Der Rosenkavalier Is Jan. 4, 2020, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast

Summary: Der Rosenkavalier is the Jan. 4, 2020, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast, airing as fifth in the season’s 23 radio matinees.

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season revives Canadian opera director Robert Carsen’s staging of Der Rosenkavalier, which debuted as a new production in the 2016-2017 Met Opera season: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Aug. 19, 2019

Der Rosenkavalier is the Jan. 4, 2020, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast, airing at 12 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST) and numbering as the fifth of 23 scheduled Saturday radio matinees during the 2019-2020 Met Opera season.

German composer Richard Strauss (June 11, 1864-Sept. 8, 1949) set his musical score to a German libretto written by Austrian librettist and writer Hugo Laurenz August Hofmann von Hofmannsthal (Feb. 1, 1874-July 15, 1929). The libretto’s literary sources were a memoir-styled novel (roman-mémoires), Les Amours du Chevalier de Faublas, by French playwright and writer Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai (June 12, 1760-Aug. 25, 1797) and a three-act comédie-ballet, Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, by French actor and playwright Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (Jan. 15, 1622-Feb. 17, 1673), known by his stage name of Molière.

Der Rosenkavalier (“The Knight of the Rose”) premiered Thursday, Jan. 26, 1911, at Königliches Opernhaus (“Royal Opera House”), now known as Semperoper. The opera house located in the historic center of Dresden, Saxony, east central Germany. Dresden’s opera house is also known as Semperoper Dresden.

The first Semper Opera House, which opened April 13, 1841, was designed and built by German architect and art theorist Gottfried Semper (Nov. 28, 1803-May 15, 1879). A fire destroyed the first Semperoper Sept. 21, 1869. Gottfried’s oldest son, Manfred Semper (May 3, 1838-Sept. 13, 1913), built the second Semperoper according to plans designed by his father. The second Semperoper, which hosted Der Rosenkavalier, opened Feb. 2, 1878.

The Metropolitan Opera hosted the United States premiere of Der Rosenkavalier on Dec. 9, 1913. The opera received 11 performances during the 1913-1914 season.

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season offers seven performances of Der Rosenkavalier. The season’s first performance happened Friday, Dec. 13, at 7 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST). December’s four additional performances took place Tuesday, Dec. 17, at 7 p.m.; Friday, Dec. 20, at 7 p.m.; Monday, Dec. 23, at 7 p.m.; and Saturday, Dec. 28, at 7:30 p.m.

The season’s last two performances of Der Rosenkavalier are scheduled for January 2020. The New Year’s Day performance, Wednesday, Jan. 1, begins at 7 p.m. The opera’s closing performance begins Jan. 4, at 12 p.m. as the season’s fifth Saturday matinee broadcast.

The three-act opera has an estimated run time of 4 hours 16 minutes. Act I spans 72 minutes. An intermission of 34 minutes follows. Act II is estimated at 58 minutes. An intermission of 31 minutes follows. Act III lasts for 61 minutes.

Sir Simon Rattle conducts six (Friday, Dec. 13; Tuesday, Dec. 17; Friday, Dec. 20; Monday, Dec. 23; Wednesday, Jan. 1; Saturday matinee broadcast, Jan. 4) of the season's seven performances. The English conductor had made his Met Opera debut Friday, Dec. 17, 2010, in the opera house’s 110th performance of Pelléas et Mélisande by French Impressionist composer Achille-Claude Debussy (Aug. 22, 1862-March 25, 1918).

Sir Simon originally was scheduled to conduct all seven performances. The Metropolitan Opera announced via Twitter Dec. 30, 2019, that Gareth Morrell would conduct the Saturday, Dec. 28, performance. The British conductor had made his Met Opera debut Wednesday, Jan. 20, 1999, in the opera company's 516th performance of Lucia di Lammermoor by Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti (Nov. 29, 1797-April 8, 1848).

Camilla Nylund appears as time-conscious Marschallin for six performances (Friday, Dec. 13; Tuesday, Dec. 17; Friday, Dec. 20; Monday, Dec. 23; Wednesday, Jan. 1; Saturday matinee broadcast, Jan. 4). The Finnish operatic soprano made her Met Opera debut on opening night, Friday, Dec. 13.

Camilla Nylund shares Marschallin with Katie Van Kooten, who appears in the Saturday, Dec. 28, performance. The American soprano made her first appearance Wednesday, June 13, 2007, as Marguerite in the opera company’s 730th performance of Faust by 19th century French composer Charles-François Gounod (June 17, 1818-Oct. 18, 1893). She had made her Met Opera debut Monday, Feb. 23, 2009, as Magda in the opera company’s 27th performance of Rondine by Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini (Dec. 22, 1858-Nov. 29, 1924).

Magdalena Kožená appears as Octavian, Marschallin's young lover, for six performances (Friday, Dec. 13; Tuesday, Dec. 17; Friday, Dec. 20; Monday, Dec. 23; Wednesday, Jan. 1; Saturday matinee broadcast, Jan. 4). The Czech mezzo-soprano made her Metropolitan Opera debut Wednesday, Nov. 19, 2003, as Cherubino in the opera company’s 408th performance of Le Nozze di Figaro by 18th-century Classical Era composer Wolfgang Mozart (Jan. 27, 1756-Dec. 5, 1791).

Magdalena Kožená shares the trouser role with Angela Brower, who appears in the Saturday, Dec. 28, performance. The American mezzo-soprano’s performance Dec. 28 marked her Metropolitan Opera debut.

Golda Schultz appears in all performances as Sophie, who falls in love with Octavian. The South African soprano made her Met Opera debut Wednesday Sept. 27, 2017, as Pamina in the opera company’s 433rd performance of Mozart’s Die Zauberflöte. In the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Golda Schultz also appears as Clara in Porgy and Bess by American composer and pianist George Gershwin (Sept. 26, 1898-July 11, 1937).

Katharine Goeldner appears in all performances as Annina, an intriguer. The American mezzo-soprano made her Metropolitan Opera debut Friday, April 12, 2002, in the roles of Dress, Schoolboy and Page in the opera company’s 31st performance of Lulu by Austrian composer Alban Berg (Feb. 9, 1885-Dec. 24, 1935).

Matthew Polenzani appears as a Singer in six performances (Friday, Dec. 13; Tuesday, Dec. 17; Friday, Dec. 20; Saturday, Dec. 28; Wednesday, Jan. 1; Saturday matinee broadcast, Jan. 4). The American lyric tenor had made his Met Opera debut Friday, Dec. 19, 1997, as Khrushchov in the opera company’s 251st performance of Boris Godunov by Russian composer Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (March 21, 1839-March 28, 1881). During the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Matthew Polenzani also appears as Macduff in Macbeth by 19th-century Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901) and as Rodolfo in Puccini’s La Bohème and in the New Year’s Eve Gala.

Matthew Polenzani shares the role with Alok Kumar, who appears in the Monday, Dec. 23, performance. The India-born American operatic tenor had made his Met Opera debut Thursday, Oct. 4, 2018, as Harry in the opera company’s 105th performance of Puccini’s La Fanciulla del West. In the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Alok Kumar also appears as the Steersman in Der Fliegende Holländer by German composer Wilhelm Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813-Feb. 13, 1883).

Thomas Ebenstein appears in all performances as Valzacchi, an intriguer. The Austrian tenor’s appearance opening night, Dec. 13, marked his Metropolitan Opera debut.

Markus Eiche appears in all performances as Faninal, a wealthy merchant. The German baritone’s appearance opening night, Dec. 13, marked his Metropolitan Opera debut.

Günther Groissböck appears in all performances as financially-distressed, lecherous Baron Ochs. He reprises his role debut from the 2016-2017 Met Opera season. The Austrian bass had made his Met Opera debut Wednesday, Dec. 1, 2010, as Colline in the opera company’s 1,224th performance of Puccini’s La Bohème.

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season’s performances of Der Rosenkavalier revive staging by Robert Carsen. The Canadian opera director’s new Met Opera production debuted Thursday, April 13, 2017, in the opera company’s 385th performance of the opera.

Robert Carsen’s production resets the opera’s time period. Strauss placed the opera in Vienna in the 1740s, during the early years of the reign of only female Habsburg ruler Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina (May 13, 1717-Nov. 29, 1780). Carsen sets Der Rosenkavalier in the year in which the opera was created, 1910.

Robert Carsen’s production team comprises Paul Steinberg, set designer; Brigitte Reiffenstuel, costume designer; Philippe Giraudeau, choreographer. Carsen shares lighting design credits with Peter Van Praet.

The takeaway for Der Rosenkavalier as the Jan. 4, 2020, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast is that the late Romantic-early modern composer’s comedy of manners airs at 12 p.m. Eastern Standard Time and numbers as the fifth of 23 Saturday matinees broadcast weekly through Saturday, May 9, 2020.

In the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, American lyric tenor Matthew Polenzani reprises his role as the Italian singer from Canadian opera director’s 2016-2017 new production of Richard Strauss’ operatic comedy of manners, Der Rosenkavalier: Matthew Polenzani @MatthewPolenzani, via Facebook April 10, 2017

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season revives Canadian opera director Robert Carsen’s staging of Der Rosenkavalier, which debuted as a new production in the 2016-2017 Met Opera season: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Aug. 19, 2019, @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/posts/10162349352045533

In the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, American lyric tenor Matthew Polenzani reprises his role as the Italian singer from Canadian opera director’s 2016-2017 new production of Richard Strauss’ operatic comedy of manners, Der Rosenkavalier: Matthew Polenzani @MatthewPolenzani, via Facebook April 10, 2017, @ https://www.facebook.com/MatthewPolenzani/photos/a.140830739682799/298703577228847/

For further information:

“Debut: Gareth Morrell.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 331336 Lucia di Lammermoor {516} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/20/1999.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=331336

“Debut: Katie Van Kooten.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 352893 La Rondine {27} Metropolitan Opera House: 02/23/2009.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=352893

“Debut: Magdalena Kozená.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 350784 Le Nozze di Figaro {408} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/19/2003.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=350784

“Debut: Simon Rattle.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 353687 Pelléas et Mélisande {110} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/17/2010.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=353687

“Debuts: Alok Kumar, Adrian Timpaul.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 357009 La Fanciulla del West {105} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/04/2018.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=357009

“Debuts: Constantin Pluzhnikov . . . Matthew Polenzani.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 330264 Boris Godunov {251} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/19/1997.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=330264

“Debuts: Dimitri Tiliakos, Günther Groissböck, Brandon Mayberry.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 353654 La Bohème {1224} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/01/2010.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=353654

“Debuts: Golda Schultz, Lucas Mann.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 356741 Die Zauberflöte {433} Metropolitan Opera House: 09/27/2017.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=356741

“Debuts: Katharine Goeldner, Daniel Sutin, Kristine Winkler.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 350037 Lulu {31} Metropolitan Opera House: 04/12/2002.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=350027

“First appearance: David Pomeroy, Katie van Kooten. ” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 352042 Faust {4730} Metropolitan Opera House 06/13/2007.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=35352042

Marriner, Derdriu. “Der Rosenkavalier Is the May 13, 2017, Metropolitan Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, May 8, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/der-rosenkavalier-is-may-13-2017.html

Matthew Polenzani @MatthewPolenzani. “In my costume for Rosenkavalier during the dress rehearsal today. It’s a phenomenal cast and fabulous new production. I hope to see you there!” Facebook. April 10, 2017.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MatthewPolenzani/photos/a.140830739682799/298703577228847/

Metropolitan Opera ‏@MetOpera. "Gareth Morrell will conduct the December 28 performance of Der Rosenkavalier, replacing Sir Simon Rattle. #CastChange." Twitter. Oct. 30, 2019.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MetOpera/status/1189595257048109056

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “Robert Carsen’s delightful staging of Der Rosenkavalier returns to the Met next season, with Sir Simon Rattle on the podium. Set in Vienna in the last years of the Hapsburg Empire, Strauss’s most popular opera concerns an aristocratic woman and her impetuous young lover. Experience this stunning production, on stage December 13–January 4. Buy tickets: bit.ly/2P6LvNC Photo by Ken Howard / Met Opera.” Facebook. Aug. 19, 2019.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/posts/10162349352045533

“New Production: Der Rosenkavalier.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 356690 Der Rosenkavalier {385} Metropolitan Opera House: 04/13/2017.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=356690

“United States Premiere: Der Rosenkavalier.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 55260 United States Premiere Der Rosenkavalier {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/9/1913.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=55260

Pruning Cuts Applied Ably, Appropriately Are Best Management Practices

Summary: Pruning cuts that actualize best management practices affirm best pruning objectives of appropriate accuracy, according to Arborist News December 2019.

Branch collar (fold of trunk’s annual growth rings in between branch’s annual growth rings) and branch bark ridge (BBR; juncture of tree bark with branch base bark) inform proper pruning cut angle; illustration by Julie Janke; P.J. Bedker et al., How to Prune Trees (2012), page 11, figure 6A Targeting the Cut: Public Domain, via USDA U.S. Forest Service

Pruning cuts advance arboriculture's, landscape architecture's and urban forestry's best management practices when they acknowledge as best pruning objectives able, accurate, appropriate applications, according to an article in Arborist News December 2019.

The article Pruning Cuts: Best Management Practices - Tree Pruning, 3rd Edition broaches live-branch pruning belaboring photosynthesis and sugar manufacture, benefiting branch architecture and braking failure. Co-authors Edward F. Gilman, Sharon J. Lilly and E. Thomas Smiley consider live-branch pruning's causing non-living wood behind cuts, energy-draining wounds, lion-tailed crowns and topped-off branches. The compartmentalization of decay (CODIT) model's pre-existing defenses and active responses respectively do and do not delay or deter large-cut damage or decay to exposed heartwood.

Parent-stem or trunk developmental expansion establishes branch bark ridges, not to be eliminated by pruning cuts, atop branch unions unless the latter exhibits imbedded, included bark.

Live-branch pruning cuts favor risk mitigation and foster branch clearances and structures and, in deciduous, angiosperm (from Greek ἀγγεῖον, "receptacle" and σπέρμα, "seed") species, bud-triggering growth.

Arboricultural practices generate four live-branch pruning cuts necessary to tree care programs: branch removal, previously gathered under removal and thinning cuts; heading; reduction; and shearing cuts. Branch removal pruning cuts of the smaller of two branches at parent-stem unions hinder stub-creation and hold onto the branch bark ridge and the branch collar. Cut size; time; and tree age, species and vitality inspire compromised or successful reduction cuts into the larger of codominant stems or two or more branches.

Density and size reduction, directional and structural pruning, risk mitigation and subordination juggle reduction pruning cuts to a live lateral or stem one-third the removal-branch diameter.

Four-plus-inch (10-plus-centimeter) diameter reduction pruning cuts, known as branch reduction, cutting to a lateral, reduce and reduction, kindle heartwood exposure and wound-closure compromises on poor compartmentalizers.

Heading pruning cuts lack appropriateness on established trees, lead to lamentable topping in height-reducing, size-reducing applications and, apart cuts back to small lateral branches, leave stubs. Heading cuts between nodes, to buds or to live branches less than one-third removal diameters make large scaffold-branch and trunk cuts avoidable and wildlife habitat sustainable. They negotiate developing young-plant structure; managing or rejuvenating shrub size; removing current growth, developing fruit and old flower heads; shortening young sprouts; and starting a pollard.

Shearing pruning cuts into branches, leaves and sprouts obtain topiary-shaped hedges, shrubs and trees and occasionally occur with branch reduction and removal to optimize plant size.

Heavy, large branches prompt as first of three split-wood, torn-bark preventative precuts, undercutting 1 to 2 feet (0.3 to 0.6 meters) from parent branches or trunks.

Heavy or large branches qualify for a second, top-sided cut directly above the first or farther out and a third, stub-removing cut without tearing surrounding bark. They require such equipment as cranes and ropes for branch removal by regulated lowering, instead of branch removal from small-sized trees by dropping, to the ground. Bark tracing, dead wood, included bark and narrow-angled attachments suggest pruning cuts into damaged, loose tissues; from branch undersides; near stem unions; and outside living-tissue collars.

Asphalt, brushed-on latex or spray paints, and chemical dressings never treat decay but respectively treat borers and oak wilt transmitters, mistletoes and sprouts; and cosmetic damages.

Three-step branch removal pruning cut retains branch bark ridge (BBR) and branch collar (BC) and decreases likelihood of stem bark ripping or tearing; illustration by Julie Janke; P.J. Bedker et al., How to Prune Trees (2012), page 11, figure 6C Cutting a Larger Branch: Public Domain, via USDA U.S. Forest Service

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Branch collar (fold of trunk’s annual growth rings in between branch’s annual growth rings) and branch bark ridge (BBR; juncture of tree bark with branch base bark) inform proper pruning cut angle; illustration by Julie Janke; P.J. Bedker et al., How to Prune Trees (2012), page 11, figure 6A Targeting the Cut: Public Domain, via USDA U.S. Forest Service @ https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/12602

Three-step branch removal pruning cut retains branch bark ridge (BBR) and branch collar (BC) and decreases likelihood of stem bark ripping or tearing; illustration by Julie Janke; P.J. Bedker et al., How to Prune Trees (2012), page 11, figure 6C Cutting a Larger Branch: Public Domain, via USDA U.S. Forest Service @ https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/12602

For further information:

Bedker, Peter J.; Joseph G. O’Brien; and Manfred E. Mielke. 2012. How to Prune Trees. NA-FR-01-95. Revised August 2012. Newtown Square PA: U.S.DA Forest Service, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry.
Available via USDA US Forest Service @ https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/12602
Available via USDA US Forest Service Southern Research Station (SRS) @ https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/12602

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Lilly, Sharon J.; Edward F. Gilman; and E. Thomas Smiley. December 2019. "Pruning Cuts: Best Management Practices - Tree Pruning, 3rd Edition." Arborist News 28(6): 12-14.

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 November 2019. "Structural Growing Media and Supported Pavement Affect Tree Responses." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/structural-growing-media-and-supported.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2019. "Tree Pruning Systems Answer to Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/tree-pruning-systems-answer-to-best.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 September 2019. "Southeastern Street Tree Arthropod Pests Are Online Survey Subjects." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/southeastern-street-tree-arthropod.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 August 2019. "Cost Approach Approximates Plant Repair, Replacement or Restoration." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/cost-approach-approximates-plant-repair.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 July 2019. "Indirect Watering Devices Are There for Newly Transplanted Urban Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/indirect-watering-devices-are-there-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2019. "Plant Appraisal Data Collection Allies Off-Site and On-Site Research." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/plant-appraisal-data-collection-allies.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2019. "Wire Basket Removal or Wire Basket Retention: Girdling or Stable Roots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/wire-basket-removal-or-wire-basket.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2019. "Woody Plant Appraisal Data Collection for Shrubs, Trees and Vines." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2019. "Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/balancing-roadside-tree-benefits-and.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

High Desert Tree Selection Attacks Drought, Pollution, Salt and Toxins

Summary: High desert tree selection appeared last, Dec. 3, in TREE Fund and Utah State University Forestry Extension co-sponsored Learn at Lunch webinars for 2019.

Dr. Heidi Kratsch's high desert tree selection survey, presented in the TREE Fund and Utah State University Forestry Extension's Dec. 3, 2019, Learn at Lunch webinar, esteems chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii) as a long-lived, low-maintenance, pest-free, salt-tolerant species; chinkapin oak with Tagetes ‘Crackerjack', Ageratum 'Blue Horizon' and Asclepias curassavica ‘Red Butterfly' in Chicago Botanic Garden's English Oak Meadow, Monday, July 25, 2016, 21:06:36: cultivar413, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

High desert tree selection, from Dr. Heidi Kratsch's intermountain arborist survey, assumed the Dec. 3 date as 2019's last topic in TREE Fund and Utah State University Forestry Learn at Lunch webinars.

Practical Aspects of Tree Selection, formal educational, slide-supported presentation live-broadcast from noon to 1:00 p.m. Mountain Daylight Time, broached high desert tree selection arboriculturally, culturally, environmentally. It considered alkalinity, boron, drought, heat, low relative humidity, poor drainage, salinity, shade and wind tolerances; cold hardiness; disease and insect pest resistance; and native species. It described tree selection for aesthetic value, availability, branch structure, cost, ease of establishment, growth rate, lifespan, maintenance requirements, mature size, minimal debris and seasonal interest.

The 121 participating arborists from the Rocky Mountains westward to the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada excluded from high desert tree selection flammability, invasiveness and suckering.

The University of Nevada Extension survey, supported partly by the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) National Institute of Food and Agriculture, fit in client preferences.

The Kratsch survey generated from Reno, Nevada, gathered such tree selection guides as climate change preparedness, municipal street tree lists and right tree, right place guidelines. It headed toward diversity over monocultures, evergreen species over deciduous (from Latin dēciduus, "falling down, falling off") and popular, proven performers over overplanted, provenly problematic species. It included effects of elevation and microclimates, irrigation schedules, power-line clearances, root structure, snow load tolerance, sunscald resistance in heat islands, wildlife resistance and winter interest.

Signaling ash (Fraxinus), elm (Ulmus) and fir (Abies) suffering environmental-stressed, secondary-pest infestations and surveying attendees joined the high desert tree selection webinar's first and second half-hours.

Tree tolerances at or above USDA hardiness and American Horticulture Society (AHS) heat maps' intermountain-zoned upper ranges kindled 41 and 37 percent of webinar attendee recommendations.

Sixteen and 6 percent listed trees tolerant of salty reclaimed or recycled waters and write-ins recommending selection for climate-changed reduced snowpack, rising temperatures and severe droughts. The second half-hour mentioned salt-tolerant black (Robinia pseudoacacia) versus honey (Gleditsia triacanthos) locusts' respective borer, fast-growing and limb-failing versus pod gall midge and spider mite vulnerabilities. It noted pyramid-profiled young, flat-topped mature black (Pinus nigra) and Bosnian (P. heldreichii) pines and drought-tolerant, salt-tolerant, space-nabbing pinyon (P. edulis) and single-leaf pinyon (P. monophylla).

High desert tree selection observes oversized, porcupine-intolerant, salt-tolerant, space-nabbing ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Cooley spruce gall adelgid- and engraver beetle-intolerant, drought-tolerant blue spruce (Picea pungens).

High desert tree selection presents boron-tolerant, salt-tolerant, tip-burn semi-sensitive bur (Quercus macrocarpa) and, more alkalinity-tolerant than pin oak (Q. palustris), drought-tolerant, salt-tolerant red (Q. rubra) oak.

High desert tree selection queues up drought-tolerant, nipple gall-intolerant, salt-tolerant common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis); messy-fruited northern/western catalpa (Catalpa speciosa); and space-nabbing London planetree (Platanus x acerifolia). It references boron-tolerant, drought-tolerant, salt-tolerant crabapple's (Malus) apple scab-resistant, fireblight-resistant varieties and salt-tolerant Rocky Mountain junipers (Juniperus scopulorum) 10-foot (3.05-meter) reach as a residential fire hazard. It perhaps showcases boron-tolerant, salt-tolerant Kentucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus); boron-tolerant, fruit-famous, salt-tolerant, wildlife-friendly, winter-interest hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum); and long-lived, low-maintenance, pest-free, salt-tolerant chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii).

High desert tree selection tends toward AHS-mapped zones 4 through 7's 14- to 30-day and 60- to 90-day temperatures above 86 degrees Fahrenheit (30 degrees Celsius).

Washington hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum) attracts as a boron-tolerant, fruit-famous, salt-tolerant, wildlife-friendly, winter-interest species, according to Dr. Heidi Kratch's presentation on high desert climate tree selection, offered for the TREE Fund and Utah State University Forestry Extension's Dec. 3, 2019, Learn at Lunch webinar; Washington hawthorn in Bridgewater Township, Washtenaw County, southeastern Michigan, Oct. 17, 2019, 17:31:08: F.D. Richards, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Dr. Heidi Kratsch's high desert tree selection survey, presented in the TREE Fund and Utah State University Forestry Extension's Dec. 3, 2019, Learn at Lunch webinar, esteems chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii) as a long-lived, low-maintenance, pest-free, salt-tolerant species; chinkapin oak with Tagetes ‘Crackerjack', Ageratum 'Blue Horizon' and Asclepias curassavica ‘Red Butterfly' in Chicago Botanic Garden's English Oak Meadow, Monday, July 25, 2016, 21:06:36: cultivar413, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/131880272@N06/28664583862

Washington hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum) attracts as a boron-tolerant, fruit-famous, salt-tolerant, wildlife-friendly, winter-interest species, according to Dr. Heidi Kratch's presentation on high desert climate tree selection, offered for the TREE Fund and Utah State University Forestry Extension's Dec. 3, 2019, Learn at Lunch webinar; Washington hawthorn in Bridgewater Township, Washtenaw County, southeastern Michigan, Thursday, Oct. 17, 2019, 17:31:08: F.D. Richards, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/50697352@N00/48916204781/

For further information:

Kratsch, Heidi. 3 December 2019. "Practical Aspects of Tree Selection for High Desert Climates." Utah State University Forestry Extension > Webinars > Archived Webinars > 2019.
Available @ https://forestry.usu.edu/webinars/index

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 December 2019. "Urban Trees Advocate for Human and Urban Health and Vice Versa." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/urban-trees-advocate-for-human-and.html

Ajanta Sanctuary Gardens: 200th Anniversary of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings

Summary: Natural Ajanta sanctuary gardens are unofficial wildlife shelters in the 200th anniversary year of European-accessed Ajanta cave wall paintings.

Vegetation around Maharashtra's Ajanta Caves serves as a natural sanctuary for faunal residents and visitors; Indian bush lark (Mirafra erythroptera) at Ajanta, Maharashtra, west-cental India; Monday, Sep. 16, 2013, 17:16: Ksuryawanshi, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Natural Ajanta sanctuary gardens are unofficial wildlife shelters for wild animals and plants associated with the Ajanta Caves and Ajanta cave wall paintings from April 28, 1819, to their 200th anniversary year.

All the wild plants buttress the 1,968.5-foot- (600-meter-) long, 1,300- to 2,300-year-old, 30-cavern Ajanta Caves of north-central Maharashtra state, central-west India, with natural Ajanta rain gardens. Area almondette, asthma-plant, axlewood, Bidi leaf and fan palm trees channel rainy-season surface runoff away from cracked cave façades and interiors and into well-drained forest soils. Area golden rain, Indian blackwood, Indian frankincense, Indian gooseberry, Indian kino, Indian linden, Indian plum, Indian quince and Indian sandalwood divert surface runoff during rainy seasons.

Kalam rosids, khair acacia, mallow-leaved crossberry, marking nut, teak and thorny acacia effectuate equivalent extractions for natural Ajanta rain gardens above, around, below the Ajanta Caves.

Ajanta rain gardens and Ajanta sanctuary gardens respectively form naturally, unofficially from all and some of the leafing, fruiting, flowering, seeding plants around the Ajanta Caves.

Axis deer (chital, Axis axis) get figs (Ficus racemosa) January through May, Assyrian and black plums (Cordia myxa, Syzygium cumini) May through July and grasses year-round. Black-naped hares (sasa, Lepus nigricollis) have buckthorn (Ziziphus), caperbushes (Capparis) and rattlepods (Crotalaria) bark, buds, germinating seeds and twigs during dry seasons and rainy-season grasses (Panicum). Blue pea-fowl (mor, Pavo cristatus) ingest buckthorn (Ziziphus), grasses (Panicum), green bamboo shoots and groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) and cobras (Ophiophagus hannah), frogs, lizards, termites and worms.

Time, tourism and trauma jeopardize Ajanta cave wall paintings in their 200th anniversary year because construction for staff and visitor convenience threatens natural Ajanta sanctuary gardens.

Bamboo seeds and shoots, berries, figs, insects such as termites, and tubers kindle grey jungle-fowl (jungli murghi, Gallus sinneratti) forages over forest floors and through thickets.

False-vampire (Megaderma lyra) and Heath's roquet-dog (Scotophilus heathii) bats look for bush-chats (Pranticola maura), crickets, fish, frogs, grasshoppers, lizards, mice, pipistrels (Pipistrelus mimus), snakes and spiders. Birds, eggs, fish, frogs, gazelles, hares and insects and buckthorn (Ziziphus), golden rain (Cassia fistula) and plum (Syzygium cumini) matter to golden jackals (kolha, Canis aurea). Gray langurs (wanar, Presbytis entellus) need bamboo, buds, cones, ferns, fruits, grasses, lichens, mosses, roots, seeds and shoots and insect larvae, spider webs and termite mounds.

Obstructing invertebrate and vertebrate occurrences, originally obtained through Ajanta sanctuary gardens, on Ajanta cave wall paintings in their 200th anniversary year occasions chemical and mechanical operations.

Bittersweet (Maytenus emarginata), buckthorn (Ziziphus nummularia), mesquite (Prosophis cineraria) and rattlepod (Crotalaria burhia) fruits and leaves and grasses promote Indian gazelle (chinkara, Gazella bennetti) life cycles.

Leopards (bhatya wagh, Panthera pardus) and tigers (wagh, Panthera tigris) queue up around boar, deer, hares, jackals and monkeys and, every two days, around moisture-rich plants. Three-striped palm squirrels (khadi khar, Funambulus palmarum) and wild Indian boar (Sus scrofa cristatus) require eggs, fruits, fungi, insects, larvae, nuts and small birds and mammals. They respectively suggest Hindu deity Vishnu's (from Sanskrit विष्णु, "all-pervasiveness") seventh avatar (from Sanskrit अवतार, "descent") Rama (from Sanskrit राम, "dark, pleasing") and Vishnu's third avatar.

The 200th anniversary year of European-accessed Ajanta cave wall paintings treats tourists to ever more truncated Ajanta sanctuary gardens above, alongside and below the Ajanta Caves.

Engraving of Scottish architectural historian James Fergusson's illustration, "General View of the Ajanta Caves," depicts snake on rock in foreground; The Illustrated London News, no. 389, vol. xv (Sep. 8, 1849), page 173: Public Domain, Google-digitzed, via HathiTrust

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Vegetation around Maharashtra's Ajanta Caves serves as a natural sanctuary for faunal residents and visitors; Indian bush lark (Mirafra erythroptera) at Ajanta, Maharashtra, west-cental India; Monday, Sep. 16, 2013, 17:16: Ksuryawanshi, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Bushlark_(Mirafra_erythroptera).JPG

Engraving of Scottish architectural historian James Fergusson's illustration, "General View of the Ajanta Caves," depicts snake on rock in foreground; The Illustrated London News, no. 389, vol. xv (Sep. 8, 1849), page 173: Public Domain, Google-digitzed, via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015013716496?urlappend=%3Bseq=181; via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/sim_illustrated-london-news_1849-09-08_15_389/page/n12/mode/1up

For further information:

"Ajanta Caves." UNESCO > Culture > World Heritage Centre > The List > World Heritage List.
Available @ http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/242

"Ajanta Caves Vulnerable to Landslides, Says Study." NDTV > India > News > August 6, 2014 15:50 IST.
Available @ https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ajanta-caves-vulnerable-to-landslides-says-study-616005

Bankar, M.V.; and N.P. Bhosle. November-December 2017. "Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Ajanta Region (MS) India." IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences Volume 12, Issue 6 Ver. II: 59-64.
Available @ http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jpbs/papers/Vol12-issue6/Version-2/I1206025964.pdf

Barrett, Douglas E.; and Basil Gray. 1963. Painting of India. Geneva, Switzerland: Skira, Treasures of Asia. Distributed in the United States by World Publishing Co., Cleveland OH.

Behl, Benoy K. 2005. The Ajanta Caves: Ancient Paintings of Buddhist India. London UK: Thames & Hudson.

Boyd, Ryan. 14 December 2018. "Sacred Sites: Ajanta Caves." Evolve + Ascend > Ancient Wisdom > Culture > Occult > Sacred Sites.
Available @ http://www.evolveandascend.com/2018/12/14/sacred-sites-ajanta-caves/

Boyle, Alan. 25 November 2013. "Religious Roots of Buddha's Birthplace Traced Back 2,600 Years." NBC News > Science News.
Available @ https://www.nbcnews.com/sciencemain/religious-roots-buddhas-birthplace-traced-back-2-600-years-2D11648772

Burgess, J. (James). 1879. "Notes on the Bauddha Rock-Temples of Ajanta, Their Paintings and Sculptures, and on the Paintings of the Bagh Caves, Modern Bauddha Mythology, &c." Archaeological Society of Western India, no. 9. Bombay, India: Government Central Press.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/archaeologicals01indigoog/

Dalrymple, William. 15 August 2014. "The Ajanta Cave Murals: 'Nothing Less Than the Birth of Indian Art.'" The Guardian > Culture > Art & Design.
Available @ https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/aug/15/mural-ajanta-caves-india-birth-indian-art

Fergusson, James. 1845. Illustrations of the Rock-Cut Temples of India: Text to Accompany the Folio Volume of Plates. London, England.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008483717/

Fergusson, James. 1845. Illustrations of the Rock-Cut Temples of India: Selected From the Best Examples of the Different Series of Caves at Ellora, Ajunta, Cuttack, Salsette, Karli, and Mahavellipore. Drawn on Stone by Mr. T.C. Dibdin, From Sketches Carefully Made on the Spot, With the Assistance of the Camera-Lucida, in the Years 1838-9. London, England: John Weale, M.DCCC.XLV.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008543106/

Fergusson, James; and James Burgess. 1880. The Cave Temples of India. London, England: W.H. Allen & Co.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft/

Fergusson, James; and Robert Gill. 1864. The Rock-Cut Temples of India; Illustrated by Seventy-Four Photographs Taken on the Spot by Major Gill. Described by James Fergusson. London, England: John Murray.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100206115

Gill, Robert; and James Fergusson. 1864. One Hundred Stereoscopic Illustrations of Architecture and Natural History in Western India. Photographed by Major Gill and described by James Fergusson. London, England: Cundall, Downes & Co.

Gupte, R.S.; and B.D. Mahajan. 1962. Ajanta, Ellora and Aurangabad Caves. Bombay, India: D.B. Taraporevala Sons and Co.

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 December 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/200th-anniversary-of-ajanta-cave-wall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2019. "Ajanta Herbal Gardens: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/ajanta-herbal-gardens-200th-anniversary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 December 2019. "Maharashtran Tiger Ambles Through Ajanta Caves 200th Anniversary Year." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/maharashtran-tiger-ambles-through.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 November 2019. "Ajanta Cave 28: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/ajanta-cave-28-200th-anniversary-year.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 27." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_22.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 24." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_15.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 14.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 November 2019. "Ajanta Cave 3: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/ajanta-cave-3-200th-anniversary-year-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 October 2019. "Ajanta Cave 5: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/ajanta-cave-5-200th-anniversary-year-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2019. "Ajanta Cave 4: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/ajanta-cave-4-200th-anniversary-year-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 October 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 22." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_11.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 October 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 20." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2019. "Ajanta Cave 23: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/ajanta-cave-23-200th-anniversary-year.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 September 2019. "Ajanta Cave 21: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/ajanta-cave-21-200th-anniversary-year.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 September 2019. "Ajanta Cave 15: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/ajanta-cave-15-200th-anniversary-year.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 September 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 7." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2019. "Mandana Wall Paintings: 200th Anniversary of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/mandana-wall-paintings-200th.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 August 2019. "Warli Wall Paintings: 200th Anniversary of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/warli-wall-paintings-200th-anniversary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 11." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 August 2019. "Ajanta Cave 6: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/ajanta-cave-6-200th-anniversary-year-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 August 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 18." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_2.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 July 2019. "Ajanta Cave 25: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/ajanta-cave-25-200th-anniversary-year.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 July 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh Achieved at An Quang the Aims of Ajanta Jataka Tales." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/thich-nhat-hanh-achieved-at-quang-aims.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 July 2019. "Engaged Buddhism of Thich Nhat Hanh Allies With Ajanta Jataka Tales." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/engaged-buddhism-of-thich-nhat-hanh.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 July 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh and Indra's Net at Parallax Press and Ajanta Cave 17.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/thich-nhat-hanh-and-indras-net-at.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 June 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, La Boi and Ajanta Cave 16 Ace Outstanding Inner Peace.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/thich-nhat-hanh-la-boi-and-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 June 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh and Indra's Net at Van Hanh and Ajanta Cave 1.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/thich-nhat-hanh-and-indras-net-at-van.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2019. “Indra's Net Affects Thich Nhat Hanh, Phap Van and Ajanta Cave 2.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/indras-net-affects-thich-nhat-hanh-phap.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 June 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Indra's Net at Phuong Boi and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/thich-nhat-hanh-indras-net-at-phuong.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Indra's Net at Bat Nha and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-indras-net-at-bat-nha.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Stream Entering Monastery and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-stream-entering.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Thai Plum Village and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-thai-plum-village-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, AIAB Hong Kong and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-aiab-hong-kong-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, EIAB Germany and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-eiab-germany-and-ajanta.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Deer Park Monastery and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-deer-park-monastery-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Blue Cliff Monastery and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-blue-cliff-monastery.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Plum Village Tradition and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-plum-village-tradition.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Tu Hieu Temple Walks and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-tu-hieu-temple-walks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Walking Meditations and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/thich-nhat-hanh-walking-meditations-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 13.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_22.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 12.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 8.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_8.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 15A/30.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_1.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Pithora Wall Art.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 29.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_15.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 February 2019. “Ajanta Cave 26 in 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/ajanta-cave-26-in-200th-anniversary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2019. “Ajanta Cave 19 in 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/ajanta-cave-19-in-200th-anniversary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 January 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings in Ajanta Cave 9.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2019. “Ancient Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings and Inscriptions in Ajanta Cave 10.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/ancient-ajanta-cave-wall-paintings-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2019. “Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings Ailing at World Heritage Centre Site.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/ajanta-cave-wall-paintings-ailing-at.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2019. “Accurate, Ancient, Artistic Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings to Buddha.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/accurate-ancient-artistic-ajanta-cave.html

"Paintings in the Ajunta Caves (Museum of the East India House)." The Illustrated London News, no. 389, vol. xv: 173.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015013716496?urlappend=%3Bseq=181

Pisani, Ludovico. 6 August 2013. "The Ajanta Cave Paintings." The Global Dispatches > Articles and Culture.
Available @ http://www.theglobaldispatches.com/articles/the-ajanta-cave-paintings

Singh, Rajesh. 2012. An Introduction to the Ajanta Caves: With Examples of Six Caves. Vadodara, India: Hari Sena Press Private Limited.

Singh, Rajesh Kumar. 2017. Ajanta Cave No. 1: Documented According to the Ajanta Corpus of Dieter Schlingloff (Photographic Compendium, Ajanta Narrative Painting). Vadodara, India: Hari Sena Press Private Limited.

Somathilake, Mahinda. June 2013. "Painted Jataka Stories of Ancient Sri Lanka." International Journal of Arts and Commerce 2(6): 139-150.
Available @ https://ijac.org.uk/images/frontImages/gallery/Vol._2_No._6/14.pdf

Spink, Walter M. 2018. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 1: The End of the Golden Age. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/1. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2018. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 2: Arguments about Ajanta. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/2. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2005. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 3: The Arrival of the Uninvited. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/3. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2008. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 4: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture - Year by Year. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/4. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2006. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 5: Cave by Cave. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/5. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter. 2017. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 7: Bagh, Dandin, Cells and Cell Doorways. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/7. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M; and Naomichi Yaguchi. 2014. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 6: Defining Features. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/6. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Uno, Tomoko; and Yoshiko Shimazdu. "Thermal Environment in Ajanta Caves." Archi-Cultural Translations through the Silk Road: 2nd International Conference, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan, July 14-16, 2012, Proceedings.
Available @ http://www.mukogawa-u.ac.jp/~iasu2012/pdf/iaSU2012_Proceedings_401.pdf

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Available @ https://web.archive.org/web/20120501151253/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ajanta_caves.asp