Five Dimensional Black Holes May Break Theory of General Relativity

Summary: Five dimensional black holes shaped as very thin black rings break the theory of general relativity down when they become visible as naked singularities.

A five dimensional black hole, theorized from a computer simulation, appears as a ring, not a sphere, and reshapes as a series of bulges; image credit Pau Figueras, Markus Kunesch, and Saran Tunyasuvunakool: SPACE.com @SPACEdotcom, via Twitter Feb. 23, 2016

Five dimensional black holes shaped as very thin black rings appear to break the theory of general relativity, according to a study published online Feb. 22, 2016, in Physics Review Letters.

One theoretical physicist at Queen Mary University in London and two at the University of Cambridge base their findings upon new computer codes and simulation techniques. The COSMOS supercomputer in Cambridge, England, can simulate black holes in universes with dimensions higher than human experiences with depth, height and width and with time.

The ninth incarnation of Europe’s largest, strongest shared-memory computer, as COSMOS Mk IX since Wednesday, July 4, 2012, draws upon 14.5 terabytes of globally shared memory. It exposes five dimensional black holes whose shape is reminiscent of black rings that are thin and unstable.

People function in four dimensions even though Stephen Hawking, Research Director at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology within the University of Cambridge, thinks in 11 dimensions. Theoretical physicists give to higher dimensions looks that are expansive and large or, according to Dr. Oskar Klein of Sweden, compact, mini-loops curled into 10 33-centimeter dots.

Relativity: The Special and General Theory, published in 1920, has no indication of Dr. Albert Einstein’s inclinations regarding the number of dimensions possible in the universe. His conclusion to the 1920 edition includes the statement: “By theory I mean one which describes physical reality (including four-dimension space) in a completely encompassing way.”

Simulation jostles theory when three researchers in England simulate black rings predicted by two researchers in England and in Switzerland.

Theoretical physicists know of black holes as spheres surrounded by event horizons whose strong gravity keeps central, dense matter-packed singularities imprisoned and invisible in four dimensions.

COSMOS lets five dimensional black holes simulate theories by Roberto Emparan of Counseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire and Harvey S. Reall of Queen Mary College. Rapid rotation means that five dimensional black holes evolve from thin black rings into a series of bulges connected by strings that gradually thin and weaken. Pau Figueras of Queen Mary University and Markus Kunesch and Saran Tunyasuvunakool of the University of Cambridge note that black rings typically collapse back into spheres.

But instability sometimes occurs and results in strings releasing bulges into miniature five dimensional black holes visible in four dimensions.

Visibility of five dimensional black holes, visible as naked singularities no longer covered by event horizons, prompts re-examinations of the cosmic censorship conjecture in general relativity. The presence and the visibility of gravity so strong, matter so dense and singularity so naked qualify the previously fail-safe theory of general relativity for makeovers.

The study reveals that “everything from the estimation of the age of the stars in the universe to the GPS signals we rely on” respects relativity.

Co-author Kunesch states that “As long as singularities stay hidden behind an event horizon, they do not cause trouble and general relativity holds” for four dimensions.

Co-author Tunyasuvunakool thinks that “we need to look at what’s so special about a four-dimensional universe” that makes relativity hold.

General relativity holds for a four dimensional black hole but not for a five dimensional black hole; artist's view of black hole in globular cluster, Messier 15 (Great Pegasus Cluster, also designated NGC 7078): NASA/ESA and G. Bacon (STSci), CC BY 4.0 International, via ESA/Hubble

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

A five dimensional black hole, theorized from a computer simulation, appears as a ring, not a sphere, and reshapes as a series of bulges; image credit Pau Figueras, Markus Kunesch, and Saran Tunyasuvunakool: SPACE.com @SPACEdotcom, via Twitter Feb. 23, 2016, @ https://twitter.com/SPACEdotcom/status/702154222360330240

General relativity holds for a four dimensional black hole but for a five dimensional black hole; artist's view of black hole in globular cluster, Messier 15 (Great Pegasus Cluster, also designated NGC 7078); credit NASA/ESA and G. Bacon (STScI): CC BY 4.0 International, via ESA/Hubble @ https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo0218d/

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