Cleopatra Painting in Pompeii May Copy Statue in Venus Genetrix Temple

Summary: Marcus Fabius Rufus house's hidden Cleopatra painting in Pompeii may copy a statue in the Venus Genetrix Temple, Rome, dedicated in 46 BCE by Caesar.

The painting of Cleopatra and her first son, Caesarion, depicted as Roman goddess Venus in her maternal aspect as Venus Genetrix (Latin: Genetrix, "mother, ancestress") with son, Cupid, has been likened to the lost statue of Cleopatra installed in the Temple of Venus Genetrix for Julius Caesar's Sep. 26, 46 BCE, dedication of the temple and his namesake forum, Forum Iulium (Forum of the Iulius; also Forum Caesaris, Forum of Caesar), in Rome; room 71, House of Marcus Fabius Rufus (Marco Fabio Rufo), Pompeii; created via UploadWizard, Saturday, April 19, 2008, 13:52: PericlesofAthens, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Marcus Fabius Rufus house's hidden Cleopatra painting in Pompeii may copy a statue in the Venus Genetrix Temple that Julius Caesar dedicated at his namesake forum in Rome in September 46 BCE.

The painting of a Mother With Child that is hidden behind a later-dated wall in Pompeii's House of Marcus Fabius Rufus represents Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII Philopator (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ, Kleopatra Philopator; ca. 69-Aug. 10 or 12, 30 BCE) as Venus Genetrix (Venus the Mother) and her first child, Ptolemy XV Caesar Philopator Philometor (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Καῖσαρ Φιλοπάτωρ Φιλομήτωρ, Ptolemaios Kaisar Philopator Philometor, "Ptolemy Caesar, Beloved of his Father, Beloved of his Mother"; 47-30 BCE), known as Caesarion (Ancient Greek: Καισαρίων, Kaisarion, "Little Caesar"), as Venus's son, Cupid, according to archaeologist Susan Walker (born Sep. 11, 1948) in "Cleopatra in Pompeii?", published in the November 2008 issue of Papers of the British School at Rome (page 35). The dedication of his Forum Iulium (Forum of the Iulius; Julius Caesar's paternal gens Iulia lineage) and Temple of Venus Genetrix, with adjacent statues of Venus and Cleopatra, on Sep. 26, 46 BCE, in Rome by Roman general and statesman Gaius Julius Caesar (July 12 or 13, 100-March 15, 44 BCE) most likely inspired the painting in Pompeii.

The location of the House of Marcus Fabius Rufus (Marco Fabio Rufo) is specified as Regione VII (region one), Insula 16 (block 16), Domus (house number) 22. Italian architect Giuseppe Fiorelli (June 7, 1823-Jan. 28, 1896), who supervised excavations of the ancient city from 1860 to 1875, devised the methodology of precise identification with a set of three numbers. He divided Pompeii into nine regions (Latin: regiones), numbered from I (1) to IX (9) in Roman numerals. Each region (Latin: regio) subdivided into blocks (Latin: insula, "block"; insulae, "blocks") that are distinguished by Western Arabic numerals beginning with 1 upward. Western Arabic numerals from 1 upward are assigned to building entrances in each insula.

The occurrence of House of Marcus Fabius Rufus in Regio VII places the dwelling in the southern half of Insula Occidentalis (western insula), which comprises Regio VI and Regio VII in the city's western sector. Via della Fortuna Augusta and Via Marina define Regio VII's northern and southern boundaries, respectively, according to Peter and Michael Clements' website, AD79 (AD79 > Pompeii > Regio VII).

Regio VII counts 16 insulae. The House of Marcus Fabius Rufus occupies Insula 16, which mixes commercial and domestic sites and marks Regio VII's western extent. Vico del Farmacista and Vico dei Soprastant trace Insula 16's eastern limit (AD79 > Pompeii > Regio VII > Tour of Regio VII).

Insula 16 numbers 22 entrances. Number 22 is assigned to the vast, multilevel House of Marcus Fabius Rufus.

The imposing dwelling projects vertically over at least four levels. Western façade terraces offer panoramic views of the Bay of Naples (Italian: baia di napoli; also golfo di Napoli, "Gulf of Naples").

A room number system used by historian Masanori Aoyagi and classical archaeologists Mario Grimaldi and Umberto Pappalardo has assigned 71 to a cubiculum (Latin: cubō, "lie down" + -culum, diminutive suffix) in the southwestern corner of the first lower floor in the House of Marcus Fabius Rufus. Room 71 faces west toward a corridor (72) and a grand salon (74) with sea views, as described by Susan Walker (page 38).

An excavational discovery of an enclosure behind Room 71's seeming east wall slightly enlarges the cubiculum and reveals a hidden, motherly portrait that reaches to the barrel vaulted wall's springs or springlines, i.e., the arch's rising points from vertical supports. Analyzed as Cleopatra and Caesarion posed as maternal Venus with Cupid, the high-quality portrait might signal the room's use as a shrine rather than a sleeping room (page 38).

The long-necked setting of the elegant female's aquiline nose and deep-set rounded eyes in a round face evoke facial features in Ptolemaic and Roman Alexandrian deific depictions (page 40). The head of the painting's goddess-Ptolemaic queen closely resembles a marble head discovered during 1783-1784 excavations at the Villa of the Quintilii (Italian: Villa dei Quintili), an ancient Roman villa sited between Via Appia Antica and Via Appia Nuova. The marble head represents Cleopatra and replicates her statue in Forum Iulium's Temple of Venus Genetrix, according to identifications that Susan Walker (page 40) credits to German archaeologist Ludwig Curtius (Dec. 13, 1874-April 10, 1954) in ""Ikonographische Beiträge zum Porträt der Römischen Republik und der Julisch-Claudischen Familie," published in Römische Mitteilungen in 1933 (pages 182-192).

The inspiration for the painted and sculpted likenesses has disappeared in two millennia that have elapsed since the statue's dedication Sep. 26, 46 BCE. Also, no helpful, specific descriptions of the statue exist.

Caesar ". . . placed a beautiful image of Cleopatra by the side of the goddess, . . ." (HR XIV, BCII.X.102, page 417), assessed Greek-born, later Roman citizen, writer Appian of Alexandria (Ancient Greek: Ἀππιανὸς Ἀλεξανδρεύς, Appianòs Alexandreýs; ca. 95-ca. 165 CE) in the De Bellis Civilibus (Of the Civil Wars) section of his Greek-language, 24-volume work, Historia Romana (Roman History).

Cleopatra ". . . is seen in gold in the shrine of Venus," noted Roman historian Lucius Cassius Dio (ca. 155-235 CE), known as Dio Cassius, in Roman History (Ῥωμαϊκὴ Ἱστορία, Historia Romana), his historical compendium of ancient Rome, written in Greek (Dio's Roman History, Vol. VI, Book LI.22, page 65).

Unfortunately, reconstruction of the lost statue of Cleopatra requires more than the admiring details of "beautiful" and "golden." Yet, imagination may glimpse the lost statue in associative artworks, such as the Pompeiian painting and the Quintilii marble head.

The marble bust of Cleopatra VII found during excavations at the Villa of the Quintilii has been likened to the lost statue of Cleopatra that Julius Caesar commissioned for the Temple of Venus Genetrix that was included in his namesake forum in Rome; the ca. 40-30 BCE bust is displayed in the Vatican Museum's (Musei Vaticani) Gregorian Profane Museum (Museo Gregoriano Profano); Friday, May 9, 2008, 14:11: Sergey Sosnovskiy (Ancientrome.ru), CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

The painting of Cleopatra and her first son, Caesarion, depicted as Roman goddess Venus in her maternal aspect as Venus Genetrix (Latin: Genetrix, "mother, ancestress") with son, Cupid, has been likened to the lost statue of Cleopatra installed in the Temple of Venus Genetrix for Julius Caesar's Sep. 26, 46 BCE, dedication of the temple and his namesake forum, Forum Iulium (Forum of the Iulius; also Forum Caesaris, Forum of Caesar), in Rome; room 71, House of Marcus Fabius Rufus (Marco Fabio Rufo), Pompeii; created via UploadWizard, Saturday, April 19, 2008, 13:52: PericlesofAthens, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii,_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII_(2).jpg

The marble bust of Cleopatra VII found during excavations at the Villa of the Quintilii has been likened to the lost statue of Cleopatra that Julius Caesar commissioned for the Temple of Venus Genetrix that was included in his namesake forum in Rome; the ca. 40-30 BCE bust is displayed in the Vatican Museum's (Musei Vaticani) Gregorian Profane Museum (Museo Gregoriano Profano); Friday, May 9, 2008, 14:11: Sergey Sosnovskiy (Ancientrome.ru), CC BY SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cleopatra_VII,_Marble,_40-30_BC,_Vatican_Museums_001.jpg; Sergey Sosnovskiy, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Ancientrome.ru @ http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/img.htm?id=6364

For further information:

Allison, Penelope. "Review: M. Grimaldi, Pompei: La Casa di Marco Fabio Rufu (Collana Pompei 2); M. Grimaldi, Pompei: Il Foro Civile Nella Pompeianarum Antiquitatum Historia di G. Fiorelli (Collana Pompei 3)." The Journal of Roman Studies, vol. 107 (2017): 346-348.
Available via Cambridge CORE @ https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/abs/m-grimaldi-pompei-la-casa-di-marco-fabio-rufo-collana-pompei-2-naples-valtrend-editore-2014-pp-388-illus-isbn-9788888623788-17000-m-grimaldi-pompei-il-foro-civile-nella-pompeianarum-antiquitatum-historia-di-g-fiorelli-collana-pompei-3-naples-valtrend-editore-2015-pp-255-illus-isbn-9788888623351-13500/665F3C7B4FCCB0B5825B9D8F0FD052AE
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/26576059
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/e26576041

Aoyagi, Masanori; and Umberto Pappalardo. Pompei (Regiones VI-VII) Insula Occidentalis. Collana Pompei, volume primo. Napoli: Valtrend Editore, 2006.

Archaeological Park of Pompeii. "House of Marcus Fabius Rufus and the Golden Bracelet." Archaeological Park of Pompeii > Pompeii > Regiones > Region VII.
Available @ http://pompeiisites.org/en/archaeological-site/house-of-marcus-fabius-rufus-and-the-golden-bracelet/

Bellomo, M. (Mariangela); and S. (Salvatore) D'Agostino. "Excavation, restoration and conservation of archaeological sites -- Villa dei Quintili on the Appia Antica in Rome." WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, vol. 42 (1999): 451-460.
Available via WIT Press @ https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/STR99/STR99044FU.pdf

The British Museum. "Coin Sabina Augusta Veneri Genetrice." The British Museum > Collection.
Available @ https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_R-12360

Ciardiello, Rosaria. "VI 17 Insula Occidentalis 42 Casa del Bracciale d’Oro." In: Massanori Aoyagi and Umberto Pappalardo, eds., Pompei (Regiones VI-VII) Insula Occidentalis. Collana Pompei, volume primo. Napoli: Valtrend Editore, 2006.
Available via Academia @ https://www.academia.edu/es/4224088/VI_17_Insula_Occidentalis_42_Casa_del_Bracciale_dOro_in_Pompei_Regiones_VI_VII_Insula_Occidentalis_Tokyo_2006

Clarke, John R. "Pompei. La Casa di Marco Fabio Rufo. Collana Pompei, vol. 2." Bryn Mawr Classical Review, February 2015.
Available @ https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2015/2015.02.37/

Clements, Peter. "House of M. Fabius Rufus: Description of the House (Reg VII, Ins 16, 17-22)." AD79 Destruction and Re-Discovery > Map of Pompeii.
Available @ https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/pompeii/regio-vii/reg-vii-ins-16/house-of-m-fabius-rufus

Clements, Peter. "Marina Gate." AD79 Destruction and Re-Discovery > Pompeii > The City Gates.
Available @ https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/pompeii/the-city-gates/marina-gate

Clements, Peter. "Regio VII." AD79 Destruction and Re-Discovery > Excavations at Pompeii > Map of Pompeii > (c) Notable Private Houses > Rufus (House of M. Fabius).
Available @ https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/pompeii/regio-vii

Curtius, Ludwig. "Ikonographische Beiträge zum Porträt der Römischen Republik und der Julisch-Claudischen Familie: IV Kleopatra VII. Philopator." Römische Mitteilungen, band 48 (1933): 182-192.

de Caro, Stefano; Roberto Cassanelli; Pier Luigi Ciapparelli; Enrico Colle; and Massimiliano David. Houses and Monuments of Pompeii: The Work of Fausto and Felice Niccolini. Los Angeles CA: J. Paul Getty Museum.

Di Maio, Rosa; Ester Piegari; Cecilia Mancini; and Antonella Chiapparino. "Quantitative analysis of pulse thermography data for degradation assessment of historical buildings." EPJ Plus The European Physical Journal Plus, vol. 130, no. 6 (June 2015), article no. 105.
Available via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277414313_Quantitative_analysis_of_pulse_thermography_data_for_degradation_assessment_of_historical_buildings

Dunn, Jackie and Bob. "VII.16.17-22 Pompeii. December 2007. Looking east into cubiculum. East wall concealing hidden wall with a painting of a woman standing in a doorway." Pompeii in Pictures > Pompeii Regio VII.
Available @ http://www.pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/r7/7%2016%2022%20p6.htm

Dunn, Jackie and Bob. "VII.16.22 Pompeii. Casa di Fabio Rufo or House of M Fabius Rufus. Linked to VII.16.17, VII.16.20 and VII.16.21. Excavated 1759, 1910, 1940, 1958-1980. Shown as number 19 on Eschebach site plan. Also includes the inside pictures of VII.16.17 Casa di Maius Castricius." Pompeii in Pictures > Pompeii Regio VII.
Available @ http://pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/R7/7%2016%2022%20p1.htm

Elderkin, G.W. (George Wicker). "The Venus Genetrix of Arcesilaus." American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 42, no. 3 (July-September 1938): 371-374.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/499346

Grimaldi, Mario. "VII 16 Insula Occidentalis 22." In: Massanori Aoyagi and Umberto Pappalardo, eds., Pompei (Regiones VI-VII) Insula Occidentalis. Collana Pompei, volume primo. Napoli: Valtrend Editore, 2006.

Grossi, Olindo. "The Forum of Julius Caesar and the Temple of Venus Genetrix." Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, vol. 13 (1936): 215-220+2.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/4238590

Jane Sancinito, PhD @JaneSancinito. "Broke: Low ponytail Woke: Imitating the style of Roman Empress Sabina Augusta." Twitter. Nov. 8, 2019.
Available @ https://twitter.com/JaneSancinito/status/1192833603773714432

Jashemski, Wilhelmina F. (Feemster). The Gardens of Pompeii: Herculaneum and the Villas Destroyed by Vesuvius. Volume 2: Appendices. New Rochelle NY: Aristide D. Caratzas, 1993.

Lucius Cassius Dio. ". . . . Thus Cleopatra, though defeated and captured, was nevertheless glorified, inasmuch as her adornments repose as decorations in our temples and she herself is seen in gold in the shrine of Venus." Book LI.22, pages 62-65. Dio's Roman History, vol. VI. With an English Translation by Earnest Cary, Ph.D. On the Basis of the Version of Herbert Baldwin Forster, Ph.D. Loeb Classical Library LBL 175. First printed 1917. Reprinted 1955. London: William Heinemann Ltd; Cambridge MA Harvard University Press, MCMLV [1955].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/diosromanhistory06cassuoft/page/62/mode/1up

Marriner, Derdriu. "Beware the Ides of March: The Assassination of Julius Caesar." Earth and Space News. Thursday, March 3, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/beware-ides-of-march-assassination-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Beware the Ides of March Meal: Caesar or Brutus Salad, Cleopatra's Dulcis Coccora, Caesar Cocktail." Earth and Space News. Thursday, March 10, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/beware-ides-of-march-meal-caesar-or.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Caesar Commissioned Gilt Statue of Cleopatra for Venus Genetrix Temple." Earth and Space News. Thursday, Sep. 22, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/caesar-commissioned-gilt-statue-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Caesar Salad Recipe: Named for Chef Cesare Cardini, Not Julius Caesar. Earth and Space News. Thursday, March 17, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/caesar-salad-recipe-named-for-chef.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Caesarion Sought to Refuge in India But Was Lured Away To Be Murdered." Earth and Space News. Thursday, Aug. 25, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/caesarion-sought-to-refuge-in-india-but.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Cleopatra Had Planned Flight From Egypt But Nabateans Burned Her Ships." Earth and Space News. Thursday, Sep. 1, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/cleopatra-had-planned-flight-from-egypt.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Cleopatra or Caesarion Could Have Refuged in Five Ports in Western India." Earth and Space News. Thursday, Sep. 8, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/cleopatra-or-caesarion-could-have.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Julius Caesar's Birth Quintilis 12/13 Became July in Julian Calendar." Earth and Space News. Thursday, July 21, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/julius-caesars-birth-quintilis-1213.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Mother and Child Fresco in Pompeii May Depict Cleopatra With Caesarion." Earth and Space News. Thursday, Sep. 15, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/mother-and-child-fresco-in-pompeii-may.html

Noack, Ferdinand, and Karl Lehmann Hartleben, Baugeschichtliche Untersuchungen am Stadtrand von Pompeji. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1936.

Notomista, Mario; and Eva Piccirilli. "VII.16.22 Pompeii. Casa di Fabio Rufo or House of M Fabius Rufus. Planimetra del primo piano sottostante. Plan of first lower floor." In: Massanori Aoyagi and Umberto Pappalardo, Pompei (Regiones VI-VII) Insula Occidentalis, Collana Pompei, volume primo (Napoli: Valtrend Editore, 2006), Tav. 9, page 271.
Available via Pompeii in Pictures @ https://www.pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/R7/7%2016%2022%20plan.htm

Pappalardo, Umberto; and Mario Grimaldi. "Insula Occidentalis." Parco Archeologico di Pompei (Archaeological Park of Pompeii) > Pompeii Sites > Progetti e Ricerca (Projects and Research) > Progetti di scavo (Excavation Plans). June 7, 2018.
Available @ http://pompeiisites.org/en/excavations-plan-en/insula-occidentalis/

Paris, Rita. Via Appia: la Villa dei Quintili. Milano: Electa, 2000.

Parco archeologico di Pompei. "Casa di Marco Fabio Rufo e Bracciale d'Oro." Parco archeologico di Pompei > Pompei.
Available @ http://pompeiisites.org/sito_archeologico/casa-di-marco-fabio-rufo-e-bracciale-doro/

Platner, Samuel Ball; and Thomas Ashby. "Forum Iulium." Pages 225-227. A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome > F. Completed and revised by Thomas Ashby. London : Oxford University Press, Humphrey Milford, 1929
Available via Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg (Heidelberg University Library) @ https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/platner1929/0277/image,info
Available via Tufts University Perseus Digital Library @ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0054:id=forum-iulium
Available via The University of Chicago Library @ http://www3.lib.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/eos/eos_page.pl?DPI=100&callnum=DG16.P72&object=257

Richardson, Lawrence. "The temple of Venus Genetrix stood at the far end. . . ." Pages 166-167. A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. 1992.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/newtopographical0000rich/page/166/mode/1up

Ulrich, Roger B. "Julius Caesar and the Creation of the Forum Iulium." American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 97, ,o. 1 (January 1993): 49-80.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/505839

Varriale, Ivan. "VI 17 Insula Occidentalis 32-36." In: Massanori Aoyagi and Umberto Pappalardo, eds., Pompei (Regiones VI-VII) Insula Occidentalis. Collana Pompei, volume primo. Napoli: Valtrend Editore, 2006.
Available via Academia @ https://www.academia.edu/4231374/VI_17_INSULA_OCCIDENTALIS_32-36

Waldstein, Charles. "Pasiteles and Arkesilaos, the Venus Genetrix and the Venus of the Esquiline." The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts, vol. III, nos. 1 and 2 (June 1887): 1-13.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/496373#metadata_info_tab_contents

White, Horace, trans. "Chap.XV.102. . . . He erected the temple to Venus, his ancestress, as he had vowed to do when he was about to begin the battle of Pharsalus, and he laid out ground around the temple which he intended to be a forum for the Roman people, not for buying and selling, but a meeting-place for the transaction of public business, like the public squares of the Persians, where the people assemble to seek justice or to learn the laws. He placed a beautiful image of Cleopatra by the side of the goddess, which stands there to this day. . . ." Pages 414-417. Appian's Roman History: The Civil Wars. In four volumes. Volume III. Book II: 229-515. First printed 1913. Reprinted 1933, 1958, 1964. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd., MCMLXIV (1964).
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/appiansromanhist0000appi_s3m0/page/414/mode/1up
Available via Tufts University Perseus Digital Library @ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0232%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D15%3Asection%3D102

Julienne Resides in Mare Imbrium's Palus Putredinis on Lunar Near Side

Summary: Julienne resides in Mare Imbrium's Palus Putredinis on the lunar near side as a northeast quadrant craterlet southwest of the Apollo 15 Landing Site.

Detail of Near Side Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Julienne's (center; above Rima Hadley) Palus Putredinis neighborhood in lunar near side's southeastern Mare Imbrium: USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Julienne is centered at 26.06 degrees north latitude, 3.13 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The depression's northernmost and southernmost latitudes are listed as 26.09 degrees north and 26.03 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are given as 3.14 degrees east and 3.11 degrees east, respectively. Julienne has a diameter of 1.8 kilometers.

Dumbbell- or peanut-shaped Julienne is situated in the southeastern reaches of Palus Putredinis. Palus (Latin: "marsh, swamp") is a geological feature defined by the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature's Descriptor Terms (Feature Types) webpage as: "'Swamp'; small plain."

Palus Putredinis ("Marsh of Decay") is centered at 27.36 degrees north latitude, 0 degrees of longitude. The small, lava-flooded plain achieves its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 29.4 degrees north and 25.31 degrees north, respectively. The northern hemisphere plain maintains its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 2.85 degrees north and minus 2.77 degrees south, respectively. Palus Putredinis has a diameter of 180.45 kilometers.

Palus Putredinis is located in southeastern Mare Imbrium. The lunar mare (Latin: "sea"; maria, "seas") extends its territory across the lunar prime meridian of 0 degrees of longitude to establish occupancy in both the northwestern and northeastern quadrants.

Mare Imbrium ("Sea of Showers") is centered at 34.72 degrees north latitude, minus 14.91 degrees west longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes span 51.46 degrees north to 15.23 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes tap 8.56 degrees east and minus 38.36 degrees west, respectively. Mare Imbrium's diameter spans 1,145.53 kilometers.

Julienne is located to the west of Rima Hadley. The fissure (Latin: rima, "fissure") trends south-north in its sinuous parallel of its eastern neighbor, Montes Apenninus.

Rima Hadley is centered at 25.72 degrees north latitude, 3.15 degrees east longitude. The rille (German: "channel") records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 26.7 degrees north and 24.53 degrees north, respectively. Hadley Rille registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 3.58 degrees east and 2.26 degrees east, respectively. Rima Hadley's diameter measures 116.09 kilometers.

Hadley C lies south-southwest of Julienne. Part of the crater's eastern side makes contact with Rima Hadley.

Hadley C is centered at 25.48 degrees north, 2.8 degrees east longitude. The crater marks its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 25.58 degrees north and 25.39 degrees north, respectively. It posts easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 2.91 degrees east and 2.7 degrees east, respectively. Hadley C's diameter measures 5.8 kilometers.

St. George is situated to the southeast of Julienne. The craterlet overlooks the eastern side of Rima Hadley from its location on the northwestern flank of Mons Hadley Delta, a massif in northern Montes Apenninus.

St. George is centered at 25.96 degrees north latitude, 3.54 degrees east longitude. The depression obtains its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 26 degrees north and 25.92 degrees north, respectively. It places its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 3.58 degrees east and 3.5 degrees east, respectively. St. George has a diameter of 2.42 kilometers.

The Apollo 15 Landing Site, Hadley Base, is found to the northeast of Julienne, on the opposite side of Rima Hadley. Lunar Module (LM) Falcon landed Friday, July 30, 1971, on the lava plain east of Rima Hadley, north of Mons Hadley Delta and southwest of Mons Hadley.

Mons Hadley Delta is centered at 25.72 degrees north latitude, 3.71 degrees east longitude. The massif establishes its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 25.99 degrees north and 25.44 degrees north, respectively. It finds its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 3.86 degrees east and 3.46 degrees east, respectively. Mons Hadley Delta's diameter measures 17.24 kilometers.

Mons Hadley juts westward toward southeastern Mare Imbrium. British selenographer Thomas Gwyn Empy Elger (Oct. 27, 1836-Jan. 9, 1897) described Mount Hadley as: "The northern extremity of the Apennines" (page 156) in his Victorian era lunar guide (1895), The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features.

Mons Hadley is centered at 26.69 degrees north latitude, 4.12 degrees east longitude. The massif reports northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 27.13 degrees north and 26.32 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are detailed as 4.4 degrees east and 3.74 degrees east, respectively. Mons Hadley's diameter measures 26.4 kilometers.

Julienne numbers among 95 minor features identified with first-name designations on lunar topophotomaps prepared and published by The Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Julienne is plotted on NASA Lunar Topophotomap 41B4S1, which was published in November 1974. The map's Names Information lists "Julienne" as unofficial name used "only for the identification of features on this map."

The International Astronomical Union approved Julienne as the craterlet's official name in 1976. The Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature originates Julienne as: "French female name."

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 41 shows Julienne's (lower center) southeastern Palus Putredinis neighborhood in lunar near side's southeastern Mare Imbrium: image credit NASA/GSFC/ASU, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Detail of Near Side Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Julienne's (lower center) Palus Putredinis neighborhood in lunar near side's southeastern Mare Imbrium: USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/moon_nearside.pdf

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 41 shows Julienne's (lower center) southeastern Palus Putredinis neighborhood in lunar near side's southeastern Mare Imbrium: image credit NASA/GSFC/ASU, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/Lunar/lac_41_wac.pdf

For further information:

Andersson, Leif E.; and Ewen A. Whitaker. NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA Reference Publication 1097. Hampton VA: NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch, October 1982.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19830003761/downloads/19830003761.pdf

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

The Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center. "Lunar Topophotomap Apollo 15 Landing Area." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lunar Topophotomap Edition 1 Sheet 41B4S1 (50). Washington DC: The Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center, November 1974.
Available @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/topophoto/41B4S1/

Elger, Thomas Gwyn. “Mount Argaeus.” The Moon, A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features: 156. London UK: George Philip & Son, 1895.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonfulldescript00elgeuoft/page/156/mode/1up

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Descriptor Terms (Feature Types).” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/DescriptorTerms

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Hadley C.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9628

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Julienne.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2858

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Mare Imbrium.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3678

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Mons Hadley Delta.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3984

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Mons Hadley.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3983

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Montes Appenninus.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4004

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Palus Putredinis.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4566

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Rima Hadley.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5064

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “St. George.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 25, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5678

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: The Moon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Mapping Sciences Laboratory, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center. Candidate Lunar Landing Site: Appenines/Hadley. NASA-S-69-4027-V.
Available @ https://www.higp.hawaii.edu/prpdc/Apollo_Sites/13.Hadley_Rille.pdf

Marriner, Derdriu. "Akis Craterlet Resides in Southwestern Mare Imbrium on Lunar Near Side." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 3, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/akis-craterlet-resides-in-southwestern.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Ann Craterlet Resides in Southeastern Mare Imbrium on Lunar Near Side." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sep. 7, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/ann-craterlet-resides-in-southeastern.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Annegrit Craterlet Lies in Southwest Mare Imbrium on Lunar Near Side." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 10, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/annegrit-craterlet-lies-in-southwest.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Artemis Craterlet Lies in Southwestern Mare Imbrium on Lunar Near Side." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 17, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/artemis-craterlet-lies-in-southwestern.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Béla Crater Resides in Southeastern Mare Imbrium on Lunar Near Side." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sep. 14, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/bela-crater-resides-in-southeastern.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Courtney Resides in Southwestern Mare Imbrium on Lunar Near Side." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 24, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/courtney-resides-in-southwestern-mare.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Dag Craterlet Resides in Lacus Felicitatis on Lunar Near Side." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sep. 21, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/dag-craterlet-resides-in-lacus.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Dorsum Thera Resides in Southwestern Mare Imbrium on Lunar Near Side." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 27, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/dorsum-thera-resides-in-southwestern.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Isabel Resides in Southwestern Mare Imbrium on Lunar Near Side." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 31, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/isabel-resides-in-southwestern-mare.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Lunar Topophotomap Minor Feature Names Were Approved in 1976 and 1979." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 20, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/lunar-topophotomap-minor-feature-names.html

The Moon Wiki. “Appenine Mts.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > A Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Apennine_Mts

The Moon Wiki. “Hadley, Mt.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > H Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Hadley,_Mt.

The Moon Wiki. “Hadley C.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > H Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Hadley_C

The Moon Wiki. “Hadley Rille.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > H Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Hadley_Rille

The Moon Wiki. “Julienne.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > J Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Julienne

The Moon Wiki. “Mare Imbrium.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > I Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Imbrium,_Mare

The Moon Wiki. "Minor Feature." The Moon > Glossary.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Minor_Feature

The Moon Wiki. “Palus Putredinis.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > P Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Palus_Putredinis

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Astronomy Encyclopedia: An A-Z Guide to the Universe. New York NY: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2002.

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Müller, E. (Edith A.); and A. (Arnost), Jappel, eds. XVIth General Assembly -- Transactions of the IAU Vol. XVI B Proceedings of the 16th General Assembly Grenoble, France, August 24-September 21, 1976. Washington DC: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Jan. 1, 1977.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

NASA Administrator, ed. "Apollo 15." NASA > Missions > Apollo > Apollo 15. July 8, 2009. Last updated March 10, 2020.
Available @ https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo15.html

Stopar, J. (Julie). "Soaring Over Mighty Mt. Hadley." Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) > Images. June 18, 2014.
Available @ http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/782

Locals and Tourists Adore Fish and Theatre in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind

Summary: Locals and tourists adore fish and theatre in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind, first thriller in the Dark Iceland sextet authored by Ragnar Jónasson.

Siglufjarðarkirkja (Romanized Siglufjardarkirkja, Siglufjördur [“mast, sailing fjord” literally]) Church, whose bell tower anchors locals and tourists in the downtown area associated with such attractions as the fish shop and the Theatre, acts as venue for the funeral Saturday, Jan. 17, 2009, of Hrólfur (“glory wolf”) Kristjánsson ("Christ-bearer's son"), 91-year-old (Aug. 10, 1917-Jan. 9, 2009) Siglufjördur Amateur Dramatic Society chair and writer of one novel, North of the Hills, with its adored Verses for Linda and sparse poetry and short stories. Perhaps the service affects Anna Einarsdóttir ("mercy one-warrior's daughter") more than other attendees. The 24-year-old Akureyri ("sandbank field") Hospital part-time employee, Co-op part-time worker, Dramatic Society actress, girlfriend of 43-year-old Karl Steindór Einarsson ("army stone-thunder one-army's son") and primary schoolteacher applicant perhaps assumes as imminent arranging a funeral service for her grandfather, as ailing Akureyri Hospital patient; Sep. 24, 2019, image of Siglufjörður Lutheran Church: Kasa Fue, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Locals and tourists adore fish and theatre in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind, first thriller in the Dark Iceland sextet Siglufjörður (Romanized Siglufjördur, “mast, sailing fjord”) Detective Inspector Ari Thór Arason by Ragnar Jónasson.

Commercial flight brings Ari Thór Arason (“eagle thunder eagle’s son”) from west Reykjavík’s (“smoky bay”) Öldugata (“century street”) housing and Keflavík (“driftwood bay”) airport’s police-force training. Police Sergeant-in-Charge Tómas conducts Ari Thór 60 miles (96.56 kilometers), from Sauðárkrókur (Romanized Saudárkrókur, “sheep river hook”) airport, through Strákagöng (Strákar Tunnel, “boy tunnel”) to Siglufjördur. He drives past Aðalgata (Romanized Adalgata, “main road”) Co-op, Theatre and Town Square and Gránugata (“gray road”) police station to the Eyrargata (“gravel-bank road”) new-hire dwelling.

Ari Thór encounters Siglufjördur Amateur Dramatic Society lead actor Karl (“army”) at the downtown fish shop and actress Ugla’s (“[short-eared] owl") piano-lesson notices at the Co-op.

Siglufjördur Amateur Dramatic Society fits its annual productions into the downtown Theatre, where the sales booth of 60-year-old volunteer, Nína Arnardóttir (“goddess eagle-warrior’s daughter”), figures daily.

Ninety-one-year-old Dramatic Society chairman Hrólfur (“glory wolf”) goes from his grand Hólavegur (“hillock way”) house to get together with 95-year-old Sandra at the old people’s home. Or he perhaps hastens to the Theatre with basement-apartment renter Ugla, until fish-processing plant clerical and factory work and piano lessons help her head to Norðurgata. A furnished Norðurgata (Romanized Nordurgata, “north way”) apartment inches the Patreksfjörður (Romanized Patreksfjördur, “noble, senatorial patrician class member") native, Ísafjörður (Romanized Ísafjördur, “ice fjord”) student town-center-ward.

Ugla joins daily Theatre-goers Anna, Hrólfur, Karl, Leifur, Nína, Pálmi and Úlfur even as Ari Thór and Karl journey for fresh-daily fish in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind.

Akureyri Hospital shifts, Co-op work, her own downtown house and Theatre rehearsals never keep 24-year-old Anna Einarsdóttir (“mercy one-warrior’s daughter”), Reykjavík university graduate, away from Karl.

Forty-three-year-old Karl lives with Linda, Akureyri Hospital nurse, below Leifur (“heir”), 30-plus-year-old filling-station employee and Theatre handyman and leading-role understudy, on Þormóðsgata (Romanized Thormóðsgata, “thunder-courage way”). Karl and Linda maintain a Kópavogur (“seal pup inlet”) apartment in Höfuðborgarsvæði (Romanized Höfudborgarsvædi, Greater Reykjavík, “The Capital Region”) even after moving into Gunni’s (“battle”) neighborhood. They nestle into neighborhood niches north of Ari Thór and Ugla, more north of retired lawyer Thorsteinn (“thunder stone”) and wife Snjólaug (“snow bath”) on Suðurgata.

Sixty-nine-year-old Úlfur Steinsson (“wolf stone’s son”), Dramatic Society director and retired schoolteacher, occupies an outstanding house on Suðurgata (Romanized Sudurgata, “south way”) in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind.

Seventy-three-year-old Pálmi Pálsson (“palm/palm tree/Pole humble [one’s] son”), Dramatic Society playwright and retired diplomat, possesses housing on Hvanneyrarbraut (“gravel-bank way”) not proximitous to fish and Theatre.

The divorced husband of 12-years-younger ex-wife Sonja (“wisdom”), parent with and wife to a 5-years-younger engineer from Oslo (“foothill meadow”), Norway, quarters near Hvanneyrarbraut swimming pool. Rosalinda (“famous/flowering lime-tree”), remembering Pálmi’s father (died Copenhagen, Denmark, 1941?), and 60-year-old son Mads (“god’s gift”) relocate from Copenhagen for one week to Pálmi’s basement apartment. Pálmi stayed with his mother and studied at Siglufjördur primary school, where Anna seeks to teach, and college, where Ingólfur (“lance[-bearing] wolf”) shines as history teacher.

Perhaps Karl never tried Aarhus (“river-mouth”) or Copenhagen fish or theatre with Linda or his parents in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind, and never tries them in Akureyri.

Icelandic Embassy staffers in Copenhagen, Denmark, perhaps advised Hrólfur (“glory wolf”) Kristjánsson ("Christ-bearer's son") on Copenhagen (København, "merchants' port") activities. They perhaps aided Pálmi Pálsson's (“palm/palm tree/Pole humble [one’s] son”) father about hospital treatments for terminal tuberculosis. A different generation answered questions about Denmark college versus Copenhagen university studies and permanent versus temporary employment and residence asked by the Danish father and the Icelandic mother of 12-year-old Linda Christensen ("lime-tree [Tilia spp] Christ-bearer's son"). Different or same staffers perhaps applied similar answers to questions asked about permanent versus temporary employment and residence by Karl Steindór Einarsson ("army stone-thunder one-army's son") and his parents; Sep. 21, 2007, image of harbor-front North Atlantic House (Danish: Nordatlantens Brygge), which houses the Embassy of Iceland: Christian Bickel (Fingalo), CC BY SA 2.0 Germany, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Siglufjarðarkirkja (Romanized Siglufjardarkirkja, Siglufjördur [“mast, sailing fjord” literally]) Church, whose bell tower anchors locals and tourists in the downtown area associated with such attractions as the fish shop and the Theatre, acts as venue for the funeral Saturday, Jan. 17, 2009, of Hrólfur (“glory wolf”) Kristjánsson ("Christ-bearer's son"), 91-year-old (Aug. 10, 1917-Jan. 9, 2009) Siglufjördur Amateur Dramatic Society chair and writer of one novel North of the Hills, with its adored Verses for Linda and sparse poetry and short stories. Perhaps the service affects Anna Einarsdóttir ("mercy one-warrior's daughter") more than other attendees. The 24-year-old Akureyri ("sandbank field") Hospital part-time employee, Co-op part-time worker, Dramatic Society actress, girlfriend of 43-year-old Karl Steindór Einarsson ("army stone-thunder one-army's son") and primary schoolteacher applicant perhaps assumes as imminent arranging a funeral service for her grandfather, as ailing Akureyri Hospital patient; Sep. 24, 2019, image of Siglufjörður Lutheran Church: Kasa Fue, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Siglufjarðarkirkja_in_Siglufjörður_Sept_2019_3.jpg

Icelandic Embassy staffers in Copenhagen, Denmark, perhaps advised Hrólfur (“glory wolf”) Kristjánsson ("Christ-bearer's son") on Copenhagen (København, "merchants' port") activities. They perhaps aided Pálmi Pálsson's (“palm/palm tree/Pole humble [one’s] son”) father about hospital treatments for terminal tuberculosis. A different generation answered questions about Denmark college versus Copenhagen university studies and permanent versus temporary employment and residence asked by the Danish father and the Icelandic mother of 12-year-old Linda Christensen ("lime-tree [Tilia spp] Christ-bearer's son"). Different or same staffers perhaps applied similar answers to questions asked about permanent versus temporary employment and residence by Karl Steindór Einarsson ("army stone-thunder one-army's son") and his parents; Sep. 21, 2007, image of harbor-front North Atlantic House (Danish: Nordatlantens Brygge), which houses the Embassy of Iceland: Christian Bickel (Fingalo), CC BY SA 2.0 Germany, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kbh_Nordisches_Kulturzentrum_1.jpg

For further information:

"About Us." Westfjords Winery.
Available @ https://www.fjordswinery.com/aboutus

Amazing Places. 21 August 2012. "Ellidaey Island (Elliðaey), Iceland." Amazing Places on Earth, Places to Visit > Europe.
Available @ https://amazingplacesonearth.com/ellidaey-island-ellidaey-iceland/

Árnað heilla. 28 August 2015. "Freysteinn Gunnarsson." mbl.is > The People > Means Icelanders.
Available @ https://www-mbl-is.translate.goog/greinasafn/grein/1565665/?_x_tr_sl=is&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc

Baicich, Paul J.; and Colin J.O. Harrison. 2005. "Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus)." Pages 109-110. In: Nests, Eggs, and Nestlings of North American Birds. Princeton Field Guides. Second edition. Princeton NJ USA; and Oxford UK: Princeton University Press.

Bernard, Kristine. 6 August 2020. "The Top Coffee-Consuming Countries." Worldatlas.com.
Available @ https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/top-10-coffee-consuming-nations.html

Bjarnadóttir-Covert, Ásta; and Will Covert. "Bessa: bear." Flying C Ranch Icelandic Horses > Site Map > Sales > Icelandic Horse Names > B. Copyright 2004-2021.
Available @ https://www.tolt.net/names.html#b

Blackie, C. “Scale, Skali (Scand.), Sheal, Shealing (Scotch), a hut or shed; e.g. Scalby, Scaleby (hut town); Scalloway (the huts on the bay, vig), Shetland; Galashiels (the huts on the R. Gala); Biggarshiels (the huts near the town of Biggar); Shields, North and South, originally a collection of fishermen’s huts; but as scald, in the Scandinavian language means a bard, that word is likely to form an element in the names of places; Scalewell in probably the bard’s well; Skalholt, in Iceland, may be the bard’s hill.” Pages 141-142. In: C. Blackie, Etymological Dictionary. With an Introduction by John Stuart Blackie. Second Edition. London [England, UK]: Daldy, Isbister, & Co., 1876.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=Wf4xAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA142

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopedia. 8 January 2022. "Einar Benediktsson." Encyclopedia Britannica.
Available @ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Einar-Benediktsson

CarlDennis. "Freysteinn Gunnarsson." SecondHandSongs > Database > Artists > Search. Copyright 2003-2022.
Available @ https://secondhandsongs.com/artist/133401

Casey, Brendan. 31 December 2020. "World's Loneliest House: Home on Island Near Iceland Is One of Most Isolated Properties in the Globe." realestate.com.au > News.
Available @ https://www.realestate.com.au/news/worlds-loneliest-house-home-on-island-near-iceland-is-one-of-most-isolated-properties-in-the-globe/

Chantegrel, Géraldine. "Jeux de mots glacés: entretien avec Jean-Christophe Salaün." Pages 131-137. In: Traduire 246/2015 Intraduisible? Vous voulez rire! OpenEdition Journals.
Available @ https://journals.openedition.org/traduire/711

Choi, Sophia. 31 August 2015. “Food for Thought: The Icelandic Apple.” ThisIsMold.com > Process > Manufacture > Nutrition.
Available @ https://thisismold.com/process/manufacture/food-for-thought-the-icelandic-apple

Cole, Cathy G. 10 June 2019. "Ragnar Jónasson at The Poisoned Pen!" Kittling: Books > Authors at The Poisoned Pen > J > Jónasson, Ragnar.
Available @ https://www.kittlingbooks.com/2019/06/ragnar-jonasson-at-poisoned-pen.html

Crowden, James. 24 October 2009. “Icelandic Apples.” Fruit Forum edited by Joan Morgan > Articles.
Available @ http://www.fruitforum.net/articles/icelandic-apples/

"David Warriner, Literary Translator (French to English)." Traduction W Translation Inc > W Translation.
Available @ https://wtranslation.ca/en/#header

DeMarco, Amanda. 11 October 2011. "Bjartur-Verold: Selling Icelandic Literature Abroad." Publishing Perspectives > Frankfurt 2011.
Available @ https://publishingperspectives.com/2011/10/bjartur-verold-selling-icelandic-literature-abroad/

"The Distillery." 64° Reykjavik Distillery.
Available @ https://reykjavikdistillery.is/#DISTILLERY

Ebert, Dick. 2022. "Einar Benediktsson Statue in Reykjavík, Iceland." Encircle Photos.
Available @ https://www.encirclephotos.com/image/einar-benediktsson-statue-in-reykjavik-iceland/

"Einarsson, S - Fjallkonan (Freysteinn Gunnarsson)." prestomusic > Classical > Works > Browse. Copyright 2022.
Available @ https://www.prestomusic.com/classical/works/12470--einarsson-s-fjallkonan-freysteinn-gunnarsson/browsebr />

Elefsen, Anita; Steinunn M. Sveinsdóttir; Örlygur Kristfinnsson; Quentin Bates. 2018. Siglufjörður-Ljósmyndir/Photographs 1872-2018. Síldarminjasafn Íslands.

Flatley, Louise. 29 March 2019. "Story Behind the Tiny House on a Remote Icelandic Island." The Vintage News > News > 2019/03/29.
Available @ https://www.thevintagenews.com/2019/03/29/isolated-island-in-iceland/

Flosas, Hörður. 21 February 2021. "Jóhann Jónsson." Find a Grave > Memorials > Region > Europe > Iceland > Vesturland > Ólafsvíkurkirkjugarður. Memorial 223356907 by Contributor 47560915.
Available @ https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/223356907/j%C3%B3hann-j%C3%B3nsson

“Freysteinn Gunnarsson.” Geni > People > Search Ancestors. Copyright 2002-2022.
Available @ https://www-geni-com.translate.goog/people/Freysteinn-Gunnarsson/6000000031385382172?_x_tr_sl=is&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc

"Gráskeggur means Greybeard." Graskeggur.
Available @ https://graskeggur.com/

Guðmundsson, Magnús. 30 October 2018. "One of Those Eccentrics Who Come to Iceland and Fall in Love with the Language." Icelandic Literature Center > News.
Available @ https://www.islit.is/en/news/one-of-these-eccentrics-who-came-to-iceland-and-fell-in-love-with-the-language

Gunnarsdóttir, Halla. "Sculpture/Halla Gunnarsdóttir." Pinterest.
Available @ https://www.pinterest.com/HallaGunnarsdottir/sculpturehalla-gunnarsd%C3%B3ttir/

"Gunnarsson, Freysteinn." World Cat Identities. Copyright 2022.
Available @ http://www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-177938357/

Hálfdánarson, Guðmundur. 2008. Historical Dictionary of Iceland. Second Edition. Lanham MD: Scarecrow Press, Inc., subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
Available @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_Iceland/uoIG6bbP32IC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PR17&printsec=frontcover

"Halla Gunnarsdóttir." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/hallagunnars/

"Halla Gunnarsdóttir." Listasafn > English.
Available @ https://listasafnreykjavikur.is/en/artist/halla-gunnarsdottir

"Halla Gunnarsdóttir." Saatchi Art.
Available @ https://www.saatchiart.com/hallagunnars

"hallagunnarsdottir." Instagram.
Available @ https://www.instagram.com/hallagunnarsdottir/?hl=en

Hermannsson, Halldór. 1924. “Jón Guðmundsson and His Natural History of Iceland.” Islandica: An Annual Relating to Iceland and the Fiske Icelandic Collection in Cornell University Library, Vol. XV. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Library.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/IslandicaAnnual15/page/n11/mode/2up

Höfundar Wikipediu. 6 mars 2021. "Einar Benediktsson". Wikipedia, Frjálsa alfræðiritið.
Available @ https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Benediktsson

“The Icelandic Apple.” Domus > En > News > 06 Jul 2015 > The Icelandic Apple Abstract.
Available @ https://www.domusweb.it/en/news/2015/07/06/the_icelandic_apple.html

Irujo, Xabier; and Viola Miglio. (Eds.) Jón Gudmundsson Laerdi’s True Account and the Massacre of Basque Whalers in Iceland in 1615. Reno NV: Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada.

Jain, Sanya. 18 December 2020. "The Story Behind the 'World's Loneliest House'." NDTV > Offbeat.
Available @ https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/the-story-behind-the-worlds-loneliest-house-2340575

"Jean-Christophe Salaün." Icelandic Literature Center > Translators.
Available @ https://www.islit.is/en/translators/jacek-godek-1

Jónasson, Ragnar. 2022. Outside. Translation of Úti (2021) by Victoria Cribb. New York NY: Minotaur Books, June 28, 2022.

Jónasson, Ragnar. 2021. The Girl Who Died. Translation of Þorpið (2018) by Victoria Cribb. New York NY: Minotaur Books, May 4, 2021.

Jónasson, Ragnar. 2021. Winterkill. Dark Iceland (Ari Thor) series, book 6. Translation of Sigló (2020), French edition of Vetrarmein (2020) by David Warriner. New York NY: Minotaur Books, March 1, 2021.

Jónasson, Ragnar. 2020. The Mist. Hidden Iceland (Hulda) series, book 3. Translation of Mistur (2017) by Victoria Cribb. New York NY: Minotaur Books, June 23, 2020.

Jónasson, Ragnar. 2020. Whiteout. Dark Iceland (Ari Thor) series, book 5. Translation of Andköf (2013) by Quentin Bates. London UK: Orenda Books, Jan. 1, 2020.

Jónasson, Ragnar. 2019. The Island. Hidden Iceland (Hulda) series, book 2. Translation of Drungi (2016) by Victoria Cribb. New York NY: Minotaur Books, May 21, 2019.

Jónasson, Ragnar. 2019. The Rupture. Dark Iceland (Ari Thor) series, book 4. Translation of Rof (2012) by Quentin Bates. New York NY: Minotaur Books, Jan. 22, 2019.

Jónasson, Ragnar. 2018. The Darkness. Hidden Iceland (Hulda) series, book 1. Translation of Dimma (2015) by Victoria Cribb. New York NY: Minotaur Books, Oct. 16, 2018.

Jónasson, Ragnar. 2018. Blackout. Dark Iceland (Ari Thor) series, book 3. Translation of Myrknætti (2011) by Quentin Bates. New York NY: Minotaur Books, Aug. 28, 2018.

Jónasson, Ragnar. 2017. Nightblind. Dark Iceland (Ari Thor) series, book 2. Translation of Náttblinda (2014) by Quentin Bates. New York NY: Minotaur Books, December 5, 2017.

Jónasson, Ragnar. 2017. Whiteout. Dark Iceland (Ari Thor) series, book 5. Translation of Andköf (2013) by Quentin Bates. London UK: Orenda Books, Nov. 1, 2017.

Jónasson, Ragnar. 2017. Snowblind. Dark Iceland (Ari Thor) series, book 1. Translation of Snjóblinda (2010) by Quentin Bates. New York NY: Minotaur Books, Jan. 31, 2017.

Laxness, Halldór. "16 Icelandic Pioneer from Independent People (1934)." Pages 134-144. In: Kolbert, Elizabeth. (Ed.) 2007. The Ends of the Earth: Anthology of the Finest Writing on the Arctic. New York NY: Bloomsbury USA.

Liles, Jordan. 12 November 2021. "The 'World's Loneliest House': Elliðaey’s Myths Debunked." Snopes Media Group Inc. > Fact Checks > Viral Phenomena.
Available @ https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/worlds-loneliest-house-ellidaey/

Lindley, John. 1835. "12. Platanthera hyperborea." Page 287. In: The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants. London (England): Ridgways, April 1830 to October 1840.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/393547

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 September 2022. "Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died, Archives Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/thorpid-as-girl-who-died-archives.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 September 2022. "Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died, Archives Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/ham-and-ptarmigan-are-christmas-meats.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 September 2022. "Ham and Ptarmigan Are Christmas Meats in Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/thorpid-as-girl-who-died-acquaints-us.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2022. "Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died, Acquaints Us With Davíd Stefánsson." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/thorpid-as-girl-who-died-alludes-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 August 2022. "Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died, Alludes to Thorsteinn Th. Thorsteinsson." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/five-deaths-affect-16-lives-in-thorpid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2022. "Five Deaths Affect 16 Lives in Thorpid, Anglicized The Girl Who Died." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/ring-road-accesses-northeast-iceland.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 August 2022. "Ring Road Accesses Northeast Iceland for Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/outside-anglicized-from-uti-appends.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 August 2022. "Outside, Anglicized From Úti, Appends Party of Two." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/outside-anglicized-from-uti-appends.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 August 2022. "Outside, Anglicized From Úti, Accumulates Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/outside-anglicized-from-uti-accumulates.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 July 2022. "Icelandic Rock Ptarmigans Avoid Blizzards and Hunters in Outside." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/icelandic-rock-ptarmigans-avoid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 July 2022. "Veröld Accepted Icelandic Standalone Novel Úti, Anglicized Outside." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/verold-accepted-icelandic-standalone.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 July 2022. "Victoria Cribb Anglicizes Icelandic Standalone Novel Úti Into Outside." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/victoria-cribb-anglicizes-icelandic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 July 2022. "Four Friends and One Enemy Are Indoors in Outside, Anglicized from Úti." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/four-friends-and-one-enemy-are-indoors.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 June 2022. "Adverse Weather Afflicts East Iceland in Outside, Anglicized From Úti." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/06/adverse-weather-afflicts-east-iceland.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 June 2022. "Mistur, Anglicized The Mist, Appends The Silence of the Falling Snow." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/06/mistur-anglicized-mist-appends-silence.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2022. "Mistur, as The Mist, Appends Christmas Apples by Katrín Guðjónsdóttir." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/06/mistur-as-mist-appends-christmas-apples.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 June 2022. "Mistur, Anglicized The Mist, Accumulates Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/06/mistur-anglicized-mist-accumulates.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2022. "Hulda Ate Icelandic Food Christmas Eve in Mistur, Anglicized The Mist." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/05/hulda-ate-icelandic-food-christmas-eve.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 May 2022. "Mistur, Anglicized The Mist, Acknowledges Halldór Laxness at Christmas." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/05/mistur-anglicized-mist-acknowledges.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 May 2022. "Mistur, Anglicized as The Mist, Acquaints Us With Olaf Olafsson." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/05/mistur-anglicized-as-mist-acquaints-us.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 May 2022. "Accidental and Violent Deaths Aggrieve Mistur, Anglicized as The Mist." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/05/accidental-and-violent-deaths-aggrieve.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 May 2022. "Mistur, Anglicized as The Mist, Angles Ring Road Along Coastal Iceland." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/05/mistur-anglicized-as-mist-angles-ring.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 April 2022. "Drungi, Anglicized The Island, Accumulates Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/04/drungi-anglicized-island-accumulates.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 April 2022. "Drungi, Anglicized The Island, Allows Icelandic Cuisine Takeout Pizza." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/04/drungi-anglicized-island-allows.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2022. "Drungi, Anglicized as The Island, Acquaints Us With Bessastadir." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/04/drungi-anglicized-as-island-acquaints.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 April 2022. "Drungi, Anglicized as The Island, Asks What Einar Benediktsson Avers." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/04/drungi-anglicized-as-island-asks-what.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2022. "Seven Deaths Afflict One Detective in Drungi, Anglicized as The Island." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/seven-deaths-afflict-one-detective-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 March 2022. "Fjords and Isles Are Accessible in Drungi, Anglicized as The Island." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/fjords-and-isles-are-accessible-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 March 2022. "Dimma, Anglicized The Darkness, Accumulates Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/dimma-anglicized-darkness-accumulates.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 March 2022. "Icelandic Cuisine Americanizes Dimma, Anglicized as The Darkness." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/icelandic-cuisine-americanizes-dimma.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 March 2022. "Dimma, Anglicized as The Darkness, Accesses Bishop Jón Vídalín For Us." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/dimma-anglicized-as-darkness-accesses.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2022. "Dimma, Anglicized as The Darkness, Acquaints Us With Tomás Gudmundsson." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/02/dimma-anglicized-as-darkness-acquaints.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2022. "Not All Are Accounted For in Dimma, Anglicized as The Darkness." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/02/not-all-are-accounted-for-in-dimma.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 February 2022. "Driving and Walking Tours Acquit Dimma, Anglicized as The Darkness." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/02/driving-and-walking-tours-acquit-dimma.html

Missouri Botanical Garden. "Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindl. Missouri Botanical Garden > Tropicos > Name Search > Name 23503083. Copyright 2022.
Available @ http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/23503083

Nilsson, Magnus. 2015. The Nordic Cookbook. London, England, UK: Phaidon Press Limited; and New York NY: Phaidon Press Inc.

"107. Jóhann Jónsson." Legstaðaleit > Ólafsvíkurkirkjugarður, Ólafsvík, Ísland > All Burials - Ólafsvíkurkirkjugarður, Ólafsvík, Ísland. Last modified 5 June 2021.
Available @ https://www.legstadaleit.com/tng/showmap.php?cemeteryID=204&tree=Tree2

"117. Jón þorsteinsson." Legstaðaleit > Ólafsvíkurkirkjugarður, Ólafsvík, Ísland > All Burials - Ólafsvíkurkirkjugarður, Ólafsvík, Ísland. Last modified 6 June 2021.
Available @ https://www.legstadaleit.com/tng/showmap.php?cemeteryID=204&tree=Tree2

"Our Distillery." Eimverk Distillery.
Available @ https://www.flokiwhisky.is/story

Page 17 Media LLC. "The Truth Behind Iceland's Most Secluded House." Spot Cool Stuff > Travel > Iceland.
Available @ http://travel.spotcoolstuff.com/iceland/secluded-architecture/ellidaey-island

Park, William. 27 February 2020. "The man who refused to freeze to death." BBC > BBC Future > Worst Case Scenario > Death. Copyrighted 2023 by BBC.
Available @ https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200226-how-to-survive-in-the-extreme-cold

Plassard, Freddie. "Lauréat 2014: Jean-Christophe Salaün." Page 130. In: Traduire 232/2015 Intraduisible? Vous voulez rire! OpenEdition Journals.
Available @ https://journals.openedition.org/traduire/710?lang=en

"Quentin Bates." Orenda Books > Translators.
Available @ https://orendabooks.co.uk/translators/quentin-bates

"Ragnar Jonasson." Ragnar Jonasson.com > About the Author.
Available @ http://ragnar-jonasson.squarespace.com/new-page

Ruppenstein, Andrew. 12 July 2017. "Einar Benediktsson." The Historical Marker Database > Search.
Available @ https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=105383

Sigurðsson, Ólafur. January 2020. Niðjatal Björn G. Blöndals, læknis á Siglufirði og víðar, f. 19. sept. 1865, og Sigríðar Möller, f. 16. mars 1865.
Available @ https://www.olisig.is/aettfraedi/pdf_nidjatal/bjorn_g_blondal-nidjatal-2020.pdf

Tapalaga, Andrei. 18 January 2021. "The Story Behind a Lone House in the Middle of Elliðaey Island." History of Yesterday.
Available @ https://historyofyesterday.com/the-story-behind-a-lone-house-in-the-middle-of-elli%C3%B0aey-island-529309b9cc22

Tómas, Ragnar. 1 October 2021. "Nína Tryggvadóttir Museum Founded After Generous Donation." IcelandReview > News.
Available @ https://www.icelandreview.com/news/agreement-to-establish-the-nina-tryggvadottir-art-museum-signed/

"209. Steinunn Kristjánsdóttir." Legstaðaleit > Ólafsvíkurkirkjugarður, Ólafsvík, Ísland > All Burials - Ólafsvíkurkirkjugarður, Ólafsvík, Ísland. Last modified 12 June 2021.
Available @ https://www.legstadaleit.com/tng/showmap.php?cemeteryID=204&tree=Tree2

"Victoria Cribb." WordsWithoutBorders > Contributors.
Available @ https://wordswithoutborders.org/contributors/view/victoria-cribb/

Wikipedia contributors. 23 February 2021. "Einar Benediktsson." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
Available @ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Benediktsson

Wunderman, Ali. 11 October 2019. "The Interesting Story Behind Iceland's Unusual Spirits." Liquor > Spirits > Spirits & Liqueurs > More Spirits.
Available @ https://www.liquor.com/articles/iceland-opal-topas/

Zoëga, Geir T. 1910. A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic. Reprinted 1926, 1942, 1952, 1961, 1965, 1967. Oxford at the Clarendon Press. London, England, UK: Oxford University Press.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar001857/page/n5/mode/2up