Wai'anae Range Loulu Palms Adapt to Five-0's Lost in the Sea Sprays

Summary: Wai'anae Range loulu palms assuage the salty sea sprays that attack Hawaii Five-0's Nalowale I Ke 'Ehu O He Kai: Lost in the Sea Spray Feb. 28, 2020.

View of Wai'anae Range loulu palm (Pritchardia kaalae) includes Wai'anae Range as backdrop; endangered Wai'anae Range loulu palms are confined to the ridgelines above the Makua Military Reservation (MMR), western Oahu; March 16, 2010: U.S. Army Environmental Command from Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Wai'anae Range loulu palms accept salty sea sprays, unlike Hawaii Five-0 action police procedural television series episode Nalowale I Ke 'Ehu O He Kai: Lost in the Sea Spray Feb. 28, 2020.

Tenth-season 18th-episode director Tate Donovan and writers Talia Gonzalez, Bisanne Masoud and Zoe Robyn bear the 236th episode overall no Wai'anae loulu palms against sea sprays. Salt-tolerant Wai'anae Range loulu palms (from Hawaiian wai, "water" and anae, "mullet") combat salty sea sprays as seeds from fruits from flowers mid fronds and trunks. Semi-oval, semi-spherical seeds dwell within brittle endocarps (from Greek ἔνδον, "inner" and κᾰρπός, "fruit"), under 0.019-inch (0.5-millimeter-) thick, within 0.08-inch (2-millimeter) pericarps (from Greek περικάρπιον, "husk").

Wai'anae Range loulu palms entertain one-seeded, somewhat globe-shaped fruits that exhibit coconut-flavored, edible greenness before ripening black-brown; 0.79-inch (2-centimeter) diameters; and 0.98-inch (25-millimeter) lengths and widths.

Wai'anae Range loulu palms flourish insect-pollinated, self-compatible or wind-pollinated inflorescences with one to three smooth-rachilla (from same-spelled Latin, "little spine"), two-branched panicles (from Latin pānicula, "tuft").

Wai'anae Range loulu palms get yellow-flowered inflorescences give December or other-month blooms and grow almost as long as, as long as, longer than dark green fronds. As many as 60 drooping to stiff-pointed, semi-wavy, top-clustered fronds have pinnae (from same-spelled Latin, "feathers") one-third to one-half frond lengths; knobby undersides; and smoother upper-sides. Wai'anae loulu palms, identified scientifically by Joseph Rock (Jan. 13, 1884-Dec. 5, 1962), include sparse-fibered upper-sides of blade and stem-integrating petioles (from Latin petiolus, "little foot").

Salty sea spray never jeopardizes 16.4-foot (5-meter) to 24.93-foot (7.6-meter) to even 32.81-foot (10-meter-) tall mature, slow-growing Wau'anae Range loulu palms with 0.98-foot (0.3-meter) trunk diameters.

Alien pests, such as two-spotted leafhoppers (Sophonia rufofascia); foraging goats, pigs, rats; fruit-collecting commercial palm growers; invasive weeds; and soil erosion kindle reduced numbers and ranges.

Interior and lowland forests where large, now-extinct fruit-eating birds and nesting seabirds, not exotic ants, earthworms and landed mammals, lived once lodged Wai'anae Range loulu palms. Lowland moist forests and ridgeline dry to semi-dry to wet-zone forests near freshwater springs on exposed hill slopes and rocky cliffs maintain Wai'anae Range loulu palms. Wai'anae Range loulu palms nowadays nestle amid lama (Diospyros sandwicensis) and 'ōhi'a (Metrosideros polymorpha) tree-dominated drier, lowland forests and lehua 'āhihi (Metrosideros tremuloides) tree-dominated ridgeline forests.

Wai'anae Range loulu palms offer inland, northerly tolerances of O'ahu droughts and salty sea spray at 1,476.38 to 3,215.22-foot (450 to 980-meter) altitudes above sea level.

The World Conservation of Trees in 1998 put the Arecaceae (from Malayalam അടയ്ക്ക, aṭaykka, "palm" and Latin -āceae, "resembling") palm family member at under 130 specimens.

National Tropical Botanical Garden research in the June 2004 issue of Oryx queued up 170 specimens in open, windswept mesic (semi-moist, from Greek μέσος, "moderate") forests. The Makua Implementation Team revealed one specimen in Makaha, 141 Wai'anae Range loulu palms in Makaleha-Manawai, 165 in Ohikilolo and nine in Wai'anae Kai May 2003. Two hundred specimens that survive in the central and north-central Wai'anae Mountains Nov. 1, 2017, suggest an International Union for Conservation of Nature critically endangered status.

Wai'anae Range loulu palms, termed Pritchardia kaalae for William Pritchard (Oct. 13, 1829-Nov. 1, 1907) and Mount Kaala, thrive as living fences against salty sea sprays.

Hawaii Five-0 Task Force's Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) and Detective Sergeant Danny "Danno" Williams (Scott Caan) in CBS-TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 10 episode 18 Nalowale I Ke 'Ehu O He Kai (Lost in the Sea Spray): Hawaii Five-0 @HawaiiFive0CBS, via Facebook Feb. 26, 2020

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

View of Wai'anae Range loulu palm (Pritchardia kaalae) includes Wai'anae Range as backdrop; endangered Wai'anae Range loulu palms are confined to the ridgelines above the Makua Military Reservation (MMR), western Oahu; Tuesday, March 16, 2010: U.S. Army Environmental Command from Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Loulu_Palm_(4438363269).jpg; U.S. Army Environmental Command, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/armyenvironmental/4438363269/

Hawaii Five-0 Task Force's Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) and Detective Sergeant Danny "Danno" Williams (Scott Caan) in CBS-TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 10 episode 18 Nalowale I Ke 'Ehu O He Kai (Lost in the Sea Spray): Hawaii Five-0 @HawaiiFive0CBS, via Facebook Feb. 26, 2020, @ https://www.facebook.com/HawaiiFive0CBS/photos/a.135257959841022/3064961193537336/

For further information:

Bezona, Norman; David Hensley; Julie Yogi; James Tavares; Fred Rauch; Ruth Iwata; Melissa Kellison; Melvin Wong; and Patti Clifford. Jan. 2009. "Salt and Wind Tolerance of Landscape Plants for Hawai'i." Landscape L-13 (Revised). University of Hawai'i at Mānoa: College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, Cooperative Extension Service.
Available @ https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/L-13.pdf

Chapin, Melany H.; Kenneth R. Wood; Steven P. Perlman; and Mike Maunder. 30 June 2004. "A Review of the Conservation Status of the Endemic Pritchardia Palms of Hawaii." Oryx 38(3): 273-281. DOI: 10.1017/S00306053040005DX
Available @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231858695_A_review_of_the_conservation_status_of_the_endemic_Pritchardia_palms_of_Hawaii

"Chapter 16.23 Taxon Summary: Pritchardia kaalae." Final Implementation Plan for Makua Military Reservation, Island of Oahu Section 1: Background and Methodology. Prepared for: United States Army Garrison, Hawaii, Directorate of Public Works, Environmental Division, Schofield Barracks, Hawaii 96857. Prepared by: The Makua Implementation Team. Honolulu HI: Wil Chee-Planning, Inc., and Hawaii Natural Heritage Program, May 2003. Contract No. DACA83-96-D-0007/0055, Delivery Order No. 0055: 139-144.
Available @ http://manoa.hawaii.edu/hpicesu/DPW/2003_MIP/Sec_1/PriKaa.pdf

Duff, Diana. 1 April 2012. "The Incredible, Edible Pritchardia." West Hawaii Today > Features.
Available @ https://www.westhawaiitoday.com/2012/04/01/features/the-incredible-edible-pritchardia/

Gemmill, C. "Pritchardia kaalae." Page 452. In: Sara Oldfield, Charlotte Lusty and Amy MacKinven, compilers. The World List of Threatened Trees. Cambridge UK: World Conservation Press, 1998.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31558110

Hawaii Five-0 @HawaiiFive0CBS. 26 February 2020. "'Scuse me. Pardon me. New episode coming through. Friday at 9/8c." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/HawaiiFive0CBS/photos/a.135257959841022/3064961193537336/

Keir, M. 2018. "Pritchardia kaalae." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T38647A83787605. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T38647A83787605.en.
Available @ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/38647/83787605

Konakid. "Pritchardia kaalae." Palm Encyclopedia > Palms in America. Last modified 24 July 2016 by Ed Vaile.
Available @ https://www.palmpedia.net/wiki/Pritchardia_kaalae

"loulu." Ulukau Hawaiian Electronic Library > Hawaiian Dictionaries.
Available @ http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?d=D11470&l=en&e=d-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2Ctextmamaka-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-loulu--00-3-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2020. "Hawaiian Dust Mites Abide in the Dust of Five-0's Like a Whirlwind." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/hawaiian-dust-mites-abide-in-dust-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2020. "Hawaiian Veiled Lady Mushrooms Abet Or Not Five-0's Man Is a Slave of Love." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/hawaiian-veiled-lady-mushrooms-abet-or.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 February 2020. "He'e Makoko Hawaiian Octopuses Are Like Five-0's He Waha Kou O Ka He'e." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/hee-makoko-hawaiian-octopuses-are-like.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2020. "Yellow Labrador Retrievers Are Like Eddie of Five-0's I Ho'olulu." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/yellow-labrador-retrievers-are-like.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2020. "'Iole Hawaiian Rats Are Not Five-0's Loa'a Pono Ka 'Iole I Ka Punana." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/iole-hawaiian-rats-are-not-five-0s-loaa.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2020. "Hawaiian Kou Trees Actually, Not Symbolically Answer Five-0's Ihea 'Oe." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/hawaiian-kou-trees-actually-not.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2019. "Kauna'oa Hawaiian Worm Shells Affirm Five-0's Ka I Ka 'Ino, No Ka 'Ino." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/kaunaoa-hawaiian-worm-shells-affirm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 December 2019. "Ahinahina Haleakala Silversword Affirms Five-0's O 'Oe, A 'Owau." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/ahinahina-haleakala-silversword-affirms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 November 2019. "Are Pala'a Hawaiian Lace Ferns Five-0's Trunkless Tree of Kahilikolo?" Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/are-palaa-hawaiian-lace-ferns-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 November 2019. "Broadleaf Aiea Access Bomber Wreckage Unlike Hawaii Five-0's Ne'e Aku." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/broadleaf-aiea-access-bomber-wreckage.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 November 2019. "Hapu'u Pulu Hawaiian Tree Ferns Add DNA Active Before Five-0's Ka 'I'o." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/hapuu-pulu-hawaiian-tree-ferns-add-dna.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 November 2019. "Milo Pacific Rosewood Applies Five-0's All Knowledge to Magnum's Lie." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/milo-pacific-rosewood-applies-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 October 2019. "Hawaiian Hoary Bats Acquit Five-0's Ghosts, Magnum's Make It 'Til Dawn." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/hawaiian-hoary-bats-acquit-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 October 2019. "Molassesgrass Appalls Five-0's Tiny Is the Flower, Magnum's Dead Inside." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/molassesgrass-appalls-five-0s-tiny-is.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2019. "Corsair Plane Wreck for Five-0's E Uhi Ana Ka Wa I Hala I Na Mea I Hala." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/corsair-plane-wreck-for-five-0s-e-uhi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 October 2019. "Moiliili Caves Actualize Hawaii Five-0's Kuipeia E Ka Makani Apaa." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/moiliili-caves-actualize-hawaii-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 September 2019. "Kauila Trees Assure That on Five-0 Ua 'Eha Ka 'Ili I Ka Maka O Ka Ihe." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/kauila-trees-assure-that-on-five-0-ua.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 May 2019. "Five-0 Endlessly Pours the Rain of Waianae into Hawaiian Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/five-0-endlessly-pours-rain-of-waianae.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 May 2019. "Lahaina Noon: Unlike Five-0's Hewa Ka Lima Rarely the Hand Is at Fault." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/lahaina-noon-unlike-five-0s-hewa-ka.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 May 2019. "'Imiloa Sky Charts and Hawaii Five-0's Ho'okani No La O Ka Malihini." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/imiloa-sky-charts-and-hawaii-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 April 2019. "Laysan Albatrosses: Earth Day 2019, Five-0 Season 9 Episode 22 Icons." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/laysan-albatrosses-earth-day-2019-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2019. "Pueo Hawaiian Short-Eared Owls and Hawaii Five-0's He Kama Na Ka Pueo." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/pueo-hawaiian-short-eared-owls-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 April 2019. "Hau Hawaiian Sea Hibiscus, Ma'a Hawaiian Sling, Five-0's Way of the Gun." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/hau-hawaiian-sea-hibiscus-maa-hawaiian.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 March 2019. “Five-0’s Hawaiian He’e Big Blue Day Octopus of the Deep Spews Its Ink.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/five-0s-hawaiian-hee-big-blue-day.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 March 2019. “Hawaii Five-0's Ai No I Ka 'Ape He Mane'o No Ko Ka Nuku: Itchy Mouths.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/hawaii-five-0s-ai-no-i-ka-ape-he-maneo.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 February 2019. “Offer Young Taro Leaves To Hawaii Five-0 Episode E'ao Lu'au A Kualima.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/offer-young-taro-leaves-to-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 February 2019. “Kanawao Shrub Fruits for Hawaii Five-0's Hapai Ke Kuko, Hanau Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/kanawao-shrub-fruits-for-hawaii-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2019. “Five-0 Hawaiian Rain Gardens Not Made Prisoner by the Reign of the Rain.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/five-0-hawaiian-rain-gardens-not-made.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 February 2019. “Humpback Whales Depressed With the Heat in Keawalua on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/humpback-whales-depressed-with-heat-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 January 2019. “No 'Awa Or Kava Shrubs If Those Above Are Descending on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/no-awa-or-kava-shrubs-if-those-above.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2019. “Kikui Tree Leaves for Hawaii Five-0 2010's Ka Hauli O Ka Mea Hewa 'Ole.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/kikui-tree-leaves-for-hawaii-five-0.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2019. “Hawaii Five-0 Gone on the Road, Without Koa Wood Outrigger Canoes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/hawaii-five-0-gone-on-road-without-koa.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2018. “Ponderosa Pine Trees for When a Hawaii Five-0 2010 House Is Dark.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/ponderosa-pine-trees-for-when-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2018. “Hawaiian Pili Grass Houses: Hawaii Five-0 2010 When the Light Goes Out.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/hawaiian-pili-grass-houses-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 December 2018. “Ko'a Black Coral for Hawaii Five-0 2010's Truth Comes from the Night.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/koa-black-coral-for-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2018. “Hawaiian Goose Nēnē: Birds of a Feather Episode on Hawaii Five-0 2010.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/hawaiian-goose-nene-birds-of-feather.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2018. “Hawaiian Horses, Chang and McGarrett: Hawaii Five-0 2010 200th Episode.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/hawaiian-horses-chang-and-mcgarrett.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 November 2018. “Olonā Hawaiian Nettle Shrubs for Hawaii Five-0 Emergency Landings?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/olona-hawaiian-nettle-shrubs-for-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2018. “Gernika Genocide Survivor Art Before Hawaii Five-0 Prophetic Child Art.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/gernika-genocide-survivor-art-before.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2018. “Hawaiian Beach Sand: Hawaii Five-0 2010's On the Slope of the Cliff.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/hawaiian-beach-sand-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2018. “Proverbial Cowrie Sea Snails for the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/proverbial-cowrie-sea-snails-for-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 October 2018. “Lamian or Ramen Noodles: Hawaii Five-0's The Man Who Fell From the Sky.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/lamian-or-ramen-noodles-hawaii-five-os.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2018. “Gutta-Percha Trees and Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season Premiere Cocoon.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/gutta-percha-trees-and-hawaii-five-o.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 September 2018. “Ki'i Pōhaku Petroglyphs: Ancients Exposed on Five-0's Waiho Wale Kahiko.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/kii-pohaku-petroglyphs-ancients-exposed.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 May 2018. “Hawaiian Rain Gardens for Five-0's Tough Branch That Does Not Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/hawaiian-rain-gardens-for-five-0s-tough.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 May 2018. “Noni for Hawaii Five-0's Ka Hana A Ka Makua, O Ka Hana No Ia A Keiki.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/noni-for-hawaii-five-0s-ka-hana-ka.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 April 2018. “'Āliamanu Salt Lake and Five-0's Kopi Wale No I Ka I'a A 'Eu No Ka Ilo.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/aliamanu-salt-lake-and-five-0s-kopi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 April 2018. “Hawaii Five-0 Episode Ahuwale Ka Nane Hina: Uku Hawaiian Gray Snappers.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/hawaii-five-0-episde-ahuwale-ka-nane.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2018. “'Iwa Great Frigatebirds: Five-0's He Lokomaika'i Ka Manu O Kaiona.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/iwa-great-frigatebirds-five-0s-he.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 April 2018. “Chinese Juniper Shrubs on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/chinese-juniper-shrubs-on-hawaii-five-0.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 April 2018. “Bonsai Gardening on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/bonsai-gardening-on-hawaii-five-0-2010.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 March 2018. “'Ulu Hawaiian Breadfruit To Do One's Duty on Five-0's E Ho'oko Kuleana.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/ulu-hawaiian-breadfruit-to-do-ones-duty.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 March 2018. “Chlorine Gas on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Holapu Ke Ahi Koe Iho Ka Lehu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/chlorine-gas-on-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 March 2018. “Golden Plovers and Stars of Heaven Know Where Pae Is on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/golden-plovers-and-stars-of-heaven-know.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 February 2018. “A Coral Reef Strengthens Out to Land on Hawaii Five-0 with Lobe Corals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/a-coral-reef-strengthens-out-to-land-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 January 2018. “No Southern House Mosquitoes on Hawaii Five-0's Na Keikia Kalaihaohia.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/no-southern-house-mosquitoes-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 January 2018. “What Is Gone Is Not Hawaiian Bobtail Squid on Hawaii Five-0 2010.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/what-is-gone-is-not-hawaiian-bobtail.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 January 2018. “Criminals Rare as Guernsey Dairy Cattle on Hawaii Five-0 The Roundup.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/criminals-rare-as-guernsey-dairy-cattle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 January 2018. “Hawaiian Cattle Roundups and Hawaii Five-0 2010 The Roundup Criminals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/hawaiian-cattle-roundups-and-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2010. “Hawaii Shave Ice Images and Take-Outs on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ho'apono.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-shave-ice-images-and-take-outs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 November 2010. “Hawaiian Wild Boars Around Hawaii Five-0 2010's North Shore of O'ahu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-wild-boars-around-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 November 2010. “Limu Lipoa Hawaiian Seaweed on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Nalowale.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/limu-lipoa-hawaiian-seaweed-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 November 2010. “Hawaiian Blueberry Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pancakes.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-blueberry-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2010. “Hawaii Five-0 2010: Respect the Land and the Pizza Without Pineapples?” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-five-0-2010-respect-land-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 November 2010. “Pygmy Hippopotamuses for Grace of the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Family?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pygmy-hippopotamuses-for-grace-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 November 2010. “Pineappley Hala Tree Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pilot.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pineappley-hala-tree-botanical.html

"Nalowale I Ke 'Ehu O He Kai: Lost in the Sea Sprays." Hawaii Five-0: The Tenth Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Feb. 28, 2020.

"Pritchardia kaalae." Native Plants Hawai'i > Browse Plants > Listing of Native Hawaiian Plants.
Available @ http://nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Pritchardia_kaalae

"Pritchardia kaalae Rock, Mem. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus. 8: 46 (1921)." Palmweb > About Palms > Classification > Pritchardia.
Available @ http://www.palmweb.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/acc49828-6903-4f2d-9a9c-5a00d759e3a5/general

"Pritchardia kaalae Rock." LLIFLE Encyclopedias of Living Forms > Encyclopedias > The Encyclopedia of Palms & Cycads > Family > Arecaceae > Pritchardia.
Available @ http://llifle.com/Encyclopedia/PALMS_AND_CYCADS/Family/Arecaceae/28613/Pritchardia_kaalae

Rock, Joseph. 1921. "Pritchardia kaalae Rock, sp. n. (Plates VI, A, B; XXI, H)." Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History 8: 46-47. Honolulu HI: Published by the Museum, 1921-1923.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35720320

Woolliams, Keith R. February 1975. "The Propagation of Hawaiian Endangered Species." Newsletter - Hawaiian Botanical Society 14(4): 59-68. Honolulu HI: University of Hawaii Department of Botany.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47455272