Pruning Cuts Applied Ably, Appropriately Are Best Management Practices

Summary: Pruning cuts that actualize best management practices affirm best pruning objectives of appropriate accuracy, according to Arborist News December 2019.

Branch collar (fold of trunk’s annual growth rings in between branch’s annual growth rings) and branch bark ridge (BBR; juncture of tree bark with branch base bark) inform proper pruning cut angle; illustration by Julie Janke; P.J. Bedker et al., How to Prune Trees (2012), page 11, figure 6A Targeting the Cut: Public Domain, via USDA U.S. Forest Service

Pruning cuts advance arboriculture's, landscape architecture's and urban forestry's best management practices when they acknowledge as best pruning objectives able, accurate, appropriate applications, according to an article in Arborist News December 2019.

The article Pruning Cuts: Best Management Practices - Tree Pruning, 3rd Edition broaches live-branch pruning belaboring photosynthesis and sugar manufacture, benefiting branch architecture and braking failure. Co-authors Edward F. Gilman, Sharon J. Lilly and E. Thomas Smiley consider live-branch pruning's causing non-living wood behind cuts, energy-draining wounds, lion-tailed crowns and topped-off branches. The compartmentalization of decay (CODIT) model's pre-existing defenses and active responses respectively do and do not delay or deter large-cut damage or decay to exposed heartwood.

Parent-stem or trunk developmental expansion establishes branch bark ridges, not to be eliminated by pruning cuts, atop branch unions unless the latter exhibits imbedded, included bark.

Live-branch pruning cuts favor risk mitigation and foster branch clearances and structures and, in deciduous, angiosperm (from Greek ἀγγεῖον, "receptacle" and σπέρμα, "seed") species, bud-triggering growth.

Arboricultural practices generate four live-branch pruning cuts necessary to tree care programs: branch removal, previously gathered under removal and thinning cuts; heading; reduction; and shearing cuts. Branch removal pruning cuts of the smaller of two branches at parent-stem unions hinder stub-creation and hold onto the branch bark ridge and the branch collar. Cut size; time; and tree age, species and vitality inspire compromised or successful reduction cuts into the larger of codominant stems or two or more branches.

Density and size reduction, directional and structural pruning, risk mitigation and subordination juggle reduction pruning cuts to a live lateral or stem one-third the removal-branch diameter.

Four-plus-inch (10-plus-centimeter) diameter reduction pruning cuts, known as branch reduction, cutting to a lateral, reduce and reduction, kindle heartwood exposure and wound-closure compromises on poor compartmentalizers.

Heading pruning cuts lack appropriateness on established trees, lead to lamentable topping in height-reducing, size-reducing applications and, apart cuts back to small lateral branches, leave stubs. Heading cuts between nodes, to buds or to live branches less than one-third removal diameters make large scaffold-branch and trunk cuts avoidable and wildlife habitat sustainable. They negotiate developing young-plant structure; managing or rejuvenating shrub size; removing current growth, developing fruit and old flower heads; shortening young sprouts; and starting a pollard.

Shearing pruning cuts into branches, leaves and sprouts obtain topiary-shaped hedges, shrubs and trees and occasionally occur with branch reduction and removal to optimize plant size.

Heavy, large branches prompt as first of three split-wood, torn-bark preventative precuts, undercutting 1 to 2 feet (0.3 to 0.6 meters) from parent branches or trunks.

Heavy or large branches qualify for a second, top-sided cut directly above the first or farther out and a third, stub-removing cut without tearing surrounding bark. They require such equipment as cranes and ropes for branch removal by regulated lowering, instead of branch removal from small-sized trees by dropping, to the ground. Bark tracing, dead wood, included bark and narrow-angled attachments suggest pruning cuts into damaged, loose tissues; from branch undersides; near stem unions; and outside living-tissue collars.

Asphalt, brushed-on latex or spray paints, and chemical dressings never treat decay but respectively treat borers and oak wilt transmitters, mistletoes and sprouts; and cosmetic damages.

Three-step branch removal pruning cut retains branch bark ridge (BBR) and branch collar (BC) and decreases likelihood of stem bark ripping or tearing; illustration by Julie Janke; P.J. Bedker et al., How to Prune Trees (2012), page 11, figure 6C Cutting a Larger Branch: Public Domain, via USDA U.S. Forest Service

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Branch collar (fold of trunk’s annual growth rings in between branch’s annual growth rings) and branch bark ridge (BBR; juncture of tree bark with branch base bark) inform proper pruning cut angle; illustration by Julie Janke; P.J. Bedker et al., How to Prune Trees (2012), page 11, figure 6A Targeting the Cut: Public Domain, via USDA U.S. Forest Service @ https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/12602

Three-step branch removal pruning cut retains branch bark ridge (BBR) and branch collar (BC) and decreases likelihood of stem bark ripping or tearing; illustration by Julie Janke; P.J. Bedker et al., How to Prune Trees (2012), page 11, figure 6C Cutting a Larger Branch: Public Domain, via USDA U.S. Forest Service @ https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/12602

For further information:

Bedker, Peter J.; Joseph G. O’Brien; and Manfred E. Mielke. 2012. How to Prune Trees. NA-FR-01-95. Revised August 2012. Newtown Square PA: U.S.DA Forest Service, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry.
Available via USDA US Forest Service @ https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/12602
Available via USDA US Forest Service Southern Research Station (SRS) @ https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/12602

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Lilly, Sharon J.; Edward F. Gilman; and E. Thomas Smiley. December 2019. "Pruning Cuts: Best Management Practices - Tree Pruning, 3rd Edition." Arborist News 28(6): 12-14.

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