Urban Tree Canopy Placement Affects Summer Household Energy Savings

Summary: Urban tree canopy placement affects summer household energy savings, according to an article in the September 2022 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

Perhaps the tree canopy achievements and aesthetics of the 2,065-foot (629-meter) Oval green area in the middle of the Colorado State University campus accounts for four researchers in the CSU city, Fort Collins, aspiring to associate energy consumption, impervious surfaces, urban heat islands and urban tree canopies in the article From West to East: Tree Placement Differentially Affects Summertime Household Energy Consumption in a Semi-Arid City for the September 2022 issue of Arboriculture & Urban Forestry; Monday, Sep. 26, 2011, 15:55, image of campus focal point, The Oval, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Larimer County, north central Colorado: Spilly816, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Urban tree canopy placement affects summer household energy savings, according to From West to East, article by Colorado State University researchers in Fort Collins for the September 2022 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

Lauren Abram, Joshua Keller, Melissa McHale and Elizabeth Tulanowski boost energy use 2 to 4 percent upward with every degree Celsius, every 1.8 degree Fahrenheit upward. The Urban Tree Canopy (UTC) sometimes increasing, sometimes reducing urban air temperatures at different times, in different configurations sometimes confirms, sometimes counters Urban Heat Islands (UHI). Studies done between 1988 and 2012 discerned maximum shade from large-tree plantings within 5-meter (16.4-foot) distances of Northern-Hemisphere homes and none at 18-, 18-plus-meter (59.06-plus-foot) distances.

Research reviews encountered urban tree canopies effecting cooling-energy savings by 2 to 90 percent in North America and by 80 to 180 kWh per California-sample tree.

Whether impervious surfaces and urban tree canopy foster summer household energy consumption or savings and which impervious and canopy placement functions felicitously figure as study-area goals.

The study area’s urban tree canopy guards such diverse deciduous tree species as littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata), Kentucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioica) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica). Land-cover distribution harbors 1, 6, 7, 8, 13, 13, 52 percent bare soil, water, buildings, railroads/roads, other paved (driveways, sidewalks), tree canopy, other (grassy, shrubby) vegetation. Its 6-meter distance buffer’s 6-meter north, 6-meter east, 6-meter south and 6-meter west zones inspire respectively lower 85, 85 and 87 to largest 89 impervious-surface percentages.

Variable commercial and multi-unit consumption patterns, unlike single-family households using cooling electricity June through August, jeopardize judging urban tree canopy placement and summer household energy savings.

Three-hundred-eighty-one-square-foot, 1,836-square-foot, 1,918-square-foot, 7,241-square-foot households respectively know 0.0006, 8.26, 9.21, 63.71 kWh/day and 0.0005, 4.5, 5, 13 kWh/1,000-square-foot cooling electricity consumption minimums, medians, means and maximums.

The four researchers lifted 432 high-consumption, small square-footage and 2,866 high negative-patterned May- and September-consumption, single-family homes, from the initial 24,346-household parcel for a 21,048-household study. Summer household energy savings manifest in 26 kWh less consumption in average-sized, 1,918-square-foot (178.2-square-meter) single-family homes with canopy placement within 6-m east zones than canopy-less counterparts. Upward-niching impervious-surface percentages concomitantly nurture upward-nooking cooling kWh/day/1,000-square-foot consumption, by about 54 kWh, in average-sized, 1,918-square-foot (178.2-square-meter), single-family homes with average-percent imperviousness within 6-meter west zones.

Pearson’s correlation coefficients obtain respectively all-negative relationships for all urban tree canopy placement variables, and all-positive relationships for all impervious surface variables, with cooling electricity consumption.

The above-mentioned coefficients between cooling electricity use and land-cover variables and three regression models pair increased impervious surfaces with more, and UTC with less, energy consumption.

Study results quantify 6-meter east-zone canopy and 24-meter east-zone combined models most impacting, 6-meter west-zone, 6-meter south-zone impervious-surface models most positively, statistically significantly impacting, cooling electricity. They reveal UHI-reduced, UTC-responsible, summer household energy savings, at 27 and 26 kWh/tree in respectively combined and tree models, much smaller than 2015-realized 80-kWh/tree minimums elsewhere. The 24-meter (78.74-foot) east zone statisticizes an “impactful” (2022:271) 22-percent, 65-square-meter (678.13-square-foot) average tree canopy, which similarizes a green ash- (Fraxinus pennsylvanica-) like, 9.14-meter (30-foot) crown.

Crown size, distance, growth rates, height, Leaf Area Index, placement, species; and urban behavior, building, climate, density, form, latitude, socio-demography, time transmit thoroughest UHI-tethering UTC results.

Littleleaf linden, also acknowledged commonly as heart-shaped linden, little-leaf linden, small-leaved lime and small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata), appears inside and outside its native range from Britain through mainland Europe to the Caucasus and western Asia. It assists the study whose findings article authors Lauren Z. Abram, Joshua P. Keller, Elizabeth A. Tulanowski and Melissa R. McHale announced in the September 2022 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. It attracts appreciative attention, through evapotranspiration and shade achievements and aesthetics in the Fort Collins study that assembled it among other deciduous trees for analysis of impervious surfaces, summer household energy consumption and savings, urban heat islands and urban tree canopies. Its branches, foliage and trunks augur auspiciously for winter-heating research because of their resistance to breakage, leaf drop and windthrow; Friday, Dec. 24, 2010, 08:45, image of heart-shaped linden (Tilia cordata), Savinsky District, Ivanovo Oblast, Central Federal District, western Russia: Daphne mesereum (Borealis55), Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Perhaps the tree canopy achievements and aesthetics of the 2,065-foot (629-meter) Oval green area in the middle of the Colorado State University campus accounts for four researchers in the CSU city, Fort Collins, aspiring to associate energy consumption, impervious surfaces, urban heat islands and urban tree canopies in the article From West to East: Tree Placement Differentially Affects Summertime Household Energy Consumption in a Semi-Arid City for the September 2022 issue of Arboriculture & Urban Forestry; Monday, Sep. 26, 2011, 15:55, image of campus focal point, The Oval, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Larimer County, north central Colorado: Spilly816, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CSU_The_Oval.jpg

Littleleaf linden, also acknowledged commonly as heart-shaped linden, little-leaf linden, small-leaved lime and small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata), appears inside and outside its native range from Britain through mainland Europe to the Caucasus and western Asia. It assists the study whose findings article authors Lauren Z. Abram, Joshua P. Keller, Elizabeth A. Tulanowski and Melissa R. McHale announced in the September 2022 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. It attracts appreciative attention, through evapotranspiration and shade achievements and aesthetics in the Fort Collins study that assembled it among other deciduous trees for analysis of impervious surfaces, summer household energy consumption and savings, urban heat islands and urban tree canopies. Its branches, foliage and trunks augur auspiciously for winter-heating research because of their resistance to breakage, leaf drop and windthrow; Friday, Dec. 24, 2010, 08:45, image of heart-shaped linden (Tilia cordata), Savinsky District, Ivanovo Oblast, Central Federal District, western Russia: Daphne mesereum (Borealis55), Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tilia_cordata_Russia_winter.JPG

For further information:

Abram, Lauren Z.; Joshua P. Keller; Elizabeth A. Tulanowski; and Melissa R. McHale. September 2022. "From West to East: Tree Placement Differentially Affects Summertime Household Energy Consumption in a Semi-Arid City." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 48(5): 261-277.

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Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html