Missing Half or Third of Columbus's Personal Papers Includes 1502 Will

Summary: The missing half or third of personal papers that Columbus stored at the Monastery of Santa Maria de Las Cuevas in Seville includes his 1502 will.

Christopher Columbus's personal papers seem to have remained intact during their guardianship at Seville's Monastery of Santa Maria de Las Cuevas but, with the end of Christopher's son Diego's line and with succession passing to the line of Diego's daughter, Maria, the documents were withdrawn from the monastery, and now one-half to one-third of the documents, including the explorer's 1502 will, remains unaccounted; 1834 oil on canvas by Italian painter Giustiniano Degli Avancini (Jan. 17, 1807-July 22, 1843) depicts Christopher Columbus with his son Diego at Friary of La Rábida (Spanish: Convento de Santa María de la Rábida), Palos de la Frontera, Huelva province, southwestern Spain, where the explorer and his son found hospitality and scientific knowledge prior to approval of the explorer's first New World voyage (August 1492-March 1493); Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto (MART) (Museo d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto), northeastern Italy: Giustiniano Degli Avancini, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

His 1502 will numbers among the missing half or third of important personal papers that Christopher Columbus stored at the Monastery of Santa Maria de Las Cuevas in Seville prior to his death.

Late 15th-century to early 16th-century explorer and navigator Christopher Columbus (Catalan: Cristòfor Colom; Italian: Cristoforo Colombo; Portuguese: Cristóvão Colombo; Spanish: Cristóbal Colón; ca. 1446/1451-May 20, 1506) wrote a will, dated April 1, 1502, prior to his fourth and final voyage of exploration of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean (May 1502-November 1504). He included the will in a collection of important personal documents that filled two coffers. He placed the coffers in the custody of the monastery's northern Italy-born, Carthusian friar Gaspar Gorricio of Novara (?-Dec. 31, 1515). After Friar Gaspar's death, the community's prior assumed guardianship of the coffers.

Three generations of heirs entrusted the coffers to the monastery. Thus, the documents were not removed by Columbus's legitimate son, Don Diego Colón Perestrello (ca. 1479-Feb. 23, 1526). Nor were they retrieved by Columbian grandson and Don Diego's oldest son, Don Luis Colón de Toledo (1522-Jan. 29, 1572). Likewise, their monasterial placement in southwestern Spain was honored during the heirship of Columbian great-grandson Don Diego Colón y Pravia (ca. 1551-Feb. 12, 1578), only son of Diego's second oldest son, Cristóbal Colón de Toledo (ca. 1510-August 1571).

Heirship of the documents pivoted to the female line, according to the will, dated Jan. 28, 1578, in Madrid, of heirless Don Diego Colón y Pravia. He designated his first cousin and Columbian great-grandson Don Christóbal Colón de Cardona (?-Nov. 6, 1583) as his successor. Don Christóbal Colón de Cardona was the first son of María Colón y Toledo (born 1511), Columbian granddaughter via her father, the explorer's legitimate son, Don Diego Colón Perestrello. In 1543, María Colón y Toledo had married Sanç de Cardona i Roís de Liori (Spanish: Sancho Folch de Cardona y Ruíz de Liori; ca. 1500-July 24, 1571), Admiral of Aragon and First Marquess of Guadalest in eastern Spain's Mediterranean Sea-bordered Valencia Community (Catalan: Comunitat Valenciana; Spanish: Comunidad Valenciana).

Don Diego Colón y Pravia's will stipulated the retrieval of the coffered documents from the Monastery of Santa Maria de Las Cuevas and their temporary transfer to Don Christóbal's brother, Don Luis Colón de Cardona, prior to placement with the new heir. Don Christóbal Colón de Cardona placed his newly inherited possessions in the family archives in Valencia, where they remained "for centuries," according to Catalonian historical researcher Francesc Albardaner (born June 30, 1949) in "The Columbus Will of 1502 and Three Additional Wills, Of Which Some Are Legal and Others Fake" (page 2), published in English in January 2020.

In the first half of the 20th century, Salvador Maria Colón de Cardona, last descendant of Valencia's Colón de Cardona house, married Elionor Fortuny of Palma, capital of Mallorca, largest island of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea's Balearic Islands (Catalan: Illes Balears]; Spanish: Islas Baleares). His relocation to Palma also entailed establishing his family archives in Mallorca.

After the deaths of the childless couple, their estate passed in 1963 to Elionor's five nephews ("els cinc nebots de la Sra. Fortuny"; page 42), according to Albardaner's article, "Nous documents dels Colom de Cardona de València: donació de Romà Fortuny a la Biblioteca de Catalunya," published in the December 2012 issue of Butlletí del Centre d’Estudis Colombins. The five-part division lacked "archival criteria" ("criteri arxivístic"; page 42). The five-part distribution was "brutally done" (page 1), according to his article's English abstract, "New Documents About the 'Veragua Trial' (Pleyto del Mayorazgo del Ducado de Veragua Establecido por Don Cristóbal Colón) Deposited at the Library of Catalonia in Barcelona," published by ResearchGate. Books and documents were divided into five parts, which were deposited in large bags. Then the bags were weighed as a guarantee of dispersal in equal quantities to the heirs.

The quantity of Christopher Columbus's important personal documents has decreased inexplicably between their storage in the monastery and their present known locations. The Library of Catalonia (Catalan: Biblioteca de Catalunya; BC) holds 10 percent of the archive. Twenty percent has been deposited at the University of Valencia (Catalan: Universitat de València; Spanish: Universidad de Valencia; (Valencian: Universitat de València; UV). Private ownership in Madrid accounts for 20 percent.

Accordingly, one half of the archive seems to be missing. The unaccounted percentage reduces to one-third, depending upon the accuracy of information that an antiquarian bookseller in Tarragona in southeastern Catalonia purchased 20 percent in the 1980s, according to Albardaner's reportage in "The Columbus Will of 1502 and Three Additional Wills, Of Which Some Are Legal and Others Fake," published via ResearchGate in English in January 2020.

The explorer's 1502 will numbers among the missing half or third of his important personal papers. The disappearance of the 1502 will tracks to sometime subsequent to the withdrawal of the documents from the Monastery of Santa Maria de Las Cuevas.

portrait of Christopher Columbus in Ritratti di Cento Capitani Illustri (1600) by 16th-century Italian engraver Aliprando Caprioli, who described his subject as white-skinned, with blue eyes and black hair ". . . di carnagion bianca; d'occhi azurri & di pelo, e di capelli neri": Pubblico dominio (Public Domain), via La Biblioteca Digitale Trentina (BDT)

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Christopher Columbus's personal papers seem to have remained intact during their guardianship at Seville's Monastery of Santa Maria de Las Cuevas but, with the end of Christopher's son Diego's line and with succession passing to the line of Diego's daughter, Maria, the documents were withdrawn from the monastery, and now one-half to one-third of the documents, including the explorer's 1502 will, remains unaccounted; 1834 oil on canvas by Italian painter Giustiniano Degli Avancini (Jan. 17, 1807-July 22, 1843) depicts Christopher Columbus with his son Diego at Friary of La Rábida (Spanish: Convento de Santa María de la Rábida), Palos de la Frontera, Huelva province, southwestern Spain, where the explorer and his son found hospitality and scientific knowledge prior to approval of the explorer's first New World voyage (August 1492-March 1493); Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto (MART) (Museo d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto), northeastern Italy: Giustiniano Degli Avancini, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Giustiniano_Degli_Avancini_–_Cristoforo_Colombo_con_suo_figlio_Diego_al_convento_della_Rábida.tiff

portrait of Christopher Columbus in Ritratti di Cento Capitani Illustri (1600) by 16th-century Italian engraver Aliprando Caprioli, who described his subject as white-skinned, with blue eyes and black hair ". . . di carnagion bianca; d'occhi azurri & di pelo, e di capelli neri": Pubblico dominio (Public Domain), via La Biblioteca Digitale Trentina (BDT) @ https://bdt.bibcom.trento.it/Testi-a-stampa/14596#page/n133/mode/1up (catalog record URL https://bdt.bibcom.trento.it/Testi-a-stampa/14596#page/n0/mode/1up); Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cristoforo_Colombo,_governatore_delle_Indie.jpg

For further information:

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Geni. "Cristóbal de Cardona y Colón, II Marqués de Guadalest. Birthdate: circa 1545. Birthplace: Aragon, Spain. Death: November 06, 1583 (33-42) Hispanola, Santo Domingo. Immediate Family: Son of Sanç Folch de Cardona y Ruíz de Liori, I. marqués de Guadalest, Almirante de Aragón and María Colón de Toledo. Husband of Anna de Centelles Riu-sec i de Cardona. Brother of María Ruiz de Liori Colón y Cardona, III Marquesa de Guadalest; Luis de Cardona y Colon and Joan de Cardona. Managed by: Private User." Last updated May 1, 2022. Geni > People > Surnames > Cardona y Colón surname.
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Inclan, John D. "Generation No. 2. 2. 2nd Admiral of the Indies Diego2 Colon, 1ST Duke of Veragua (Cristobal1) was born Abt. 1480 in Porto Santo, Madeira Island, and died 23 Feb 1526 in Montalban, Spain. He married Maria de Toldeo-y-Rojas 1508, daughter of Fernando Alvarez-de-Toledo and Maria de Rojas. . . ." Somos Primos > John Inclan. Dec. 30, 2009.
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PARES Portal de Archivos Españoles."Corporate Body -- Ducado de Veragua. Type: Corporate Body. Preferred form: Ducado de Veragua. Fechas de existencia: 1537-01-19. History: Granted with Grandeur of Spain to Sir Luis Colón de Toledo, grandson of Cristóbal Colón. Descendant of Colón, Fitz James Stuart, Colón de Larriategui and Colón de Carvajal." PARES Portal de Archivos Españoles > PARES Busquedas.
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PARES Portal de Archivos Españoles."In the Archives: Archivo General de Indias. Related Authority: Colón, Cristobal (?-1506). Type of relationship with the Authority: Related documents." PARES Portal de Archivos Españoles > PARES Busquedas > Results Page > Results 100 of 184.
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PARES Portal de Archivos Españoles."Person -- Colón, Cristobal (?-1506). Type: Person. Preferred form: Colón, Cristobal (?-1506). Fechas de existencia: desconocida -- Valladolid (España) 1506. History: Navegante, marino, explorador y conquistador de origen genovés. Se le considera el descubridor de un nuevo continente, denominado más tarde, América. Se desconoce la fecha de nacimiento que pudo ser entre 1436 y 1455; posteriormente se ha propuesto en 1451 y como lugar de nacimiento, posiblemente Génova. Falleció en Valladolid en 1506. Casado con Felipa Moniz de Perestrello y padres de Diego Colón, hijo primogénito del marino y heredero de sus títulos. En 1485 llegó y se instaló en Castilla en compañía de su hijo Diego para exponer su proyecto de viaje a los Reyes Católicos durando más de seis años las negociaciones. En esa época tuvo a su segundo hijo con Beatriz Enríquez de Arana, el geógrafo e historiador Hernando Colón. El 17 de abril de 1492 se reunió con los reyes Fernando de Aragón e Isabel de Castilla en Santa Fe de Granada y acordaron las denominadas 'Capitulaciones de Santa Fe' que le permitieron a Colón llevar a cabo su proyectado viaje a las Indias Occidentales financiado por la Corona de Castilla. Salió de Palos de la Frontera en agosto de 1492 al mando de 3 naves (las carabelas La Pinta y la Niña, y la nao Santa María) y arribó a las Indias tocando tierra firme en la isla de Guanahani el 12 de octubre de 1492. Este viaje supuso el descubrimiento del continente americano. Los Reyes Católicos lo nombraron primer Almirante, Virrey y Gobernador General de las Indias Occidentales. . . . Documents > Related documents: . . . Archivo General de Indias (184)" PARES Portal de Archivos Españoles > PARES Busquedas.
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