Biochar Soil Amendments Advance Soil Quality and Tree Survival

Summary: Biochar soil amendments advance soil quality and tree survival, according to an article by four researchers in the May 2022 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

Bartlett Tree Research Laboratory in Reading UK and Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories in Charlotte NC USA respectively accommodate the arboricultural activities of Glynn Percival and Emma Schaffert, two of four co-authors of the article The Influence of Biochar Soil Amendment on Tree Growth and Soil Quality: A Review for the Arboricultural Industry for the May 2022 issue of Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. Perhaps the two arboriculturists appreciate the Bartlett Arboretum Association's Bartlett Arboretum & Gardens, assembled from dendrologist and F.A. Bartlett Tree Expert Company founder Dr. Francis A. Bartlett (Nov. 13, 1882-Nov. 21, 1963), in North Stamford CT USA. The gardened, hiking-trailed, landscaped, parkland 93 acres (37.64 hectares) attract researchers, staff and visitors with their assembled plants of Africa, Amazonian Peru, Caribbean, Mexico, northeastern and southern United States and the Russian Federation and with such wildlife as green herons (Butorides Virescens, "bittern-like greenish" literally), from whose droppings perhaps an arborist one day awes the world with plant-growing, soil-improving biochar; Thursday, June 19, 2008, 17:49, image of Bartlett Arboretum and Gardens, Stamford, Fairfield County, southwestern Connecticut: Piotr Polkowski, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Biochar soil amendments advance soil quality and tree survival, according to an article by co-researchers Emma Schaffert, Martin Lukac, Glynn Percival and Gillian Rose in the May 2022 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

Feedstock type and pyrolysis temperatures above 300 degrees Celsius in low-oxygen environments together buttress such plant-growth and soil-improvement biochar properties as nutrient value, pH and stability. Chicken manure clocked the highest pH, at 9.8-11.9, of bamboo, coniferous and hardwood wood-residue, nut-husk, orchard-pruning, pelletized-sawdust, rice-husk and sewage-sludge feedstock types of biochar raw materials. The International Biochar Initiative, through biochar standards test version 2.1 (2015), demands Category A ash-content, electrical-conductivity, liming, moisture, nitrogen-content, organic-carbon, particle-size distribution and pH property testing.

Required Category B tests examine arsenic, boron, cadmium, chlorine, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, sodium, zinc; dioxin/furan; PCB; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon toxicant assessments.

Non-mandatory Category C soil-enhancement analysis furnishes available sulfate; mineral nitrogen; total and available calcium, magnesium, phosphorus; total potassium, sulfur; total and external surface area; volatile matter.

Complex carbon compound-high biochar soil amendments in forest restoration projects, fruit-producing species and orchards generate species-specific effects, such as angiosperms garnering greater growth responses than conifers. Biochar-specific pore-size abundance and distribution, such as 0.001- to 1,000-micrometer- and 10- to 3,000-micrometer-diameter bamboo and wood-base herald soil- and species-specific nutrient capacity and water retention. Biochar studies in tropical-climate China and Laos indicate nutrient content and retention capacity impaired by soil degradation as respectively improved with chicken manure and wheat bedstraw.

Pyrolysis temperatures jump pH, soil quality and tree growth upward even as 25- to 50-percent application rates by volume, jump conifer photosynthesis and soil pH downward.

Wood-chip biochar soil amendments kindled salt tolerance by cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) and by soil reclamation study-friendly black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) and white gum (Eucalyptus viminalis).

Adsorbing soil- and wastewater-maintained contaminants and lowering cadmium, copper, heavy- and trace-metal, lead, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and zinc levels loom among what biochar soil amendments log. Unbiocharred structural soils manage more growth even as biochar-mixed NPK 20-20-20 manifested more diameter, foliage, height and mass and NPK 9-6-3 more canopy, fruits and vitality. Biochar soil amendments with or without compost, inorganic fertilizers or organic fertilizers nets nice soils and trees even as heavy-irrigation, high-nutrient inputs perhaps negate their niceness.

The International Biochar Initiative observes that biochar soil amendments occasion purpose-specific creation and design, such as cellulose- and lignin-rich hydrophobic biochar raw materials for water-repellent soils.

Poor urban soils prompt biochar soil amendments that pyrolysis temperatures above 450 degrees Celsius produce and that provide higher porosity, lower water repellency and stabler soils.

Application rates at 5 to 10 percent by volume and 25-plus percent respectively quicken soil moisture and tree growth and detrimentally phytotoxic soils and poor-producing plants. Cation exchange capacity, root biomass, soil bulk density and soil moisture retention require biochar pores, with 0.2- to 30-micrometer diameters, released with compost or organic fertilizer. Eight-percent application rates of hazelnut-husk biochar and of biocharred fertilizer to 5.31-pH sandy soils respectively shot below-ground biomass upward by best-surviving 85 percent and 83 percent.

Maple (Acacia) and spruce (Picea) sawdust biochar and four-year-long rice (Oryza) husk treatments respectively triggered more calcium and phosphorus and significant sapling diameter and height increases.

The University of Reading acknowledges among its faculty, staff and students Martin Lukac and Gillian Rose, two of four co-authors of the article The Influence of Biochar Soil Amendment on Tree Growth and Soil Quality: A Review for the Arboricultural Industry for the May 2022 issue of Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. Perhaps the two arboriculturists address achievements and anguish about soil amendments for soil quality and woody-plant growth on Greenlands, London Road and Whiteknights campuses of their employer. Perhaps their august academic employer's Museum of English Rural Life in Redlands Road at the rear of the London Road campus allows answers about biochar applications asked before, during and after agriculturist Arthur Young (Sep. 11, 1741-April 12, 1820) achieved, in London, England, in 1771, the first major research into ash and biochar applications; Thursday, June 16, 2016, 12:43, image of Grade II-listed buildings that house The Museum of English Rural Life (The MERL), Redlands Road, rear of University of Reading's London Road Campus, near Reading centre, Berkshire, South East England: The Museum of English Rural Life, CC BY 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Bartlett Tree Research Laboratory in Reading UK and Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories in Charlotte NC USA respectively accommodate the arboricultural activities of Glynn Percival and Emma Schaffert, two of four co-authors of the article The Influence of Biochar Soil Amendment on Tree Growth and Soil Quality: A Review for the Arboricultural Industry for the May 2022 issue of Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. Perhaps the two arboriculturists appreciate the Bartlett Arboretum Association's Bartlett Arboretum & Gardens, assembled from dendrologist and F.A. Bartlett Tree Expert Company founder Dr. Francis A. Bartlett (Nov. 13, 1882-Nov. 21, 1963), in North Stamford CT USA. The gardened, hiking-trailed, landscaped, parkland 93 acres (37.64 hectares) attract researchers, staff and visitors with their assembled plants of Africa, Amazonian Peru, Caribbean, Mexico, northeastern and southern United States and the Russian Federation and with such wildlife as green herons (Butorides Virescens, "bittern-like greenish" literally), from whose droppings perhaps an arborist one day awes the world with plant-growing, soil-improving biochar; Thursday, June 19, 2008, 17:49, image of Bartlett Arboretum and Gardens, Stamford, Fairfield County, southwestern Connecticut: Piotr Polkowski, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bird001S.JPG

The University of Reading acknowledges among its faculty, staff and students Martin Lukac and Gillian Rose, two of four co-authors of the article The Influence of Biochar Soil Amendment on Tree Growth and Soil Quality: A Review for the Arboricultural Industry for the May 2022 issue of Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. Perhaps the two arboriculturists address achievements and anguish about soil amendments for soil quality and woody-plant growth on Greenlands, London Road and Whiteknights campuses of their employer. Perhaps their august academic employer's Museum of English Rural Life in Redlands Road at the rear of the London Road campus allows answers about biochar applications asked before, during and after agriculturist Arthur Young (Sep. 11, 1741-April 12, 1820) achieved, in London, England, in 1771, the first major research into ash and biochar applications; Thursday, June 16, 2016, 12:43, image of Grade II-listed buildings that house The Museum of English Rural Life (The MERL), Redlands Road, rear of University of Reading's London Road Campus, near Reading centre, Berkshire, South East England: The Museum of English Rural Life, CC BY 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Museum_of_English_Rural_Life_garden.jpg

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Schaffert, Emma; Martin Lukac; Glynn Percival; and Gillian Rose. May 2022. "The Influence of Biochar Soil Amendment on Tree Growth and Soil Quality: A Review for the Arboricultural Industry." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 48(3): 176-202.l

Scharenbroch, Bryant; Eric Kramer; Matthew Soule; Ted Hartsig; and Stephanie Hsia. April 2022. "You Need to Assess Soil and Here is How to Do It!" Arborist News 31(2): 12-18.