Costumed Statue May Depict Cleopatra's Second Son, Alexander Helios

Summary: A costumed statue may depict Cleopatra's second son, Alexander Helios, as ruler, appointed by his father, Mark Antony, of Armenia, Media and Parthia.

Two almost-twin bronze statuettes, held by The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, depict an Eastern-style costumed boy who may represent Cleopatra's second son, Alexander Helios, as ruler of Armenian, Median and Parthian lands recently conquered by his father, Mark Antony; "Bronze statuette of a boy in Eastern dress Greek, Ptolemaic or Roman mid-late 1st century BCE," accession number 49.11.3, in the collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Department of Greek and Roman Art: Public Domain, via The Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, located on Central Park's eastern edge in Manhattan's Upper East Side, and The Walters Art Museum, sited north of downtown Baltimore in the Mount Vernon neighborhood, hold almost twin ancient bronze statuettes in their collections. The nearly duplicate figures present an Eastern-attired boy who likely represents Alexander Helios (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος Ἥλιος, Alexandros Helios, "Alexander the Sun"; 40 BCE-?), the first of two sons born to last Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII Philopator (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ, Kleopatra Philopator; ca. 69-Aug. 10 or 12, 30 BCE) and Roman militarian and politician Marcus Antonius "Mark Antony" (Jan. 14, 83-Aug. 1, 30 BCE). A noticeable difference between the two statuettes occurs in the position of the right arm. Both are extended outward and upward, but the Walters Art Museum figure's right arm is raised higher and the forearm angles more upward than that of the Met's statuette. Also the right hand of the Met's statuette holds a cylindrical object, whereas the right hand of the figure at The Walters Art Museum is empty.

The statuette weighs 29.5 pounds (13.4 kilograms), according to The Metropolitan Museum of Art's official online description. Its dimensions measure as a height of 25 1/8 inches (63.8 centimeters) and a width of 11 7/8 by 12 3/4 inches (30.2 by 32.4 centimeters).

The statuette's weight is not indicated in The Walters Art Museum's official online description. Its measurements are detailed as a height of 24 1/2 inches (62.3 centimeters), a width of 13 1/8 inches (33.4 centimeters) and a depth of 8 1/8 inches (20.6 centimeters).

The Metropolitan Museum of Art places its statuette's creation date in the mid- to late-first century BCE. The Walters Art Museum dates its statuette to the Hellenistic-Roman Imperial period of the first century BCE to the first century CE.

The pair of statuettes was discovered in 1912, with their findspots sourced either to Alexandria or to east of the Suez Canal, according to classical art curator John J. Herrmann Jr. in The Gods Delight (1988), as quoted by French historian of antiquity Guy Weill Goudchaux in "270 Bronze statuette perhaps representing Alexander Helios as Prince of Armenia" (page 312), one of his catalogue entries in Cleopatra of Egypt: From History to Myth, co-edited by museum curator, museum keeper and Roman art and archaeology specialist Susan Walker (born Sep. 11, 1948) and museum curator, museum keeper and classical archaeologist Peter John Higgs (2001).

The "generally accepted" origin for the pair of statuettes has been placed at a workshop in Alexandria in the second half of the first century BCE. The provenance has been tagged as "unknown," with a creation date of 34-30 BCE, by Goudchaux.

The bronze statuettes portray a regally attired boy who is approximately five or six years old. Who could have been so important at that young age as to inspire the creation of at least two almost identical statuettes in an Alexandrian workshop?

The age of the depicted boy would have matched the approximate age of Cleopatra's grandson Alexander Helios in autumn 34 BCE, the date of the Donations of Alexandria. The staging of the political event by Cleopatra and Mark Antony occasioned the entitlement of their three children as rulers of lands already held or recently acquired by the Roman Republic as well as wish-listed land controlled by the Parthian Empire.

Roman general and statesman Gaius Julius Caesar (July 12 or 13, 100-March 15, 44 BCE) fathered Cleopatra's first child, Ptolemy XV Caesar Philopator Philometor (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Καῖσαρ Φιλοπάτωρ Φιλομήτωρ, Ptolemaios Kaisar Philopator Philometor, "Ptolemy Caesar, Beloved of his Father, Beloved of his Mother"; 47-30 BCE), known as Caesarion (Ancient Greek: Καισαρίων, Kaisarion, "Little Caesar"). Mark Antony then fathered three of the last Ptolemaic queen's four children. Cleopatra Selene II (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη, Kleopatra Selene; "Cleopatra the Moon"; 40-5 BCE) was born as the twin sister of Alexander Helios. Ptolemy Philadelphus (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος ὁ Φιλάδελφος, Ptolemaios Philadelphos; 36 BCE-?) was born as Cleopatra's third son and fourth child.

All four of Cleopatra's children attended the Donations of Alexandria as recipients of rulerships. Alexander Helios and Ptolemy Philadelphus were costumed according to their rulerships, according to Greek biographer Plutarch (46 BCE-ca. 122 CE) in the 54th of his 87 chapters on "Antony" in his biographical compendium of famous Greeks and Romans, Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, commonly known as Parallel Lives.

"He was hated, too, for the distribution which he made to his children in Alexandria; it was seen to be theatrical and arrogant, and to evince hatred of Rome. For after filling the gymnasium with a throng and placing on a tribunal of silver two thrones of gold, one for himself and the other for Cleopatra, and other lower thrones for his sons, in the first place he declared Cleopatra Queen of Egypt, Cyprus, Libya, and Coele Syria, and she was to share her throne with Caesarion. Caesarion was believed to be a son of the former Caesar, by whom Cleopatra was left pregnant. In the second place, he proclaimed his own sons by Cleopatra Kings of Kings, and to Alexander he allotted Armenia, Media and Parthia (when he should have subdued it), to Ptolemy Phoenicia, Syria, and Cilicia. At the same time he also produced his sons, Alexander arrayed in Median garb, which included a tiara and upright head-dress, Ptolemy in boots, short cloak, and broad-brimmed hat surmounted by a diadem. For the latter was the dress of the kings who followed Alexander, the former that of Medes and Armenians. And when the boys had embraced their parents, one was given a bodyguard of Armenians, the other of Macedonians," Plutarch narrated, according to American classicist Bernadotte Perrin's (Sep. 15, 1847-Aug. 31, 1920) translation, published in 1920 (Plutarch's Lives, vol. IX: Anthony, pages 260-263).

After the Donations of Alexandria, Alexander Helios received only two more mentions in extant historical sources. He participated with his twin, in humiliating chains, in the triumph held in Rome in 29 BCE as a celebration of the defeat of Cleopatra and Mark Antony in 30 BCE by Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus "Octavian" (Gaius Octavius; Caesar Augustus, as of August 27 BCE; Sep. 23, 63 BCE-Aug. 19, 14 CE), adopted son and heir of his maternal great-uncle, Julius Caesar, according to Roman historian Lucius Cassius Dio (ca. 155-235 CE), known as Dio Cassius, in Roman History (Ῥωμαϊκη Ἱστορία, Historia Romana), his historical compendium of ancient Rome, written in Greek (Earnest Cary translation; Dio's Roman History, Vol. VI, Book LI: 21.7-21.8, pages 61-62). Finally, Octavian as Caesar Augustus, first Roman emperor, promised safety for Alexander Helios and his brother on the occasion of Cleopatra Selene's marriage in 25 BCE to Juba II (Latin: Gaius Iulius Iuba; Ancient Greek: Ἰóβας, Ἰóβα or Ἰούβας, Iovas, Iova or Iouvas; ca. 48 BCE-23 CE), Numidian prince and subsequently co-ruler of northwestern Africa's Mauretania with his wife (Earnest Cary translation; Dio's Roman History, vol. VI, Book LI: 15.6, page 43).

bronze statuette of Eastern-costumed boy, suggested as depicting Cleopatra's second son, Alexander Helios, in Baltimore's The Walters Art Museum almost twins statuette in The Metropolitan Museum of Art; three-quarter view of bronze statuette (accession number 54.1330), acquired in 1915 by American art collector and philanthropist Henry Walters (Sep. 26, 1848-Nov. 30, 1931) and now located on second floor, Roman Art gallery, of The Walters Art Museum, Mount Vernon neighborhood, Baltimore, Maryland: CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication, via The Walters Art Museum

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Two almost-twin bronze statuettes, held by The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, depict an Eastern-style costumed boy who may represent Cleopatra's second son, Alexander Helios, as ruler of Armenian, Median and Parthian lands recently conquered by his father, Mark Antony; "Bronze statuette of a boy in Eastern dress Greek, Ptolemaic or Roman mid-late 1st century BCE," accession number 49.11.3, in the collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Department of Greek and Roman Art: Public Domain, via The Metropolitan Museum of Art @ https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/254613; CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_statuette_of_a_boy_in_Eastern_dress_MET_DT7206.jpg

bronze statuette of Eastern-costumed boy, suggested as depicting Cleopatra's second son, Alexander Helios, in Baltimore's The Walters Art Museum almost twins statuette in The Metropolitan Museum of Art; three-quarter view of bronze statuette (accession number 54.1330), acquired in 1915 by American art collector and philanthropist Henry Walters (Sep. 26, 1848-Nov. 30, 1931) and now located on second floor, Roman Art gallery, of The Walters Art Museum, Mount Vernon neighborhood, Baltimore, Maryland: CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication, via The Walters Art Museum @ https://art.thewalters.org/detail/24690/deity-or-genius-of-the-eastern-provinces/

Gilded silver plate, late 1st Century BCE-early 1st Century CE, may depict Cleopatra and Mark Antony with their three children; found in Aquileia, Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, northeastern Italy, now in collection of Kunsthistorisches Museum (Museum of Art History), Maria Theresien Platz, Innere Stadt, Vienna, Lower Austria, northeastern Austria: Jamie Heath (MumblerJamie), CC BY SA 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/mumblerjamie/49346010638/; CC BY SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gilded_silver_plate_from_Aquileia.jpg

For further information:

Goudchaux, Guy Weill (G.W.G.). "270 Bronze statuette perhaps representing Alexander Helios as Prince of Armenia." Pages 250-251. In: Walker, Susan; and Peter Higgs, eds. Cleopatra of Egypt: From History to Myth. First published in 2001 by The British Museum Press, a division of The British Museum Company Limited. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
Available @ https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/249/mode/1up

Goudchaux, Guy Weill. "Bronze Statuettes of a Prince of Armenia." Pages 254-260. In: Zahi Hawass and Lyla Pinch Brock, eds., Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, Cairo 2000. Volume 2: History, Religion. Cairo; New York: The American University in Cairo Press, 2003.
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Hawass, Zahi; and Lydia Pinch Brock, collab. Egypt at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, Cairo 2000. Volume 2: History, Religion. Cairo; New York: The American University in Cairo Press, 2003.
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Lucius Cassius Dio. ". . . . After this Antony occupied the whole of Armenia . . . . After accomplishing these things Antony betrothed to his son the daughter of the Median king with the intention of making him still more his friend; then he left his legions in Armenia and went once more to Egypt, taking the great mass of booty and the Armenian with his wife and children. Sending them with the captives ahead of him into Alexandria in a kind of triumphal procession, he himself drove into the city uppon a chariot, and he not only presented to Cleopatra all the other spoils but brought her the Armeanian and his family in golden bonds. . . .
"After this Antony feasted the Alexandrians, and in the assembly made Cleopatra and her children sit by his side; also in the course of his address to the people he commanded that she should be called Queen of Kings, and Ptolemy, whom they named Caesarion, King of Kings. And he then made a new distribution of provinces, giving them Egypt and Cyprus in addition; for he declared that in very truth one was the wife and the other the son of the former Caesar, and he professed to be taking these measures for Caesar's sake, though his purpose was to cast reproach upon Caesar Octavianus because he was only an adopted and not a real son of his. Besides making this assignment to them, he promised to give to his own children by Cleopatra the following districts: to Ptolemy, Syria and all the region west of the Euphrates as far as India; for he even bestowed the last-named regions as if they were already in his possession. . . ." Book XLIX: 40.2-41.4, pages 422-425. Dio's Roman History, vol. V. With an English Translation by Earnest Cary, Ph.D. On the Basis of the Version of Herbert Baldwin Forster, Ph.D. Loeb Classical Library LBL 175. London: William Heinemann Ltd; Cambridge MA Harvard University Press, MCMLV [1955].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/diosromanhistory05cassuoft/page/422/mode/1up

Lucius Cassius Dio. ". . . . Cleopatra was married to Juba, the son of Juba; for to this man who had been brought up in Italy and had been with him on campaigns, Caesar gave both the maid and the kingdom of his fathers, and as a favour to them spared the lives of Alexander and Ptolemy. . . ." Book LI: 15.5-15.6, page 43. Dio's Roman History, vol. VI. With an English Translation by Earnest Cary, Ph.D. On the Basis of the Version of Herbert Baldwin Forster, Ph.D. Loeb Classical Library LBL 175. London: William Heinemann Ltd; Cambridge MA Harvard University Press, MCMLV [1955].
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Marriner, Derdriu. "Quintilii Marble Head May Copy Cleopatra Statue in Temple of Venus." Earth and Space News. Thursday, Oct. 6, 2022.
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Marriner, Derdriu. "Villa of Quintilii Marble Head of Cleopatra Models Melon Hairstyle." Earth and Space News. Thursday, March 30, 2023.
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The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Bronze statuette of a boy in Eastern dress Greek, Ptolemaic or Roman mid-late 1st century BCE. On view at The Met Fifth Avenue in Gallery 164." The Metropolitan Museum of Art > Art > The Met Collection.
Available via Met Museum @ https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/254613

Perrin, Bernadotte, trans. "LIV. . . . He was hated, too, for the distribution which he made to his children in Alexandria; it was seen to be theatrical and arrogant, and to evince hatred of Rome. For after filling the gymnasium with a throng and placing on a tribunal of silver two thrones of gold, one for himself and the other for Cleopatra, and other lower thrones for his sons, in the first place he declared Cleopatra Queen of Egypt, Cyprus, Libya, and Coele Syria, and she was to share her throne with Caesarion. Caesarion was believed to be a son of the former Caesar, by whom Cleopatra was left pregnant. In the second place, he proclaimed his own sons by Cleopatra Kings of Kings, and to Alexander he allotted Armenia, Media and Parthia (when he should have subdued it), to Ptolemy Phoenicia, Syria, and Cilicia. At the same time he also produced his sons, Alexander arrayed in Median garb, which included a tiara and upright head-dress, Ptolemy in boots, short cloak, and broad-brimmed hat surmounted by a diadem. For the latter was the dress of the kings who followed Alexander, the former that of Medes and Armenians. And when the boys had embraced their parents, one was given a bodyguard of Armenians, the other of Macedonians. Cleopatra, indeed, both then and at other times when she appeared in public, assumed a robe sacred to Isis, and was addressed as the New Isis." Pages 260-263. Plutarch's Lives, vol. IX: Anthony, pages 138-333. In eleven volumes. Loeb Classical Library. First printed 1920. London: William Heinemann Ltd; Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, MCMLIX [1959].br /> Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/plutarchslives09plutuoft/page/260/mode/1up
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Walker, Susan (S.W.). "270 Bronze statuette perhaps representing Alexander Helios as Prince of Armenia." Pages 250-251. In: Walker, Susan; and Peter Higgs, eds. Cleopatra of Egypt: From History to Myth. First published in 2001 by The British Museum Press, a division of The British Museum Company Limited. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/250/mode/1up

Walker, Susan; and Peter Higgs, eds. Cleopatra of Egypt: From History to Myth. First published in 2001 by The British Museum Press, a division of The British Museum Company Limited. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/

The Walters Art Museum. "Deity or Genius of the Eastern Provinces. Roman (Artist) Egyptian (?) (Artist). 1st century BCE-1st century CE (Hellenistic-Roman Imperial) leaded bronze (Roman Empire, Ancient Egypt and Nubia )." The Walters Art Museum's Online Collection > Search the collection.
Available @ https://art.thewalters.org/detail/24690/deity-or-genius-of-the-eastern-provinces/