Hawaiian Kou Trees Actually, Not Symbolically Answer Five-0's Ihea 'Oe

Summary: Hawaiian kou trees act affirmatively against the actual if not the symbolic storms that afflict Five-0's Ihea 'Oe I Ka Wa A Ka Ua Loku Ana? Jan. 3, 2020.

Hawaiian kou trees (Cordia subcordata) typically display straight trunks, wind-shaped branches and a protective canopy; Waipuilani Park, Kihei, South Side Maui, Hawaii; Thursday, Sep. 9, 2010, 10:58: Forest and Kim Starr, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Wikimedia Commons

Hawaiian kou trees afford armor against Hawaii Five-0's figuratively, literally stormy Ihea 'Oe I Ka Wa A Ka Ua Loku Ana? Where Were You When the Rain Was Pouring? Jan. 3, 2020.

Tenth-season 12th-episode director Katie Boyum and writers Peter M. Lenkov and David Wolkove base the series' 230th episode overall in Hawaii perhaps less culturally, environmentally battleworthy than anciently. Hawaiian kou trees contain rain-sheltering, sun-shading canopies and waterlogging-tolerant shoots cooperative with carving containers for fishing, food-serving, sailing and worshipping; and with dyeing, eating and healing. Air-layered, cut, grafted, seeded, sprouted Hawaiian kou trees deliver bark, leaves and wood for medicines; dyes, fishlines; and back-scratchers, canoes, fish-hook containers, food-servers, paddles and statues.

The Boraginaceae (from Latin burra, "shaggy garment" and -āceae, "resembling") borage, forget-me-not, heliotrope family member engenders buoyant, edible, saltwater-tolerant seeds with six-week germinations within one-year viabilities.

Hawaiian kou trees, scientifically Cordia subcordata (from Latin subcordātus, "almost heart-shaped [leaves]"), furnish maximally four 0.39 to 0.51-inch (10 to 13-millimeter) long white seeds per fruit.

Cordia subcordata, for Euricius (1486-Dec. 24, 1535) and Valerius (Feb. 18, 1515-Sept. 25, 1544) Cordus, get black-brown-ripened, point-tipped, 0.79 to 1.18-inch (2 to 3-centimeter) long fruits. They have clustered, 1 to 2-inch (2.54 to 5.08-centimeter) diameter, orange-petaled, scentless, short-stalked, tubular flowers with cylindrical, green-sepal calyxes and five to seven irregular, wrinkled lobes. Hawaiian kou trees, identified by Jean-Baptiste de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (Aug. 1, 1744-Dec. 18, 1829), include shiny-topped, smooth-uppersided, wavy-edged leaves with hairy-midrib, leathery, pale-veined undersides.

Hawaiian kou trees juggle spring-peaking, year-round flowers to 3.15 to 7.87-inch (8 to 20-centimeter) long, 1.97 to 5.12-inch (5 to 13-centimeter) wide leaves at branch ends.

Hawaiian kou trees keep alternate-clustered, round-base foliage with blunt-pointed ends on 0.5 to 3-inch (1.27 to 7.62-centimeter) tall stems and corrugated, flaky, furrowed, grooved, stringy bark.

Hawaiian kou trees log 15 to 50-foot (4.57 to 15.24-meter) heights, inter-tree spacing and open, rounded-crown, wide-spreading canopies and pink-tinted, straw-colored sapwood and purple-tinted, brown-red heartwood. They manifest extensive, shallow roots that maintain basal new-plant sprouts, 15.75-inch (40-centimeter) diameter trunks straightly immobile and wind-contorted branches semi-mobile in dry, waterlogged or well-drained soils. They nestle into breadfruit and coconut plantations and coastal lowland, inland-edged mangrove, secondary, shrubby-beach forests from sea level through 98.42-foot (30-meter) or even 492.13-foot (150-meter) altitudes.

Hawaiian kou trees occur in clayey, clayey-loamy, loamy, sandy, sandy-clayey, sandy-clayey-loamy, sandy-loamy soils with soil pHs 6.1 to 7.4 or on lava headlands or rocky limestones.

Hawaiian kou trees prefer mean annual 40 to 160-inch (1,016 to 4,064-millimeter) rainfall and temperatures between 75 and 82 degrees Fahrenheit (24 and 28 degrees Celsius).

Hawaiian kou trees queue up in beach forests with beach heliotrope (Tournefortia argentea), hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus), mulberry (Morinda citrifolia), naupaka (Scaevola sericea) and screwpine (Pandanus tectorius). Coastal-forest companions remain beach she-oak (Casuarina equisetifolia), beautyleaf (Calophyllum inophyllum), birdcatcher (Pisonia grandis), fish poison (Barringtonia asiatica), Pacific rosewood (Thespesia populnea) and tropical almond (Terminalia catappa). They survive amid such natural herbaceous (from Latin herbāceus, "grassy") companions as beach morning glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae), beach pea (Vigna marina) and Hawaiian jack-bean (Canavalia hawaiiensis).

Hawaiian kou trees turn up in traditional Hawaiian niches to tender the sustainable takeaways whose symbolic absence turns Hawaii Five-0 Task Force members to desperate measures.

Thomas Sullivan Magnum (Jay Hernandez) of CBS-TV's Magnum P.I. learns that Hawaii Five-0's Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) always takes the driver's seat in CBS-TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 10 episode 12, Ihea 'oe i ka wa a ka ua e loku ana? ("Where were you when the rain was pouring?"): Hawaii Five-0 @HawaiiFive0CBS, via Facebook Jan. 3, 2000

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Hawaiian kou trees (Cordia subcordata) typically display straight trunks, wind-shaped branches and a protective canopy; Waipuilani Park, Kihei, South Side Maui, Hawaii; Thursday, Sep. 9, 2010, 10:58: Forest and Kim Starr, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr-100909-4270-Cordia_subcordata-habit-Waipuilani_Park_Kihei-Maui_(24756693490).jpg; Forest and Kim Starr (Starr Environmental), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/starr-environmental/24756693490/; Forest & Kim Starr, CC BY 4.0 International, via Starr Environmental @ http://www.starrenvironmental.com/images/image/?q=24756693490

Thomas Sullivan Magnum (Jay Hernandez) of CBS-TV's Magnum P.I. learns that Hawaii Five-0's Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) always takes the driver's seat in CBS-TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 10 episode 12, Ihea 'oe i ka wa a ka ua e loku ana? ("Where were you when the rain was pouring?"): Hawaii Five-0 @HawaiiFive0CBS, via Facebook Jan. 3, 2000, @ https://www.facebook.com/HawaiiFive0CBS/videos/vb.120000351366783/2594618154143367/

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Bhimbetka: 200th Anniversary of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings

Summary: Are Bhimbetka rock shelters artisanal ancestors to Ajanta cave wall paintings still appreciated in their 200th anniversary year in central-west India?

depiction of a war scene in rock shelter 8; Bhimbetka rock shelters, Madhya Pradesh, central India; Wednesday, Dec. 4, 2013, 09:18: Bernard Gagnon, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Bhimbetka rock shelters perhaps answer questions about the ancestry and experience of itinerant artisans 1,600 to 2,300 years before the 200th anniversary year of European-accessed Ajanta cave wall paintings in central-west India.

The Bhimbetka rock shelters bear the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) status as World Heritage Centre (WHC) site since inscription July 5, 2003. The Archaeological Survey of India proposal and the WHC List inclusion consider 110 unpainted and 133 painted Bhimbetka rock shelters as a continuous cultural, socioeconomic landscape. That "Bhimbetka reflects a long interaction between people and the landscape, as demonstrated in the quantity and quality of its rock art" demonstrates WHC criterion (iii).

That "Bhimbetka is closely associated with a hunting and gathering economy as demonstrated in the rock art" enters into one of two parts to criterion (v).

Fidelity found "in the relicts of this tradition in the local adivasi villages on the periphery of this site" fulfills the other part of criterion (v).

The Bhimbetka rock shelters gathered Vindhya ([high enough] to obstruct [the sun], from Sanskrit वैंध, "to obstruct") Hills hunters and gatherers at least 100,000 years ago. They have 2,000- to 30,000-year-old rock paintings, from the prehistoric Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Chalcolithic; through the early historical; to the Medieval ages in earthly human existence. They include Paleolithic (from Greek παλαιός, "ancient" and λίθος, "stone") rock paintings of green-, linear- and red-painted hunted animals, such as large bison, rhinoceroses and tigers.

Mesolithic (from Greek μέσος, "middle" and λίθος, "stone") rock paintings juggle plant-based green- and red-painted, small, stylized hunters with arrows, barbed spears, bows and pointed sticks.

Birds, burials, children with mothers, communal dancing and drinking, dead and totem animals, musical instruments, pregnant women and three-war tribal wars likewise kindled Mesolithic rock paintings.

Chalcolithic (from Greek χαλκός, "copper" and λίθος, "stone") rock paintings laud hunter and gatherer village-laid fields north of the Satpura (from Sanskrit शतपुरा, "Hundred Mountains") Hills. The 39.69-square-mile (10,280-hectare) buffer around the 7.31-square-mile (1,893-hectare) Bhimbetka rock shelters maintain the Amcha Kalan, Amcha Khurd, Bamnai, Banskuwar, Barkhera, Bhanpura, Bhiyanpura and Bhoot Palasi villages. They net Bhounrasa, Bineka, Borda, Diwatiya, Gautampur, Harrai, Karitalai, Kesalwara, Kumadi, Piplani Khurd, Nasipur, Tajpura and Tigariya villagers and long-standing Korku, numerous Gond and Pradhan tribespeoples.

Early historical rock paintings offer red-, white-, yellow-painted elephant and horse riders, religious scenes from Hindu mythology and of teak (Tectona grandis) gods, and Sanskrit inscriptions.

Medieval rock paintings perpetuate from Ajanta cave wall paintings and predict in Mandana, Pithora and Warli wall paintings black manganese oxide-, charcoal-, red hematite-painted geometric designs.

Major-General William Kincaid (Oct. 30, 1831-Feb. 11, 1909) qualified Bhimbetka rock shelters (from Sanskrit भीमबेटका, "[god-hero] Bhima's seat") in 1888 as Buddhist shrines opposite Lake Bhojtal. Research excavations since Vishnu Shridhar Wakankar's (May 4, 1919-April 3, 1988) 1957 survey and post-1970 investigations reveal Buddhist inscriptions and stupas (from Sanskrit स्तूप, "[memorial] dome"). Perhaps the same itinerant artisans supplied the Buddhist Ajanta cave wall paintings and the wealthy Hindu god Kubera's magical aerial chariot Pushpaka and yaksha attendant spirits.

Ancient treks from Buddhist north India and south Nepal still traverse the Bhimbetka rock shelters area in the 200th anniversary year of Ajanta cave wall paintings.

upper ceiling paintings of two elephants, with man, holding goad and spear in each hand and sword at his waist, standing on smaller elephant; below the elephants, a hunter has wounded a bull with his arrow; Trench III F-23, section facing north; Bhimbetka rock shelters, Madhya Pradesh, central India; Monday, March 28, 2016, 13:41: Anju2016, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

depiction of a war scene in rock shelter 8; Bhimbetka rock shelters, Madhya Pradesh, central India; Wednesday, Dec. 4, 2013, 09:18: Bernard Gagnon, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rock_Shelter_8,_Bhimbetka_02.jpg

upper ceiling paintings of two elephants, with man, holding goad and spear in each hand and sword at his waist, standing on smaller elephant; below the elephants, a hunter has wounded a bull with his arrow; Trench III F-23, section facing north; Bhimbetka rock shelters, Madhya Pradesh, central India; Monday, March 28, 2016, 13:41: Anju2016, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bhimbetka_rock_shelter_paintings.jpg

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Uno, Tomoko; and Yoshiko Shimazdu. "Thermal Environment in Ajanta Caves." Archi-Cultural Translations through the Silk Road: 2nd International Conference, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan, July 14-16, 2012, Proceedings.
Available @ http://www.mukogawa-u.ac.jp/~iasu2012/pdf/iaSU2012_Proceedings_401.pdf

Wakankar, V.S. 1976. "Bhimbetka - The Prehistoric Paradise." Prachya Pratibha III(2): 7-29.

"World Heritage Sites - About Ajanta Caves 01 to 29." Archeological Survey of India > Monuments > World Heritage Site > Ajanta > About Caves.
Available @ https://web.archive.org/web/20120501151253/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ajanta_caves.asp

Friday, Jan. 10, Lunar Eclipse Is First of Four 2020 Penumbral Eclipses

Summary: The Friday, Jan. 10, lunar eclipse is the first of four 2020 penumbral eclipses and also the first of the year’s six eclipses, of which two are solar.

penumbral lunar eclipse Friday, Jan. 10, details: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The Friday, Jan. 10, lunar eclipse is the first of four 2020 penumbral eclipses and also numbers as the first of the year’s ecliptic sextet, of which two are solar.

January’s penumbral lunar eclipse has an expected duration of 4 hours 4 minutes 34 seconds, according to NASA’s Eclipse Web Site. The year’s first eclipse begins Friday, Jan. 10, at 17:07:45 Universal Time (12:07 p.m. Eastern Standard Time). January’s penumbral lunar eclipse ends Friday, Jan. 10, at 21:12:19 UT (4:12 p.m. EST).

All seven of Earth’s continents benefit from complete or partial viewing of January’s penumbral lunar eclipse. The all-eclipse viewing region favors the entire Asian continent. Entire eclipse visibility is available to much of Africa, much of Western Australia, most of Europe and northernmost North America. In North America, most of Greenland, northernmost Canada, including the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and northern Alaska experience all-eclipse visibility.

The parts of Africa, Australia and Europe that are excluded from entire visibility are able to compensate as areas where some parts of the event are visible. Europe’s western Iberian Peninsula, western Africa and most of Australia have visibility of some parts of the eclipse.

In North America, complete and/or some visibility is available only to Greenland, one United States state and one Canadian territory. The parts of Alaska, Yukon Territory and Greenland excluded from entire visibility fall within the path in which some parts of the eclipse are visible.

Most of Antarctica, North America and South America have no eclipse visibility. Only a small chunk of Antarctica has partial viewing of the penumbral lunar eclipse. Except for Brazil’s eastern hump, South America is excluded from eclipse viewing.

The event’s greatest eclipse occurs at 19:09:59.2 UT (2:09 p.m. EST), according to NASA’s Eclipse Web Site. Greatest eclipse references the instant of the moon’s closest passage to the axis of Earth’s shadow. Greatest eclipse occurs over northwestern Madhya Pradesh state in central India, according to retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak’s website, EclipseWise. He gives 23 degrees north latitude, 74 degrees 24.3 minutes longitude as the terrestrial coordinates for greatest eclipse.

Fred Espenak’s EclipseWise website notes that the Jan. 10, 2020, penumbral lunar eclipse precedes lunar perigee (Ancient Greek: περί, perí, “near” + γῆ, gê, “Earth”) by three days. Perigee references the closest center-to-center distance between moon and Earth. According to Fred Espenak’s AstroPixels website, the moon achieves the month’s perigee Monday, Jan. 13, at 20:20 Greenwich Mean Time/Coordinated Universal Time (3:30 p.m. EST), at a center-to-center distance of 365,964 kilometers (227,399.48 miles).

Lunar eclipses only occur during the moon’s full phase. The moon’s phase of full illumination, from Earth’s perspective, represents exact or very close alignment of sun, Earth and moon. The full moon’s passage directly behind Earth and into Earth’s shadow occasions a lunar eclipse.

In a penumbral lunar eclipse, the moon passes through the penumbra, the light outer portion of Earth’s shadow. Earth’s penumbra subtly dims the lunar surface during a penumbral lunar eclipse.

During January’s penumbral lunar eclipse, most of the lunar disk passes through Earth’s penumbra. Only the lunar north polar region, at the topmost limb, or edge of the lunar disk, evades the penumbra.

The lunar passage through the penumbra takes place on Earth’s northern or southern penumbral edges. January’s penumbral lunar eclipse passes through the northern penumbral edge.

The Friday, Jan. 10, penumbral lunar eclipse opens 2020 as the first of the year’s four penumbral eclipses. The three other members of the year’s lunar eclipse quartet take place Friday, June 5; Sunday, July 5; and Monday, Nov. 30.

January’s penumbral lunar eclipse also numbers as the first of six eclipses, of which two are solar, that occur in 2020. The year’s two solar eclipses happen Sunday, June 21, and Monday, Dec. 14. June’s solar eclipse is annular. December’s solar eclipse is total.

The takeaways for the Friday, Jan. 10, lunar eclipse are that the year’s first lunar eclipse numbers as the first of the year’s four penumbral lunar eclipses and also that January’s lunar eclipse opens the year as the first of the year’s six eclipses, of which two are solar.

penumbral lunar eclipse Friday, Jan. 10, as viewed from center of moon during the greatest eclipse: Tom Ruen (SockPuppetForTomruen), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

penumbral lunar eclipse Friday, Jan. 10, details: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEplot/LEplot2001/LE2020Jan10N.pdf

penumbral lunar eclipse Friday, Jan. 10, as viewed from center of moon during the greatest eclipse: Tom Ruen (SockPuppetForTomruen), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_eclipse_from_moon-2020Jan10.png

For further information:

Espenak, Fred. “Moon at Perigee and Apogee: 2001 to 2020 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).” AstroPixels > Planetary Ephemeris Data > Moon > Perigee and Apogee: 2001-2100. Available @ http://astropixels.com/ephemeris/moon/moonperap2001.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2020 Jan 10.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Recent and Upcoming Lunar Eclipses > Decade Tables of Lunar Eclipses > 2011-2020.
Available @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2001-2100/LE2020Jan10Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2020 Jan 10.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipses: 2011-2020.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEplot/LEplot2001/LE2020Jan10N.pdf

Marriner, Derdriu. “February 2017 Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Over Every Continent Except Australia.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 1, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/february-2017-penumbral-lunar-eclipse.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “February Full Moon Enters Earthly Penumbra for 2017’s First Lunar Eclipse.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 8, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/february-full-moon-enters-earthly.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “March 23 Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Bypasses Africa and Europe.” Earth and Space News. Tuesday, March 22, 2016.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/march-23-penumbral-lunar-eclipse.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Sept. 16 Is Last of Three 2016 Lunar Eclipses.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 14, 2016.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/penumbral-lunar-eclipse-sept16-is-last.html