Earth and Space News: 2012

Friday, December 28, 2012

Paul Signac Painting Women at the Well in Elementary Series' Leviathan

Summary: The Paul Signac painting Women at the Well hangs with originals and with stolen art slumming as a lithograph in the Elementary series episode The Leviathan.

Former art thief Le Chevalier's collection includes French Neo-Impressionist pointilist painter Paul Signac's Femmes au Puits ("Women at the Well)") in Elementary tv series' Leviathan (season 1, episode 10); in real life, the pointilist painting hangs in Musée d'Orsay, Niveau supérieur, Salle 38, Paris, Île-de-France region, north central France; Wednesday, Dec. 9, 2015, 18:07:12: Sailko, CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

The Paul Signac painting Women at the Well appears in a supportive role in The Leviathan episode of the first season in the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) series Elementary Dec. 13, 2012.

Director Peter Werner and writers Corinne Brinkerhoff, Robert Doherty and Craig Sweeny bring the seascape into a waiting room that bears a stolen masterpiece's lithographed likeness. A 20th-century Post-Impressionist-like lithograph, whose left side communicates blues and yellows like the 19th-century Neo-Impressionist painting leftward across the room, confuses Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller). The $40 lithograph disguises one of two Pietà (Sorrow) depictions by Vincent van Gogh (March 30, 1853-July 29, 1890) in 1889 and 1890 for his siblings.

The Van Gogh artwork, extracted by New York businessman Peter Kent as his earlier, evil alter ego Le Chevalier (The Cavalier), exits the original art-embellished room.

The tenth episode in the Elementary series fabricates provenance chains (legal custodies) for the Vincent van Gogh religious oil and for the "all original" wall art.

The Paul Signac painting Women at the Well instead gets the same-meaning French title, Femmes au puits, on wall space in the Musée d'Orsay ("Orsay Museum"). The Museum at 1 Rue de la Légion d'Honneur on the Left Bank of the Seine houses architecture, decorative arts and photography collections, paintings and sculptures. It inhabits the Gare d'Orsay ("Orsay Station") ideated by Victor Laloux (Nov. 15, 1850-July 13, 1937) for the Exposition Universelle ("International Exhibition"), April 14-Nov. 12, 1900.

Françoise Cachin (May 8, 1936-Feb. 5, 2011) joined the Musée d'Orsay as director, 1986-1994, with the Orsay Museum's inauguration Dec. 1, and opening Dec. 9, 1986.

Art, history and music lovers in Paris know Cachin as bride of historian Pierre Nora, companion of musicologist Georges Liébert and mother of publisher Charlotte Liebert-Hellman.

Cachin looked after Musée d'Orsay collections, including the Paul Signac painting Women at the Well, as art historian, author, curator and granddaughter of the pointillist painter. Paul Victor Jules Signac (Nov. 11, 1863-Aug. 15, 1935) moved from architecture to Impressionism as an 18-year-old sailor around European coastlines and, in 1884, to Neo-Impressionism. He named, as muses, Édouard Manet (Jan. 23, 1832-April 30, 1883), Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813-Feb. 13, 1883) and Émile Zola (April 2, 1840-Sep. 29, 1902).

The Paul Signac painting Women at the Well observes the painter's overriding orientation with Georges Pierre Seurat (Dec. 2, 1859-March 29, 1891) toward divisionist, pointillist Neo-Impressionism.

Divisionism pursues an optical mixture (mélange optique) through pointillism's patterning distinct, small points of color, not physically pre-mixed pigments, into images onto near-white or white canvases.

Landscapes, seascapes and urban-scapes queued up Neo-Impressionist subjects, epitomized by Seurat's Un dimanche après-midi à l'Île de la Grande Jatte ("A Sunday on Grande Jatte Island"). Signac removed from his sketched In the Time of Anarchy (Au Temps d'anarchie) one woman raising water buckets, one resting on well rims and one retreating. Perhaps the 194.95- by 131.13-centimeter (76.75- by 51.63-inch) Paul Signac painting Women at the Well suggests John Watson (Lucy Liu) sallying away from Sherlock's scandalous threesomes.

Or perhaps the Paul Signac painting Women at the Well tarries in Elementary since divisionist, pointillist Neo-Impressionism deductively tenders points into wholes and science into art.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Spending "almost, what, 17 hours" in the Svalbard Diamond Exchange's compromised Leviathan vault begins the "rabbit hole" process by which Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) deduces suspects in Elementary tv series' Leviathan (season 1 episode 10): Elementary @ElementaryCBS, via Facebook Dec. 13, 2012, @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663.14686.151013691690417/202994626492323/

For further information:

Cachin, Françoise. 2000. Paul Signac. Paris, France: Gallimard.

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: Georges Newnes Ltd., 1892.
Available via Project Gutenberg @ http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1661/1661-h/1661-h.htm

Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles, CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Dec. 13, 2012.

Gignoux, Sabine. 7 February 2011. "Françoise Cachin, une grande voix de la culture s'éteint." La Croix > Culture > Actualité.
Available @ https://www.la-croix.com/Culture/Actualite/Francoise-Cachin-une-grande-voix-de-la-culture-s-eteint-_NG_-2011-02-07-563120

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 December 2012. “The Van Gogh Pietà Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-van-gogh-pieta-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2012. “Edward Hopper Painting Western Motel in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/edward-hopper-painting-western-motel-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

Thursday, December 27, 2012

Evolving Universes Are Task-Oriented in Bang! The Complete History

Summary: Evolving universes aid life and death in Epilogue and Timeline of Bang! The Complete History of the Universe by Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore.

After proton decay, a galaxy's only remainder is a black hole, which, nevertheless, is not immortal; artist's concept shows a supermassive black hole at the center of elongated lenticular (S0) MCG–6-30-15 galaxy; NASA / Dana Perry, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Evolving universes accomplish successive life-friendly tasks the first 13.7 billion years, in the Epilogue and Timeline of Bang! The Complete History of the Universe by Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore.

Observational and theoretical astronomy backtracks our currently expanding, evolving Universe to all but the first ten-tredecillionth (10⁻⁴³) seconds after the Big Bang 13.7 billion years ago. The Big Bang convokes the concentrated, dark, dense, hot state, not even pinprick-sized, that 13.7 billion years ago commenced the construction of space, matter and time. Uniform temperatures in the observable Universe perhaps derive from inflation, temporarily rapid expansion 100-decillionth (10⁻³⁵) to one-decillionth (10⁻³³) or 100-nonillionth (10⁻³²) second after the Big Bang.

One vatosecond (one-decillionth second, 10⁻³³) after the Big Bang elaborates antiquark and quark birth times, fundamental co-annihilating particles, with the latter more numerous than the former.

Ten microseconds (100-thousandth second, 10⁻⁵) after the Big Bang temperatures at 10 billion degrees Celsius (18,000,000,032 degrees Fahrenheit, 10,000,000,273.15 Kelvin) formed quark trios into neutrons and protons.

One millisecond (one-thousandth second, 10⁻³) and one to three minutes after the Big Bang garnered hydrogen and helium atoms, then the elements lithium, beryllium and boron. The cosmic microwave background radiation heralded the transparency event 13.33 billion years ago of first light hastening through the initially dark, dense, hot 370,000-year-old evolving Universe. Falling temperatures, imprisoned electrons and opened-up spaces impelled photons, light particles of zero mass, to itinerate throughout the 370,000-year-old Universe at 186,000-mile (300,000-kilometer) speeds per second.

Temperatures at 3000 degrees Celsius (5432 degrees Fahrenheit, 3273.15 Kelvin) in evolving universes jeopardized electron journeys after photons but not heavier atomic nuclei journeying after electrons.

Five hundred million years short of 13.5 billion years ago the reionization period keyed electrons, thenceforth known as ionized, away from their one-electron, one-proton hydrogen atoms.

High temperatures from matter falling into black holes, the latter still in twenty-first-century galactic centers, or from massive, short-lived first stars launched electrons into gas bubbles. Six hundred years short of 11 billion years ago manifested formation of mature galaxies, quasar galaxies without central black holes and oldest Milky Way Galaxy stars. Our 4.6-billion-year-old Earth moves at present 93-million-mile (150-million-kilometer) and, 10 billion years hence, at 170-million-mile (270-million-kilometer) astronomical distances from our Sun in our 5.6-billion-year-old Solar System.

Earth obtained its first fossil formation, first reptiles and, ultimate apex predators, first dinosaurs ("terrible lizard") respectively 3.8 billion, 320 million and 200 million years ago.

Sixty-five million, five million, 195,000 years ago small mammals no longer pursued by dinosaurs, early apes and other primates, and homo sapiens ("discerning man") populated Earth.

Ten thousand years ago and 13.7 billion years after the Big Bang respectively queued the Last Ice Age's end and, habitable another billion years, present-day Earth. Five billion, 10 billion and 100 trillion years hence solar hyperluminosity, red giantship and white dwarfdom render Earth uninhabitable, planets lifeless, the solar system a wasteland. Ten duodecillion (10⁴⁰), 10 duotrigintillion (10¹⁰⁰) and one novemquadragintillion (10¹⁵⁰) years hence space logic supports no protons, then no black holes, then low-energy, endgame universe photons.

Space logic for evolving universes traces our 13.7-billion-year-long timeline, not perhaps changeable, remaining quinquadragintillion (10¹³⁸) to sexquadragintillion-year-long (10¹⁴¹) treks to novemquadragintillion years after the Big Bang.

British rock band Queen's (left to right) Roger Taylor, Brian May, Freddie Mercury and John Deacon pose for The Works, the band's 11th studio album, released Feb. 27, 1984: badgreeb RECORDS, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Castellon, Carol. "Ever Heard of a Prillionaire?" University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign > Department of Mathematics > Carol Castellon > Talks.
Available @ https://faculty.math.illinois.edu/~castelln/prillion_revised_10-05.pdf

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 December 2012. "Endgame Universes Crunch, Rip or Inactivate Bang! The Complete History." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/endgame-universes-crunch-rip-or.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2012. "Neutron Stars Are Pulsating Death Clocks in Bang! The Complete History." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/neutron-stars-are-pulsating-death.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 December 2012. "Black Dwarfdom Awaits Our Sun in Bang! The Complete History." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/black-dwarfdom-awaits-our-sun-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2012. "Earthly Life Avoids Replication Anywhere in Bang! The Complete History." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/earthly-life-avoids-replication.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2012. "Goldilocks Must Like Extrasolar Planets in Bang! The Complete History." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/goldilocks-must-like-extrasolar-planets.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2012. "Solar System Formation Accepts Leftovers in Bang! The Complete History." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/solar-system-formation-accepts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 November 2012. "Star Formation Acts Local on Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/star-formation-acts-local-on-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 October 2012. "Dark Energy Accelerates Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/dark-matter-accrues-in-bang-complete.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2012. "Dark Matter Accrues in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/black-holes-are-ionizers-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 October 2012. "Black Holes Are Ionizers in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/black-holes-are-ionizers-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 October 2012. "Ionized Gas Bubbles Atomize Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/ionized-gas-bubbles-atomize-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2012. "Lighted Spaces Are Late in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-spaces-are-late-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 September 2012. "Inflation Affects Space in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/inflation-affects-space-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 September 2012. "Lighted Dark Space Affirms Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-dark-space-affirms-bang.html

May, Brian; Patrick Moore; and Chris Lintott. 2012. Bang! The Complete History of the Universe. London UK: Carlton Books Ltd.

"Naming Large Numbers." Kutztown University > R.S. Schaeffer Math Department > Tutorials.
Available @ http://faculty.kutztown.edu/schaeffe/Tutorials/General/LargeNumbers.html

"OSID.Calendaring.Time." Version 3.0.0. Open Service Interface Definitions > OSID Specifications calendaring package.
Available @ http://osid.org/specifications/osid/calendaring/Time.html"Naming Large Numbers." Kutztown University > R.S. Schaeffer Math Department > Tutorials.
Available @ http://faculty.kutztown.edu/schaeffe/Tutorials/General/LargeNumbers.html

Wednesday, December 26, 2012

Apollo 8 Imaged Taruntius Satellites During December 1968 Lunar Orbits

Summary: Apollo 8 imaged Taruntius satellites during December 1968 lunar orbits that included photographing southeastern Mare Tranquillitatis craters.

Apollo 8 imaged Taruntius satellites during December 1968 lunar orbits that included photographing near side craters along the southeastern Mare Tranquillitatis (Sea of Tranquility).

First-crewed lunar-orbiting mission Apollo 8 launched Saturday, Dec. 21, 1968, and returned for splashdown Friday, Dec. 27. During the 20 hours 11 minutes of the mission’s 10 lunar orbits, landmarks and possible landing sites for future missions were photographed. Lunar-landing mission Apollo 11’s July 1969 landing site lies to the southwest of the Cauchy-Zähringer-Taruntius F configuration.

The black-and-white Apollo 8 photograph shows two Taruntius satellite craters, identified as Taruntius E and F, trailing Cauchy Crater in Mare Tranquillitatis. Cauchy Crater is framed by Cauchy Scarp (Rupes Cauchy) and below Cauchy Rille (Rima Cauchy).

Taruntius E lost its satellite designation in an upgrade from secondary to primary crater by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1976. Taruntius E is now known as Zähringer.

Zähringer is centered at 5.51 degrees north latitude, 40.21 degrees east longitude, according to the IAU’s Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northern hemisphere crater marks northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 5.69 degrees north and 5.33 degrees north, respectively. Zähringer registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 40.4 degrees east and 40.03 degrees east, respectively. The small impact crater’s diameter measures 11.19 kilometers.

Zähringer’s namesake is Josef Zähringer (March 15, 1929-July 22, 1970). The German physicist’s accomplishments included examining lunar samples collected in July 1969 during the Apollo 11 mission.

Taruntius F lies to the southeast of Zähringer. Satellite F is centered at 3.92 degrees north latitude, 40.51 degrees east longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to 4.09 degrees north and 3.75 degrees north, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach to 40.68 degrees east and 40.35 degrees east, respectively. The satellite has a diameter of 10.16 kilometers.

The Taruntius crater system of one parent with 15 satellites derives its name from Lucius Tarutius Firmanus. The first century BCE Roman astrologer, astronomer and philosopher is credited with determining the time and date of the founding of Rome, which he calculated as occurring Oct. 4, 754 BCE, between the second and third daytime hours. He also is recognized for identifying March 24 as the birthday of Rome’s founder, Romulus.

Circular, symmetrical Cauchy Crater is centered at 9.56 degrees south latitude, 38.63 east longitude. The small crater obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 9.75 degrees north and 9.36 degrees north, respectively. Cauchy confines its easternmost and westernmost longitudes to 38.82 degrees east and 38.43 degrees east, respectively. Its diameter measures 11.8 kilometers.

British selenographer Thomas Gwyn Elger (Oct. 27, 1836-Jan. 9, 1897) described Cauchy as a “bright little crater” (page 48) in his descriptive lunar tour, The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features, published in 1895. He found a peak on the crater’s eastern rim to be “. . . considerably loftier than the rest of the wall, which is visible as a brilliant spot at sunrise long before the rest of the rampart is illuminated” (page 49).

Rupes Cauchy (Cauchy Scarp) courses on a northwest-southeast diagonal to the south and north of Cauchy Crater. The linear feature is centered at 9.31 degrees south latitude, 37.08 degrees east longitude. The scarp’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes stretch from 10.43 degrees north to 7.75 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes fall between 39.45 degrees east and 34.52 degrees east, respectively. Rupes Cauchy’s diameter spans 169.85 kilometers.

Rima Cauchy (Cauchy Rille) parallels Rupes Cauchy as a frame on the other side of Cauchy Crater. The rille (German: “groove”) is centered at 10.42 degrees south latitude, 38.07 degrees east longitude. Rima Cauchy claims northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 12.7 degrees north and 9.11 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach to 40.39 degrees east and 36 degrees east, respectively. Rima Cauchy’s diameter spans 167 kilometers.

The Cauchy system’s namesake is Augustin Louis Cauchy (Aug. 21, 1789-May 23, 1857). The 19th century French mathematician’s research interests included mathematical analysis and mathematical physics. He is credited with formulating models of continuum mechanics, a branch of mechanics with applications that pertain to a material body’s physical and positional changes through space and time.

The IAU officially approved the names of Cauchy and Taruntius craters in 1935, during the organization’s 5th General Assembly, held in Paris, France, from Wednesday, July 10, to Wednesday, July 17. Rima Cauchy and Rupes Cauchy were approved in 1964 during the 11th General Assembly, held in Hamburg, Germany, from Tuesday, Aug. 25, to Thursday, Sept. 3. Zähringer received name approval in 1976, during the 16th General Assembly, held in Grenoble, France, from Tuesday, Aug. 24, to Tuesday, Sept. 21.

The takeaways for Apollo 8’s image of the Taruntius satellites during the mission’s December 1968 lunar orbits are that Taruntius E has been upgraded from a satellite to a primary crater named Zähringer and that the Cauchy-Taruntius F-Zähringer configuration lies in southern Mare Tranquillitatis (Sea of Tranquility), to the northeast of the Apollo 11 landing site.

Detail shows Taruntius F (lower right), Taruntius E (above F) and Cauchy Crater (center right) framed by linear features Cauchy Rilles; D.E. Wilhelm’s Geologic Map of the Taruntius Quadrangle (1972): Dept. of Interior-US Geological Survey/NASA/USAF ACIC, via USGS Publications Warehouse

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Oblique, northwestward-viewing photograph, taken Christmas Eve, Tuesday, Dec. 24, 1968, during Apollo 8 lunar orbits, shows a line of craters on Mare Tranquillitatis, with Taruntius satellites F (lower right corner) and E (above F); Cauchy (above right) lies between two linear features, above Cauchy Scarp (Rupes Cauchy) and below Cauchy Rille (Rima Cauchy); NASA ID AS08-13-2344; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); NAID (National Archives ID) 16670225: Access Unrestricted, Use Unrestricted, via National Archives Catalog @ https://catalog.archives.gov/id/16670225; Generally not subject to copyright in the United States; may use this material for educational or informational purposes, including photo collections, textbooks, public exhibits, computer graphical simulations and Internet Web pages; general permission extends to personal Web pages, via NASA Image and Video Library @ https://images.nasa.gov/details-as08-13-2344;
Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AS08-13-2344_-_Apollo_8_-_Apollo_8_Mission_image,_Moon_-_NARA_-_16670225.jpg

Borman, Frank; and Robert J. Serling. Countdown: An Autobiography. New York NY: Silver Arrow, 1988.

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Elger, Thomas Gwyn. “Cauchy.” The Moon, A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features: 48-49. London UK: George Philip & Son, 1895.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonfulldescript00elgerich/page/48

Godwin, Robert, comp. and ed. Apollo 8: The NASA Mission Reports. Second edition. Burlington, Canada: Apogee Books, 1971.

International Astronomical Union. “Mare Tranquillitatis.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3691

International Astronomical Union. “Taruntius.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5878

International Astronomical Union. “Taruntius F.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13406

International Astronomical Union. “Zähringer.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6772

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Lovell, Jim; and Jeffrey Kluger. Apollo 13. First Mariner Books edition. Boston MA; New York NY: Houghton Mifflin, 2006.

Lovell, Jim; and Jeffrey Kluger. Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13. Boston MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Apollo 8 Flight Was Only, Second and Third Flight for Anders, Borman and Lovell.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 28, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/apollo-8-was-only-second-and-third.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Apollo 8 Proved Manned Space Flight Network’s Lunar Reach.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 19, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/apollo-8-proved-manned-space-flight.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First Crewed Lunar Orbiting Mission Apollo 8 Launched Dec. 21, 1968.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 21, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/first-crewed-lunar-orbiting-mission.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Jettisoned LM Snoopy Descent Stage Appeared Near Taruntius Crater.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 11, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/05/jettisoned-lm-snoopy-descent-stage.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Lunar Near Side’s Taruntius Crater System Lost Four Satellites in 1976.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, April 27, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/lunar-near-sides-taruntius-crater.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Lunar Taruntius Crater System Borders Northwestern Mare Fecunditatis.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, April 13, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/lunar-taruntius-crater-system-borders.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Lunar Taruntius Crater System Lost Three Satellites in 1973.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, April 20, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/lunar-taruntius-crater-system-lost.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Taruntius Crater Parents 15 Satellites on Northwest Mare Fecunditatis.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 4, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/05/taruntius-crater-parents-15-satellites.html

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Müller, E. (Edith); and A. (Arnost) Jappel, eds. XVIth General Assembly -- Transactions of the IAU Vol. XVI B Proceedings of the 16th General Assembly Grenoble, France, August 24-September 21, 1976. Washington DC: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Jan. 1, 1977.
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Orloff, Richard W. “Apollo 8 The Second Mission: Testing the CSM in Lunar Orbit.” Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference: 31-50. NASA History Series. NASA SP 4029. Washington DC: NASA Headquarters Office of Policy and Plans, 2000.
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Pecker, J.-C. (Jean-Claude), ed. XIIth General Assembly -- Transactions of the IAU Vol. XII B and XII C Proceedings of the 12th General Assembly Hamburg, Germany, August 25-September 3, 1964. Oxford UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Jan. 1, 1966.
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Sadler, D.H. (Donald Harry), ed. “Session Administrative du 17 août 1961: Résolution No. 1.” XIth General Assembly -- Transactions of the IAU Vol. XI B Proceedings of the 11th General Assembly Berkeley CA, USA, August 15-24, 1961. Oxford UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Jan. 1, 1962.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/
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Stratton, F.J.M. (Frederick John Marrian), ed. Vth General Assembly -- Transactions of the IAU Vol. V Proceedings of the 5th General Assembly Paris, France, July 10-17, 1935. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Jan. 1, 1936.
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U.S. Geological Survey. Color-Coded Topography and Shaded Relief Map of the Lunar Near Side and Far Side Hemispheres. U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series I-2769. Page last modified Nov. 30, 2016. Flagstaff AZ: U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Science Center, 2003.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2769/

Wilhelms, Don E. (Edward). “Geologic Map of the Taruntius Quadrangle of the Moon.” Geologic Atlas of the Moon. IMAP 722 (LAC-61). Prepared in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Department of the Interior United States Geological Survey, 1972.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i722

Friday, December 21, 2012

The Van Gogh Pietà Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Leviathan

Summary: The Van Gogh Pietà painting is found under a $40 lithograph and returned by Sherlock Holmes in Elementary series episode The Leviathan Dec. 13, 2012.

Pietà (left) by 19th century Dutch post-Impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh (March 30, 1853-July 29, 1890), first (1889) of two (1890) inspired by 19th century French Romantic artist Eugène Delacroix's (April 26, 1798-Aug. 13, 1863) 1850 Pietà (right):
van Gogh Pietà: The Yorck Project, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Delacroix Pietà: Art Gallery ErgsArt - by ErgSap (Art Gallery ErgsArt), Public Domain, via Flickr

The Van Gogh Pietà painting assists the plot in The Leviathan Dec. 13, 2012, as stolen artwork in episode 10 of the first season in the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) series Elementary.

Episode writers Corinne Brinkerhoff, Robert Doherty and Craig Sweeny brutally bring the basically blue-, green-, pink-, white-, yellow-brushed oil on canvas from museum into private collections. They consider Vincent van Gogh's (March 30, 1853-July 29, 1890) colorful composition a cherished component of the fictitious Aster Museum of Modern Art in New York. They deliver the dramatic depiction to New York-domiciled businessman Peter Kent who, as Le Chevalier (The Cavalier) during dark-hearted days, dabbled in dark-driven, daunting, devious derring-do.

Perhaps director Peter Werner enlists the Van Gogh Pietà painting to express elliptically another Mary's (Freda Foh Shen) empathy for her child, Joan Watson (Lucy Liu).

Van Gogh Museum visitors in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Vatican Museums visitors in Vatican City, Italy, find respective 1889 and 1890 versions of Pietà (After Delacroix).

Both versions get as venues the Saint-Paul Asylum (Saint-Paul-de-Mausole, "Saint Paul of [the] Mausoleum [Monastery]") in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, Arles arrondissement, Bouches-du-Rhône department, Provence-Alpes-Côtes d'Azur region, southern France. The Van Gogh Museum has the 1889 version held by Vincent's brother, Theodorus van Gogh (May 1, 1857-Jan. 25, 1891), contemporary Dutch and French art dealer. Vatican Museums room 2 includes the 1890 version for Vincent's sister, Wilhelmina Jacoba van Gogh (March 16, 1862-May 17, 1941), National Exhibition of Women's Work organizer.

Online catalogues judge the Van Gogh Pietà painting duo as 73- by 60.5-centimeter (28.74- by 23.82-inch) and 47.5- by 34-centimeter (18.7- by 13.38-inch) oils from 1889-1890.

Size keeps the 1889 version likelier as The Leviathan's Van Gogh Pietà despite the New York diocese's donating the 1890 version to Vatican Museums in 1973.

Both versions lead viewers into blue-, gray-, green-, yellow-layered skies behind grassy blue-green and rocky red-brown grounds around and beneath a blue-cloaked, dressed and hooded Mary. The Van Gogh Pietà painting mingles blue, green and yellow for Christ's sheet and blue, green, pink and yellow for Christ's bared abdomen, arms and chest. Some viewers note resemblances between the red-bearded, red-headed Christ and Vincent whereas others notice similarities to Eugène Delacroix's (April 26, 1798-Aug. 13, 1863) original, smaller-headed model.

Both Van Gogh Pietà painting versions originate among the copies that Vincent offered himself of favorite works by favorite artists during his last years in France.

Vincent's copies pinpointed Émile Bernard, Virginie Breton, Honoré Daumier, Eugène Delacroix, Gustave Doré, Keisai Eisen, Utagawa Hiroshige, Jacob Jordaens, Jean-François Millet and Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn.

One painting by Delacroix and one sketch by Rembrandt (July 15, 1606-Oct. 4, 1669) queue up as inspirations and models for Vincent's two most religious paintings. The Van Gogh Pietà painting reveals a mirror image of a black-and-white lithograph of a 35- by 27-centimeter (13.78- by 10.63-inch) oil on canvas from 1850. Delacroix's rough brushstrokes show a blue-dressed, red-cloaked, tan-hooded Mary behind a white-sheeted Christ's left shoulder against black-blue, gray-white skies above a brown, gray-green, rocky, somber landscape.

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) turns over the Van Gogh Pietà painting after tackling Leviathan code-related transcripts "in the company of a masterpiece" of motherly love.

In CBS Elementary's "Leviathan" (season 1 episode 10), Captain Gregson (Aidan Quinn) oversees recovered jewelry while Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) quietly keeps recovered Vincent van Gogh Pietà in tube under his left arm, planning for its return to fictitious Aster Museum later rather than sooner: Elementary @ElementaryCBS, via Facebook Dec. 21, 2012

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Vincent van Gogh's Pietà (left), first (1889) of two (1890) inspired by 19th century French Romantic artist Eugène Delacroix's 1850 Pietà (right):
van Gogh Pietà: The Yorck Project, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vincent_Willem_van_Gogh_083.jpg
Delacroix Pietà: Art Gallery ErgsArt - by ErgSap (Art Gallery ErgsArt), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/ergsart/22294463636/

In CBS Elementary's "Leviathan" (season 1 episode 10), Captain Gregson (Aidan Quinn) oversees recovered jewelry while Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) quietly keeps recovered Vincent van Gogh Pietà in tube under his left arm, planning for its return to fictitious Aster Museum later than than sooner: Elementary @ElementaryCBS, via Facebook Dec. 21, 2012, @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663.14686.151013691690417/205135642944888

For further information:

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London England: George Newnes Ltd., 1892.
Available via Project Gutenberg @ http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1661/1661-h/1661-h.htm

Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Dec. 13, 2012.

"Pietà." Nasjonalmuseet > Collection > Explore Collection > Artists, Architects and Designers > D > Delacroix, Eugène.
Available @ http://samling.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/object/NG.M.01179

"Pietà (After Delacroix)." Van Gogh Museum > English > Meet Vincent > Explore the Collection > Vincent van Gogh.
Available @ https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/s0168V1962

"Vincent van Gogh, Pietà." Musei Vaticani > Collections > Museums > Collection of Contemporary Art > Room 2 Van Gogh Gauguin Medardo Rosso.
Available @ http://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/collezione-d_arte-contemporanea/sala-2--van-gogh--gauguin--medardo-rosso/vincent-van-gogh--pieta.html

Thursday, December 20, 2012

Endgame Universes Crunch, Rip or Inactivate Bang! The Complete History

Summary: Endgame universes add crunch, rips or inactivity in Chapter 7 of Bang! The Complete History of the Universe by Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore.

Parallel universes may or may not survive Big Crunch or Big Rip endgames; colorized version of an unknown artist's artwork, known as the Flammarion Woodcut, illustrates the discovery of the meeting point of Heaven and Earth by a missionary in the Middle Ages; Camille Flammarion, L'Atmosphère: Météorologie Populaire (1888), page 163: Hugo Heikenwaelder, CC BY SA 2.5 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Endgame universes acquit gravity or the cosmological constant in Chapter 7 The End of the Universe of Bang! The Complete History of the Universe by Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore.

Gravity brakes expansion, brandishes blue-shifted spectra of galaxies backing toward us, begets rising temperatures and colliding galactic clusters, brightens the sky and brokers the Big Crunch. The Big Crunch configures all space, matter and time into a backward, inward, reverse Big Bang or commences a constant cycle of Big Bang, Big Crunch. Current evidence describes too little dark and ordinary matter for gravity, more debile than the cosmological constant accelerant, to detain and drive backward the expanding Universe.

Galactic members embrace gravity even as the accelerating, repulsive cosmological constant exiles galaxies and galactic clusters, explodes brilliant stars into feebler remnants and encourages black holes.

Ten trillion (10¹³) years hence no nuclear reserves fuel stars even as gravity fits black dwarf stars into closer flybys and orbiting stars into galactic centers.

Orbiting stars generate gravitational waves, energy losses and supermassive black holes as they gravitate into galactic, galactic supercluster centers and Local Group and Virgo Cluster centers. Another 100 quintillion (10²⁰) years hence harvest photons, ghost planets, elementary particles, dead stars and, headquartered every 100 times the present observable Universe's extent, black holes. Perhaps virtual particles, paired but co-annihilating because identical but opposite-charged, with lifetimes too short to itinerate into ordinary matter, inhabit the vacuums of volumes of space.

Perhaps endgame universes jump one of a paired virtual antiparticle and particle across, and the other outside, the event horizon of no escape from its black hole.

Endgame universes perhaps kill black holes since kicked-out particles, known as (Stephen) Hawking radiation, keep reducing black-hole mass and event-horizon radius, all the way to nothing.

Endgame universes one decillion (10³³) years from our 10-billion-year-old (10¹⁰) Universe lodge elementary particles and, as quarks, antielectrons labeled positrons, and pions, photons with decillion-year lifetimes. Unvigintillion (10⁶⁶) years hence manifest such a dilution of space matter that typical electrons maintain average interelectron distances 100,000 times the present examinable Universe's measurable radius. One googol (10¹⁰⁰) to 100 septentrigintillion (10¹¹⁶) years hence changeless, double or halted cosmological constants nestle particles, decayed into radiation, in cooler, darker, non-happening endgame universes.

An ever-increasing cosmological constant opens up space without matter, operates on large scales on galactic clusters and overcomes intragalactic gravity on small scales in endgame universes.

An ever-increasing cosmological constant presents endgame universes with the Big Rip pulling stars, plants and atoms apart into particles and radiation, Big Bang-like but less dense.

Gravitational containment and repulsive acceleration qualify endgame universes as quit of the quintessentially ordered complexity that the Big Bang queued up with space, matter and time. Scientific observations and theories relegate Earth and Earthly life to shelf lives more restricted than final or repeat-cycle Big Crunch and inactive Big Rip endgame universes. Parallel universes that suggest different births, compositions, timescales and dimensions that sabotage interuniverse contact perhaps survive what subverts our sustainability or shares similar endings or inactivity.

Theorized treks from Big-Banged, inflated, then expanding space, to first light, stars, galaxies, planets and life perhaps transmit less traumatic endgame universes with technology and time.

Animator Roger Chiasson created the artwork for A Kind of Magic, released June 2, 1986, as British rock band Queen's 12th studio album, first digitally recorded album and second soundtrack-based album (with six songs from 1986 film Highlander): badgreeb RECORDS, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Colorized version of an unknown artist's artwork, known as the Flammarion Woodcut, illustrates the discovery of the meeting point of Heaven and Earth by a missionary in the Middle Ages; Camille Flammarion, L'Atmosphère: Météorologie Populaire (1888), page 163: Hugo Heikenwaelder, CC BY SA 2.5 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Universum.jpg;
Public Domain, via BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) Gallica @ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k408619m/f168.item.texteImage;
Public Domain, via Public Domain Review @ https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/flammarion-engraving/;
via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-125043-2586/page/n176/mode/1up

May, Brian; Patrick Moore; and Chris Lintott. 2012. Bang! The Complete History of the Universe. London UK: Carlton Books Ltd.

"Naming Large Numbers." Kutztown University > R.S. Schaeffer Math Department > Tutorials.
Available @ http://faculty.kutztown.edu/schaeffe/Tutorials/General/LargeNumbers.html

Wednesday, December 19, 2012

Apollo 8 Proved Manned Space Flight Network’s Lunar Reach

Summary: Apollo 8 proved the Manned Space Flight Network’s lunar reach as the mission’s spacecraft maintained communications to the moon and back.

Apollo 8 proved the Manned Space Flight Network’s lunar reach as Apollo Command-Service Module (CSM) 103 maintained communications during the mission’s flight to the moon, which included 10 lunar orbits, and return to Earth’s Pacific Ocean.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Apollo 8 Press Kit, released Sunday, Dec. 15, 1968, announced: “As Apollo 8 leaves Earth orbit and starts translunar coast, the Manned Space Flight Network for the first time will be called upon to track spacecraft position and to relay two-way communications, television and telemetry in a manned spaceflight to lunar distance” (page 5).

The Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) linked flight controllers in the Mission Control Center (MCC) at Houston’s Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC; known since 1972 as Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center JSC) with the Apollo 8 spacecraft. NASA’s Apollo 8 Press Kit acknowledged the Mission Control Center as “the focal point for all Apollo flight control activities” (page 65).

The Manned Space Flight Network was known as the Apollo Network during its operations for the Apollo human spaceflight program (1963-1972). The Manned Space Flight Network became operational June 1, 1961, for Project Mercury. “The network was ready in ample time for the first manned orbital shot, MA-6, which was launched on February 20, 1962,” American physicist and writer William Roger Corliss (Aug. 28, 1926-July 8, 2011) declared in his history of NASA’s tracking and data acquisition networks, Histories of the Space Tracking and Data Acquisition Network (STADAN), the Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN), and the NASA Communications Network (NASCOM), published by NASA in June 1974 (page 130).

Project Apollo inherited the network from the NASA’s first human spaceflight program, Project Mercury (1958-1965), and its successor, Project Gemini (1961-1966), NASA’s second human spaceflight program. American physicist and writer William Roger Corliss (Aug. 28, 1926-July 8, 2011) noted the importance of the Apollo Network’s retention of the MSFN radars, which had provided Earth-orbital support for Mercury and Gemini flights. He explained: “They were well placed to follow the Apollo capsule during the vital parking orbits (similar to the Mercury and Gemini orbits) while the spacecraft was being checked out prior to its insertion in a lunar trajectory” (page 166). Corliss observed: “The mission and national economy both dictated that the Apollo Network would have to be built around the Gemini Network radar station core. Thus the Apollo Network would not be built from scratch.”

The Manned Space Flight Network for Apollo 8 comprised 14 ground stations. Eleven of the ground stations were outfitted as 30-foot antenna sites. They were located in Antigua (ANG); Ascension Island (ACN); Coopers Island, Bermuda (BDA); Canary Island (CYI); Carnarvon (CRO), Western Australia; Grand Bahama Island (GM); Guam (GWM); Guaymas (GYM), southwestern Sonora State, northwestern Mexico; Kauai, Hawaii (HAW); Merritt Island (MIL), Florida; and Corpus Christi (TEX), Texas. The Hawaii and Corpus Christi sites served as backups.

Three of the 14 ground stations qualified as 85-foot antenna sites. They were located at Canberra (CNB), Australia; Goldstone (GDS), California; and Madrid (MAD), Spain. The tracking function passed from the 30-foot diameter antenna sites to the 85-foot antenna sites when the spacecraft’s altitude reached 10,000 miles.

The Apollo 8 Press Kit explained the placement of the 85-foot antennas at “. . . 120-degree intervals around Earth so at least one antenna has the Moon in view at all times. As the Earth revolves from west to east, one station hands over control to the next station as it moves into view of the spacecraft. In this way, a continuous data and communication flow is maintained” (page 67).

The Manned Space Flight Network for Apollo 8 also utilized four instrumented ships that operated as coverage in areas outside the range of the ground stations. The Atlantic Ocean ship, Vanguard was stationed approximately 1,000 miles southeast of Bermuda, at 25 degrees north latitude, 49 degrees west longitude. In the western Pacific Ocean, Redstone was positioned north of Papua New Guinea’s Bougainville Island, at 2.5 degrees north, 155.5 degrees east. Mercury was distanced about 1,500 miles northeast of Redstone, at 7.5 degrees north, 181.5 degrees east. Huntsville was deployed near Wake Island, at 21.0 degrees north, 169.0 degrees east.

The Manned Space Flight Network for Apollo 8 also relied on six Apollo/Range Instrumentation Aircraft (ARIA). The EC-135-A jet aircrafts, which were a military version of the Boeing 707, initially flew out of Darwin, Perth and Townsville, Australia; Guam; Hawaii; and the Philippines. As gap fillers for ground and ship station coverage, the ARIA flew from their Pacific air bases to points under the spacecraft’s orbital track during the translunar injection (TLI) interval of removal from Earth’s orbit onto a lunar trajectory.

NASA’s Apollo 8 Mission Report, released February 1969, noted: “The Mission Control Center and the Manned Space Flight Network were placed on mission status for Apollo 8 on December 12, 1968. The support provided by all elements of the Mission Control Center and the Manned Space Flight Network was excellent“ (page 9-3).

William Corliss acknowledged the significance of the Manned Space Flight Network’s sophisticated reach in his history of NASA’s communications networks (1974). “The MSFN in its Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo configurations has been an indispensable cornerstone for the successes of American manned ventures into space. It has been in effect the information lifeline between the astronauts and the Earthbound flight controllers and computers” (page 257).

The takeaway for Apollo 8’s proving the Manned Space Flight Network’s lunar reach is that the tracking and data acquisition system’s successful reach, beyond Earth to the Moon, represented a major achievement in human spaceflight.

Manned Space Flight Network during Apollo 8: Apollo 8 Press Kit, Public Domain, via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server)

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

1967 photograph of the 85-foot Apollo Antenna in Goldstone, California; built in 1967, Goldstone was one of three 85-foot antenna sites deployed for Apollo 8; identified as Deep Space Station 16 (DSS-16) in the Deep Space Network (DSN), the "Apollo Antenna" is "currently in an extended downtime configuration," according to NASA's image article Dec. 19, 2013; NASA ID G-67-3491: Generally not subject to copyright in the United States; may use this material for educational or informational purposes, including photo collections, textbooks, public exhibits, computer graphical simulations and Internet Web pages; general permission extends to personal Web pages, via NASA @ https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/services/networks/DSN50Gallery-06.html

Manned Space Flight Network during Apollo 8: Apollo 8 Press Kit, Public Domain, via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690003059.pdf

For further information:

Corliss, William R. “Chapter 3. Origin and Growth of the MSFN.” Histories of The Space Tracking and Data Acquisition Network (STADAN), The Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN), and The NASA Communications Network (NASCOM): 69-139. NASA CR-140390. June 1974.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19750002909.pdf

Corliss, William R. “Chapter 5. Assignment Moon: The Apollo Network.” Histories of The Space Tracking and Data Acquisition Network (STADAN), The Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN), and The NASA Communications Network (NASCOM): 162-259. NASA CR-140390. June 1974.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19750002909.pdf

Flanagan, F.M.; P.S. Goodwin; and N.A. Renzetti. Deep Space Network Support of the Manned Space Flight Network for Apollo, vol. I: 1962-1968. Technical Memorandum 33-452. Pasadena CA: California Institute of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory, July 15, 1970.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710009001.pdf

Flanagan, F.M.; R.B. Hartley; and N.A. Renzetti. Deep Space Network Support of the Manned Space Flight Network for Apollo, vol. II: 1969-1970. Technical Memorandum 33-452. Pasadena CA: California Institute of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory, May 1, 1971.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710015677.pdf

Godwin, Robert, comp. and ed. Apollo 8: The NASA Mission Reports. Second edition. Burlington, Canada: Apogee Books, 1971.

Kluger, Jeffrey. Apollo 8: The Thrilling Story of the First Mission to the Moon. New York NY: Henry Holt and Company, 2017.

Marriner, Derdriu. "Apollo 8 Was Only, Second and Third Flight for Anders, Borman and Lovell." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 28, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/apollo-8-was-only-second-and-third.html

Mr. Gorsky. “Histórico catálogo de la estación espacial de Fresnedillas de la época de las misiones Apolo.” Mr. Gorsky. 06/12/2011.
Available @ https://mrgorsky.wordpress.com/2011/06/12/historico-catalogo-de-la-estacion-espacial-de-fresnedillas-de-la-epoca-de-las-misiones-apolo/

NASA Goddard @NASAGoddard. “1961: The Manned Space Flight Network control center was established at Goddard in July 1961 to provide communications support for astronauts on the Mercury and Apollo missions.” Twitter. Oct. 1, 2018.
Available @ https://twitter.com/NASAGoddard/status/1046843793536897024

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Apollo 8 Mission Report. Prepared by Mission Evaluation Team. MSC-PA-R-69-1. Houston TX: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Manned Spacecraft Center, February 1969.
Available via NASA History-Apollo Flight Journal @ https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/pdf/a08-missionreport.pdf

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Apollo 8 Mission (AS-503) Post Launch Mission Operation Report No. 1. Prepared by Apollo Program Office-MAO. Report No. M-932-68-08. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of Manned Space Flight, Feb. 10, 1969.
Available @ https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/pdf/a08-postlaunch-rep.pdf

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Apollo 8 Press Kit. Release no. 68-208. Dec. 15, 1968. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1969.
Available via NASA History-Apollo Flight Journal @ https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/pdf/a08-presskit.pdf
Available @ https://www.nasa.gov/specials/apollo50th/pdf/A08_PressKit.pdf
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690003059.pdf

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center. Apollo Madrid: Manned Space Flight Network Station. Greenbelt MD: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center, Jan. 15, 1969.
Available via NASA https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710009001.pdf

Williams, David R. “The Apollo Program (1963-1972).” NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive (NSSDCA) > Solar System Exploration > Planetary Science > The Moon > Missions to the Moon: Current and Past Missions. Last updated Sept. 16, 2013.
Available @ https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo.html