technology in University of Hawaii at Hilo on the Big Island of Hawaii County, Hawaii state.

‘Ianuali (Hawaiianized “January”) 2025 brings Hawaiian darkening, darkened skies the navigational star families that bear the names the Bailer of Makalii and the Kite of Kawelo. Kekaomakalii (from Hawaiian ke kā o Makali’i, “the canoe-bailer of [the] Pleiades [from Hawaiian maka li’i, “eyes/stars little”]”) configures somewhat northeast and east of Kawelo’s kite. It delivers left-darkened, right-dazzled lunar-surface sides to such Northern-Hemisphere domiciles as Hilo, Hawaii County, Hawaii state (from Hawaiian hilo, “thread”; ha wai ‘i, “breath life-force supreme”).

The Bailer of Makalii extends south of the Akau horizon, west of the Koolau and the Hikina horizons, north of the Malanai and the Hema horizons.

Bishop Museum sky maps nightly figure 8:00-10:00 p.m. Hawaii-Aleutian (4:00-6:00 Chamorro, 7:00-9:00 Samoa, 9:00-11:00 Alaska, 10:00-midnight Pacific, 11:00-1:00 Mountain, midnight-2:00 next-day Central, 1:00-3:00 Eastern, 2:00-4:00 Atlantic).

Kekāomakali’i, accentlessly Kekaomakalii, guards at its northernmost Hokulei (“Auriga”), southeasterly from the Akau horizon (from Hawaiian hōkū lei, “star wreath”; ‘ākau, “right [of west-ensconced sun], north”). It heads south of the Koolau horizon, toward the Hikina horizon with its having Namahoe (“Gemini”; from Hawaiian nā māhoe, “the twins”; ko’olau, “windward[-northeast]”; hikina, “east”). The Gemini duo Nanamua (“Castor”) and Nanahope (“Pollux”; from Greek Δίδυμοι via Latin geminī, “twins”; Hawaiian nānā mua, “star first”; nānā hope, “star last”) inhabit eastward.

The star lines Makalii Bailer, with its Puana (“Procyon”; from Hawaiian puana, “blossom”) southward, and Kawelo's Kite journey through galaxy-, moon-, planet-lit Hawaiian skies January 2025.

Darkening, darkened skies keepsake the galaxy Ia (“Milky Way”) Malanai-ward, not Hema-ward (from Hawaiian i’a, “fish”; malanai, “[southeast-horizon-gentle] breeze”; hema, “left [of west-ensconced sun], south”) horizons.

The star Aa (“Sirius”; from Hawaiian ‘a’ā, “bright-burning”), as the Makalii Bailer’s next-last star, locates over the galaxy Ia and lodges southeasterly, off the Malanai horizon. Kealiiokonaikalewa (“Canopus”) manifests itself as major star of the Bailer of Makalii off the Hema, west of the Malanai horizons (from Hawaiian malanai, “[southeast-horizon] gentle breeze”). Kealiiokonaikalewa (from Hawaiian ke ali’i o kona i ka lewa, “the chief of the southern heavens”) numbers as navigational star-family and star-line end-star of Makalii Bailer.

Star lines Kekaomakalii and Kalupeakawelo (from Hawaiian ka lupe a Ka Welo, “the kite of The Family-Trait”) occur in galaxy-, moon-, planet-lit Hawaiian skies January 2025.

The constellation Kalupeakawelo presents itself off the Hoolua, toward the Komohana horizons (from Hawaiian ho’olua, “[rain-bearing-strong] north wind”; komo, “west [where the sun] enters [the sea]").

The northwest and the west horizons quarter northward end-stars of the Kite of Kawelo even as the constellation Kalupeakawelo quarters other stars beyond the Komohana horizon. Iwakelii (“Cassiopeia”) resides, off the Akau and the Hoolua horizons, north of the Great Square of Pegasus that ancient Hawaiians recognized as the Kite of Kawelo. It shines over the galaxy Ia even as northeasterly Manokalanipo (“Alpheratz”) and southeasterly Piilani (“Algenib”), northwesterly Kakuhihewa (“Scheat”) and southwesterly Keawe (“Markab”) shine over dark skies.

Hawaiian skies transmit, around tradition-treasured star lines, galactic milky, lunar silvery tinges and Venus white-yellow, Mars red, Jupiter off-white, Saturn yellow, Neptune and Uranus blue-green tints.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

"'The Great Māui' snaring the sun, Maori spiral symbol, and Kalupeakawelo (Kite of Kawelo)," one of four block prints depicting Hawaii's four star lines in Polynesian Wayfinders art series by San Francisco-born, Brooklyn-based American reportage illustrator Jedidiah Dore: Jedidiah Dore Art, via Facebook Aug. 21, 2017, @ https://www.facebook.com/jedidore/posts/1240894599350551/; via Facebook Aug. 21, 2017, @ https://www.facebook.com/jedidore/posts/1240894499350561/

The planetary parade of Mars, Jupiter, Uranus, Venus, Neptune and Saturn that traverses Hawai'i's January 2025 skies continues through mid-February 2025: Canada France Hawai'i Telescope, via Facebook Jan. 21, 2025, @ https://www.facebook.com/cfhtelescope/posts/pfbid0373JQryx6guGnhb7xuGG4asig6qBNSz8ti1bvw8sS7SQr98S5cFNe2H6YxPVsBzGwl

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"Weather in Hilo in December 2024." World Weather > World > United States > Hawaii > Weather in Hilo.
Available @ https://world-weather.info/forecast/usa/hilo/december-2024/

"Weather in Hilo in November 2024." World Weather > World > United States > Hawaii > Weather in Hilo.
Available @ https://world-weather.info/forecast/usa/hilo/november-2024/

"Weather in Hilo in October 2024." World Weather > World > United States > Hawaii > Weather in Hilo.
Available @ https://world-weather.info/forecast/usa/hilo/october-2024/

"Weather in Hilo in September 2024." World Weather > World > United States > Hawaii > Weather in Hilo.
Available @ https://world-weather.info/forecast/usa/hilo/september-2024/

"Weather in Hilo in August 2024." World Weather > World > United States > Hawaii > Weather in Hilo.
Available @ https://world-weather.info/forecast/usa/hilo/august-2024/

"Weather in Hilo in July 2024." World Weather > World > United States > Hawaii > Weather in Hilo.
Available @ https://world-weather.info/forecast/usa/hilo/july-2024/

"Weather in Hilo in June 2024." World Weather > World > United States > Hawaii > Weather in Hilo.
Available @ https://world-weather.info/forecast/usa/hilo/june-2024/

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