Durio Grandiflorus Botanical Illustrations and Ghost Durian Images

Summary: Copper-leaved Durio grandiflorus botanical illustrations and yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian images get weak-seamed fruits.

ghost durian (Durio grandiflorus), under basionym Boschia grandiflora; illustrations by describer M.T. Masters; 21-epicalyx, 22-calyx, 23-phalanx, 24-ovary, 25-ovary and androecium portion, 26-transverse of ovary, 27-spine from ovary supporting peltate scale, 28-ovule; M.T. Masters, Journal of the Linnean Society (1875), vol. XIV, Tab. XV: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Durio grandiflorus botanical illustrations and yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian images ascertain distribution ranges, life cycles and physical appearances of the biggest-flowered durians of nine edible durian fruit species.

Yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian trees bear the local common names durian burong or durian burung, durian rimba, durian kuning and durian merah. They carry as English equivalents bird, jungle, yellow and red durian; English common names orange-, red- or yellow-fleshed durian; and scientific name Durio grandiflorus ("large-flower durian"). Maxwell Tylden Masters's (April 15, 1833-May 30, 1907) and André Kostermans' (July 1, 1906-July 10, 1994) and Wertit Soegeng-Reksodihardjo's respective taxonomies in 1875 and 1958 dominate.

Yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian trees engender brown-white-yellow, pink-red-brown furniture, packing cases and plywood and the most popular of nine edible durian fruits.

Yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian trees flourish as cultivated woody plants in Brunei; Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia; and the Northern Territory of Australia.

The southeast Asian fruit tree grows natively in Borneo, Palawan and Sumatra, Indonesia; Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Malacca, Penang, Perak, Selangor and Terengganu, Malaysia; and southern Thailand. The Malvaceae (from the Latin malva, "mallow") family member has dark, germination-friendly seeds for lowland, mixed-species, moist, sunny, well-drained soils with pHs of 6 to 7. The orange, red or yellow fleshy, seed-filled fruit is inside a husk whose weakened seam from stem to tip invites opening despite durian's typically pyramid-shaped spines.

Durio grandiflorus botanical illustrations and big-flowered ghost durian images juggle September through February flowering times, October through January fruiting schedules and November through January seeding months.

Yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian trees know minimum 1.94-inch (49.2-millimeter) diameter flowers with curved filaments; linear petal-like stamens; and minute, oblong, terminal-pored anthers.

Flowers in cymes (from the Greek κύμα, kýma, "swell") and 1.21-inch- (30.75-millimeter-) long calyxes (from the Greek κάλυξ, kálux, "husk") lounge alongside foliage. Nectaring and pollinating lesser yellow-eared (Arachnothera chrysogenys) and long-billed (Arachnothera robusta) spiderhunters move among durian flowers and foliage up through 1,640.42-foot (500-meter) altitudes above sea level. Yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian trees net round-based, 7.75-inch- (196.8-millimeter-) long, 2.91-inch- (73.8-millimeter-) wide, three- to five-lobed evergreen leaves with semi-smooth, veined surfaces.

Durio grandiflorus botanical illustrations and yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian images observe hairless upper-sides to undersides with maximum 0.079-inch (2-millimeter) diameter copper-brown scales.

Mature 131.23- to 164.04-foot- (40- to 50-meter-) tall yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian trees possess 9.84-foot- (3-meter-) high, 4.92-foot- (1.5-meter-) wide buttress roots.

The first branches queue up, around 33.47- to 39.37-inch (850 to 1,000-millimeter) diameter trunks, 82.02 feet (25 meters) above the forest floor around their tree bases. The gray-mauve, rust-brown, flaky- and smooth-barked trees require relative humidity at 80 percent and temperatures between 77 and 86 degrees Fahrenheit (25 and 30 degrees Celsius). The International Union for Conservation of Nature settles yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian trees into vulnerable statuses from agro-industrialized, logged habitats and populations.

Durio grandiflorus botanical illustrations and yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian images teem with brown-gray-red bark, buttress roots, copper-scaled leaves and dark-seeded, weak-seamed fruits.

The lesser yellow-eared spiderhunter (Arachnothera chrysogenys) visits ghost durian (Durio grandiflorus) flowers more frequently than another main visitor, the long-billed spiderhunter (Arachnothera robusta); A. chrysogenys illustration by Dutch ornithological illustrator Johannes Gerardus Keulemans (June 8, 1842-March 29, 1912); G.E. Shelley's Monograph of the Nectariniidae (1876-1880), opposite page 365: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

ghost durian (Durio grandiflorus), under basionym Boschia grandiflora; illustrations by describer M.T. Masters; 21-epicalyx, 22-calyx, 23-phalanx, 24-ovary, 25-ovary and androecium portion, 26-transverse of ovary, 27-spine from ovary supporting peltate scale, 28-ovule; M.T. Masters, Journal of the Linnean Society (1875), vol. XIV, Tab. XV: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/238425

The lesser yellow-eared spiderhunter (Arachnothera chrysogenys) visits ghost durian (Durio grandiflorus) flowers more frequently than another main visitor, the long-billed spiderhunter (Arachnothera robusta); A. chrysogenys illustration by Dutch ornithological illustrator Johannes Gerardus Keulemans (June 8, 1842-March 29, 1912); G.E. Shelley's Monograph of the Nectariniidae (1876-1880), opposite page 365: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36894753;
Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/61021753@N02/6431129203/

For further information:

"Boschia grandiflora Mast." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100299561

"Dr. André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans." FindAGrave > Memorial.
Available @ https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/122042043/andr%C3%A9-joseph_guillaume_henri-kostermans

"Durio grandiflorus (Mast.) Kosterm. & Soegeng." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100327437

Gasik, Lindsay. 21 January 2014. Year of the Durian. Amazon Digital Services LLC.

Kostermans, A.J.G.H. (André Guillaume Henri). "The Genus Durio Adans. (Bombac.): 4. Durio grandiflorus (Mast.) Kosterm. et Soeg. -- Fig. 8." December 1958. Reinwardtia, vol. 4, part 3: 47-150: 59-61. Kebun Raya, Indonesia: Herbarium Bogoriense.
Available via Research Center for Biology-LIPI @ http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia/article/view/1008/874

Kostermans, André Joseph Guillaume Henri; Wertit Soegeng-Reksodihardjo. April 1958. "A Monograph of the Genus Durio Adans (Bombacaceae), Part I, Bornean Species." Pengumuman (Communication) no. 61, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). Bogor, Indonesia: Lembaga Pusat Penjelidikan Kehutanan, Djawatan Kehutanan, Kementerian Pertanian (Forestry Research Center, Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture).

Lim, T.K. 2012. Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 1, Fruits. Dordrecht, Netherlands; Heidelberg, Germany; London, England; New York NY: Springer.

Masters, Maxwell T. (Tylden). 1875. "Monographic Sketch of the Durioneae [Read November 19, 1874.](Plates XIV., XV., XVI.): 1. B. grandiflora, Mast., sp. n." The Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany, vol. XIV: 502-503 table 15. London, England: Taylor and Francis.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/238271

Peterson, Alan P., M.D. "Arachnothera chrysogenys (Temminck) 1826." Zoonomen: Zoological Nomenclature Resource > Birds of the World -- Current Valid Scientific Avian Names > Passeriformes > Nectariniidae > Arachnothera.
Available @ http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/pass.html

Peterson, Alan P., M.D. "Arachnothera robusta Muller, S & Schlegel 1844." Zoonomen: Zoological Nomenclature Resource > Birds of the World -- Current Valid Scientific Avian Names > Passeriformes > Nectariniidae > Arachnothera.
Available @ http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/pass.html

Roubik, David W.; Shoko Sakai; Abang A. Hamid Karim, eds. 2005. Pollination Ecology and the Rainforest: Sarawak Studies. Ecological Studies 174. New York NY: Springer Science + Business Media Inc.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=LNBj5lXAC1wC

Shelley, G.E. (George Ernest), Captain. 1876-1880. "Arachnoraphis robusta. (Robust Spider-Hunter.)." A Monograph of the Nectariniidae, or, Family of Sun-birds: 367-369. London, England: Published by the author.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36894757
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/monographofnecta00she#page/n709/mode/1up

Shelley, G.E. (George Ernest), Captain. 1876-1880. "Arachnothera chrysogenys. (Lesser Yellow-Eared Spider-Hunter.)." A Monograph of the Nectariniidae, or, Family of Sun-birds: 365-366. London, England: Published by the author.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36894753
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/monographofnecta00she#page/n705/mode/1up

Subhadrabandhu, Suranant; and Saichol Ketsa. 2001. Durian: King of Tropical Fruit. CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International).

World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1998. "Durio grandiflorus." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T34567A9875972. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T34567A9875972.en.
Available @ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/34567/0
Available @ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/34565/0