Neutron Stars Are Pulsating Death Clocks in Bang! The Complete History

Summary: Neutron stars, gravitational waves and galactic collisions afflict Bang! The Complete History of the Universe by Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore.

Artist's concept compares sizes of a stellar mass black hole, neutron star and a simulated city on a 40-by-40 kilometer block; image created by Anynobody with Blender 3D computer graphics software Tuesday, June 9, 2009, 01:17: Anynobody, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Neutron stars arise from electrons and protons allied into neutrons, in Chapter 6 Into the Future of Bang! The Complete History of the Universe by Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore.

Stars bigger and smaller than eight times solar mass respectively become black holes; or white dwarfs or 1.5-mile (2.41-kilometer) across neutron star 1.5 times solar mass. Collapsing material channeling flashing, lighthouse-like, narrow, near-polar beams of near-constant speed and timing once collapse completes create fast-spinning neutron stars called pulsars as pulsating radio-wave sources. The commonest supernova explosions develop on neutron stars that desist gravitational collapse of the outer envelope, which they drive away in dazzling displays of energy releases.

Pulsating neutron stars evidence near-exact spin-speed and timing expectancies for their pulse emissions once gravitational collapse ends, except for enigmatic events and gradual, long-term deceleration rates.

Pulsating neutron stars, the Universe's most fine-tuned clocks, fleetingly falter from internal faults or flaws rather than from feeble-force planets inexplicably falling into orbits around them.

Local Group galactic star systems garner the big-sized Andromeda Spiral, two million to three million light-years away; the Milky Way Galaxy; and the small-sized Triangulum Spiral. Gravitational attraction heads a smaller galaxy, hit by tidal forces, onto collision courses with a bigger galaxy that harvests the former's separate galactic identity and stars. Vast space, such as the four-light-year distance to our Sun's nearest neighbor, Proxima Centauri, impedes stellar collisions even when the gravitational merger is between two galaxies.

The Andromeda Spiral journeys at 190-mile (300-kilometer) speeds per second to join, three billion years hence, its gas reservoirs with those of our Milky Way Galaxy.

Shock waves from colliding gas reservoirs kindle star formation; hot, blue star-dominated clusters; supernovae explosions; and glowing dust and gas clouds within another 100 million years.

Long streamers from Andromeda launching into the Milky Way center lead to a large elliptical galaxy, linked Andromeda and Milky Way black holes and intense radiation. Energetic events such as merging black holes or double pulsars manifest significant, space-rippling gravitational waves from Albert Einstein's (March 14, 1879-April 18, 1955) special relativity theory. Two compact, mutually orbiting neutron stars nestle into a unique double pulsar system whose energy lost spiraling into one another gravitational waves need as relativity-predicted energy.

Released energy occurs as X-rays and high-energy radiation that operates disruptively on metabolic processes, occasions damaged living tissues and obliterates even the most technologically advanced civilizations.

High-energy radiation and X-ray releases power down for the new-formed galaxy to pose as a calm, lifeless, stable system of peaked star formation and used-up gas.

Another five billion years queue quieted-down star formation from increasing distances between galactic clusters despite star deaths and births, neutron stars, supernovae explosions and galactic collisions. Milutin Milanković (May 28, 1879-Dec. 12, 1958) related climate change to 400,000-year orbital-eccentricity ranges; 41,000-year 22.1 and 24.5-degree axial tilt ranges; and 26,000-year rotation-axis directional changes. Solar radiation sustains Earth even when the semi-steady 11-year solar cycle stopped during the Little Ice Age (1645-1715) and then started simultaneously global warming and sunspots.

Temporary solar inertia turns few cosmic rays from thereby cloudier, cooler Earth, uninhabitable one billion years hence when our Sun turns into a hydrogen-depleted red giant.

British rock band Queen's (left to right) Freddie Mercury, John Deacon, Roger Taylor and Brian May at London's Playhouse Theatre after March 1986 filming of music video, directed by Russell Mulcahy (left), for A Kind of Magic, released June 2, 1986, as the band's ninth studio album and second soundtrack album: Comunità Queeniana, Public Domain, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Artist's concept compares sizes of a stellar mass black hole, neutron star and a simulated city on a 40-by-40 kilometer block; image created by Anynobody with Blender 3D computer graphics software Tuesday, June 9, 2009, 01:17: Anynobody, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earbhnscity.png

British rock band Queen's (left to right) Freddie Mercury, John Deacon, Roger Taylor and Brian May at London's Playhouse Theatre after March 1986 filming of music video, directed by Russell Mulcahy (left), for A Kind of Magic, released June 2, 1986, as the band's ninth studio album and second soundtrack album: Comunità Queeniana, Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/comunitaqueeniana/31891665940/

For further information:

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 December 2012. "Black Dwarfdom Awaits Our Sun in Bang! The Complete History." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/black-dwarfdom-awaits-our-sun-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2012. "Earthly Life Avoids Replication Anywhere in Bang! The Complete History." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/earthly-life-avoids-replication.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2012. "Goldilocks Must Like Extrasolar Planets in Bang! The Complete History." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/goldilocks-must-like-extrasolar-planets.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2012. "Solar System Formation Accepts Leftovers in Bang! The Complete History." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/solar-system-formation-accepts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 November 2012. "Star Formation Acts Local on Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/star-formation-acts-local-on-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 October 2012. "Dark Energy Accelerates Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/dark-matter-accrues-in-bang-complete.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2012. "Dark Matter Accrues in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/black-holes-are-ionizers-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 October 2012. "Black Holes Are Ionizers in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/black-holes-are-ionizers-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 October 2012. "Ionized Gas Bubbles Atomize Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/ionized-gas-bubbles-atomize-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2012. "Lighted Spaces Are Late in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-spaces-are-late-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 September 2012. "Inflation Affects Space in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/inflation-affects-space-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 September 2012. "Lighted Dark Space Affirms Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-dark-space-affirms-bang.html

May, Brian; Patrick Moore; and Chris Lintott. 2012. Bang! The Complete History of the Universe. London UK: Carlton Books Ltd.