Earth and Space News

Saturday, October 5, 2019

Moiliili Caves Actualize Hawaii Five-0's Kuipeia E Ka Makani Apaa

Summary: Moiliili Caves, underground caverns the Hawaiian capital assails from above, avow awful actualities of Five-0's Kuipeia E Ka Makani Apaa Oct. 4, 2019.

1897 photo (Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum) of one of Mo'ili'ili's cavern pools: Hookuleana LLC @Hookuleana, via Facebook Sept. 26, 2019

Moiliili Caves, reef limestone caverns whose fragile ceilings are beneath the busy Hawaiian capital actualize Hawaii Five-0 action police procedural drama television series episode Kuipeia E Ka Makani Apaa Oct. 4, 2019.

Director Karen Gaviola and writers Talia Gonzalez and Bisanne Masoud bring a bomb in John McGarrett's (Ryan Bittle, William Sadler) toolbox into Season 10's second episode. The series' 220th episode overall concerns bomb-chasing yellow Labrador retriever Eddie (Eddie Aikau Chipperton), Hawaii Five-0 Task Force Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett's (Alex O'Loughlin) canine housemate. It deals with Hawaii Five-0 Task Force Officers Junior Reigns (Beulah Koale) and Tani Rey (Meaghan Rath) determining how to disengage from a dauntingly damaged tunnel.

Underground extrications evoke on the Hawaiian island of Oahu (from Hawaiian O'ahu, "the gathering place") the Moiliili (from Hawaiian Mō'ili'ili, contracted from Mo'o'ili'ili, "pebble lizard") Caves.

Mo'o'ili'ili figures as a water dragon that ancient Hawaiian volcano goddess Pele's (from Hawaiian pele, "lava") sister Hi'iaka (from Hawaiian hi'i, "hold" and aka, "embryo") felled.

The water dragon pieces gathered together into a hilly heap that generated Moiliili taro fields, Moiliili rice-growing community, Moiliili town and Moiliili neighborhood atop 11,700-plus-year-old limestone. Erosive water from heavy rainfall and from mountain runoff and erosively high winds harmed coral reefs that 25-foot (62-meter) lower sea levels no longer held underwater. The resulting limestone layers include rocky, silted bottoms below 1- to 5-foot- (0.31- to 1.52-meter-) high waters and 6- to 10-foot- (1.83- to 3.05-meter-) high ceilings.

Downward journeys of rusting pilings and tree roots through crumbling, fragile cave ceilings and of urban trash through the Varsity Place sewer grate jeopardize Moiliili Caves.

Manoa (from Hawaiian mānoa, "deep, solid, thick, vast") stream keeps water levels mid-shin- to neck-high and, from flash floods during rainfall events and stormwater runoff, higher.

Qi Chen, Yi-Leng Chen, Pao-Shin Chu, Donna Delparte, Jon Eischeid, Abby Frazier, Thomas Giambelluca and Jonathan Price log mean annual rainfall for seven main Hawaiian islands. They mapped Oahu with 8.03- to 29.53-inch (204- to 750-millimeter) coastal Keau to Makapuu Beach Park and 53.15- to 404.37-inch (1,350- to 10,271-millimeter) forest reserve means. They note on their 2013 map of Hawaii state rainfall patterns that all other Oahuan niches net 29.53- to 53.15-inch (750- to 1,350-millimeter) annual rainfall means.

The 360.89-foot (110-meter-) long Moiliili Caves occur under four wedge-organizing 0.62-mile (1-kilometer) cardinal orientations overlapping with Kapriolani Boulevard, Moiliili quarry, South King Street and University Avenue.

The H-1 freeway passes through Honolulu's ("bay shelter") Moiliili neighborhood, where Kamehameha ("the one set apart") Schools, as largest property owner, possesses 11.37 acres (4.6 hectares).

The University of Hawaii athletic field and university student housing at Manoa quicken downward pressures on Moiliili Caves, whose 20th-century geo-history queues up collapses and sinkholes. Kanewai ("eastern skyman's water"), Manoa, Palolo ("clay") and Punahou ("new spring") watershed runoff; 1921-1928 Ala Wai ("fresh waterway") drainage canal; and 1934 cave-ins ravage Moliili Caves. Fog drip, leeward rainfall and surface runoff within 21st-century successors to the 2,000-plus-acre (809.37-hectare) Waikiki ("spurting water") ahupua'a ("[boundary-marking] heaped pig [sacrifice]") seep into Moiliili Caves.

Moiliili Caves at a 22.96-foot (7-meter) altitude below sea level, like the troubled tunnel that traps Junior and Tani, temporarily tolerate terrorism, toxins, trash and trauma.

Hawaii Five-0 Task Force's Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) and Honolulu Fire Department (HFD) Rescue raise Eddie (Eddie Aikau Chipperton) after Steve's canine companion slipped into a caved-in tunnel to convey a Walkie-Talkie to Officers Junior Reigns (Beulah Koale) and Tani Rey (Meaghan Rath) in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 10 episode 2, Kuipeia E Ka Makani Apaa: Hawaii Five-0 @HawaiiFive0CBS, via Facebook Oct. 4, 2019

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

1897 photo (Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum) of one of Mo'ili'ili's cavern pools: Hookuleana LLC @Hookuleana, via Facebook Sept. 26, 2019, @ https://www.facebook.com/Hookuleana/photos/a.359248140851478/2230904683685805/

Colucci, Leah. 2003. "Moiliili Karst Formations." Explore Biodiversity > Hawaii Hikes.
Available @ http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/cavemap.html

Easy Hiker. 10 July 2012. "Moiliili Karst." Hike One Hike All Hawaii.
Available @ http://easyhikerhawaii.blogspot.com/2012/07/moiliili-karst.html

Giambelluca, Thomas W.; Qi Chen; Abby G. Frazier; Jonathan P. Price; Yi-Leng Chen; Pao-Shin Chu; Jon K. Eischeid; and Donna M. Delparte. March 2013. "Online Rainfall Atlas of Hawai'i." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 94: 313-316. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00228.1.
Available @ https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00228.1
Available @ http://rainfall.geography.hawaii.edu/rainfall.html

Halliday, William R. December 1998. "History and Status of the Moiliili Karst, Hawaii." Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 60(3): 141-145.
Available @ https://caves.org/pub/journal/PDF/V60/V60N3-Halliday.pdf

Hawaii Five-0 @HawaiiFive0CBS. 2 October 2019. "There's a light at the end of this tunnel: your first look at Friday's all-new episode of Hawaii Five-0!" Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/HawaiiFive0CBS/photos/a.135257959841022/2738420976191361/

Hawaii Five-0 @HawaiiFive0CBS. 4 October 2019. "The saying 'who rescued who?' has never been more salient 🐾. Catch up on tonight's new episode of Hawaii Five-0, streaming now." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/HawaiiFive0CBS/posts/2743448559021936

Hookuleana LLC @Hookuleana. 26 September 2019. "Mōʻiliʻili Karst Prior and into the 1800s, Mōʻiliʻili was an agricultural community. Many residents of the Mōʻiliʻili area (and beyond) may not be aware that just a few feet below their feet, cars, houses and businesses are remnant caverns and caves (and water) in the Mōʻiliʻili underground. The underground cave system is thought to be part of the original channel of Mānoa stream -- people call it the Mōʻiliʻili Karst (Karst being a geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock, such as limestone.) The Mōʻiliʻili Karst (Mōʻiliʻili Water Cave). Click the following link for more: http://imagesofoldhawaii.com/moiliili-karst-moiliili-water…/." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/Hookuleana/photos/a.359248140851478/2230904683685805/

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"Kuipeia E Ka Makani Apaa: Knocked Flat by the Wind: Sudden Disaster." Hawaii Five-0: The Tenth Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Oct. 4, 2019.

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 September 2019. "Kauila Trees Assure That on Five-0 Ua 'Eha Ka 'Ili I Ka Maka O Ka Ihe." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/kauila-trees-assure-that-on-five-0-ua.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 May 2019. "Five-0 Endlessly Pours the Rain of Waianae into Hawaiian Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/five-0-endlessly-pours-rain-of-waianae.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 May 2019. "Lahaina Noon: Unlike Five-0's Hewa Ka Lima Rarely the Hand Is at Fault." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/lahaina-noon-unlike-five-0s-hewa-ka.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 May 2019. "'Imiloa Sky Charts and Hawaii Five-0's Ho'okani No La O Ka Malihini." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/imiloa-sky-charts-and-hawaii-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 April 2019. "Laysan Albatrosses: Earth Day 2019, Five-0 Season 9 Episode 22 Icons." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/laysan-albatrosses-earth-day-2019-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2019. "Pueo Hawaiian Short-Eared Owls and Hawaii Five-0's He Kama Na Ka Pueo." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/pueo-hawaiian-short-eared-owls-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 April 2019. "Hau Hawaiian Sea Hibiscus, Ma'a Hawaiian Sling, Five-0's Way of the Gun." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/hau-hawaiian-sea-hibiscus-maa-hawaiian.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 March 2019. “Five-0’s Hawaiian He’e Big Blue Day Octopus of the Deep Spews Its Ink.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/five-0s-hawaiian-hee-big-blue-day.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 March 2019. “Hawaii Five-0's Ai No I Ka 'Ape He Mane'o No Ko Ka Nuku: Itchy Mouths.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/hawaii-five-0s-ai-no-i-ka-ape-he-maneo.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 February 2019. “Offer Young Taro Leaves To Hawaii Five-0 Episode E'ao Lu'au A Kualima.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/offer-young-taro-leaves-to-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 February 2019. “Kanawao Shrub Fruits for Hawaii Five-0's Hapai Ke Kuko, Hanau Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/kanawao-shrub-fruits-for-hawaii-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2019. “Five-0 Hawaiian Rain Gardens Not Made Prisoner by the Reign of the Rain.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/five-0-hawaiian-rain-gardens-not-made.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 February 2019. “Humpback Whales Depressed With the Heat in Keawalua on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/humpback-whales-depressed-with-heat-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 January 2019. “No 'Awa Or Kava Shrubs If Those Above Are Descending on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/no-awa-or-kava-shrubs-if-those-above.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2019. “Kikui Tree Leaves for Hawaii Five-0 2010's Ka Hauli O Ka Mea Hewa 'Ole.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/kikui-tree-leaves-for-hawaii-five-0.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2019. “Hawaii Five-0 Gone on the Road, Without Koa Wood Outrigger Canoes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/hawaii-five-0-gone-on-road-without-koa.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2018. “Ponderosa Pine Trees for When a Hawaii Five-0 2010 House Is Dark.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/ponderosa-pine-trees-for-when-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2018. “Hawaiian Pili Grass Houses: Hawaii Five-0 2010 When the Light Goes Out.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/hawaiian-pili-grass-houses-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 December 2018. “Ko'a Black Coral for Hawaii Five-0 2010's Truth Comes from the Night.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/koa-black-coral-for-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2018. “Hawaiian Goose Nēnē: Birds of a Feather Episode on Hawaii Five-0 2010.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/hawaiian-goose-nene-birds-of-feather.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2018. “Hawaiian Horses, Chang and McGarrett: Hawaii Five-0 2010 200th Episode.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/hawaiian-horses-chang-and-mcgarrett.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 November 2018. “Olonā Hawaiian Nettle Shrubs for Hawaii Five-0 Emergency Landings?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/olona-hawaiian-nettle-shrubs-for-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2018. “Gernika Genocide Survivor Art Before Hawaii Five-0 Prophetic Child Art.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/gernika-genocide-survivor-art-before.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2018. “Hawaiian Beach Sand: Hawaii Five-0 2010's On the Slope of the Cliff.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/hawaiian-beach-sand-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2018. “Proverbial Cowrie Sea Snails for the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/proverbial-cowrie-sea-snails-for-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 October 2018. “Lamian or Ramen Noodles: Hawaii Five-0's The Man Who Fell From the Sky.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/lamian-or-ramen-noodles-hawaii-five-os.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2018. “Gutta-Percha Trees and Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season Premiere Cocoon.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/gutta-percha-trees-and-hawaii-five-o.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 September 2018. “Ki'i Pōhaku Petroglyphs: Ancients Exposed on Five-0's Waiho Wale Kahiko.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/kii-pohaku-petroglyphs-ancients-exposed.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 May 2018. “Hawaiian Rain Gardens for Five-0's Tough Branch That Does Not Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/hawaiian-rain-gardens-for-five-0s-tough.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 May 2018. “Noni for Hawaii Five-0's Ka Hana A Ka Makua, O Ka Hana No Ia A Keiki.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/noni-for-hawaii-five-0s-ka-hana-ka.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 April 2018. “'Āliamanu Salt Lake and Five-0's Kopi Wale No I Ka I'a A 'Eu No Ka Ilo.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/aliamanu-salt-lake-and-five-0s-kopi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 April 2018. “Hawaii Five-0 Episode Ahuwale Ka Nane Hina: Uku Hawaiian Gray Snappers.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/hawaii-five-0-episde-ahuwale-ka-nane.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2018. “'Iwa Great Frigatebirds: Five-0's He Lokomaika'i Ka Manu O Kaiona.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/iwa-great-frigatebirds-five-0s-he.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 April 2018. “Chinese Juniper Shrubs on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/chinese-juniper-shrubs-on-hawaii-five-0.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 April 2018. “Bonsai Gardening on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/bonsai-gardening-on-hawaii-five-0-2010.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 March 2018. “'Ulu Hawaiian Breadfruit To Do One's Duty on Five-0's E Ho'oko Kuleana.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/ulu-hawaiian-breadfruit-to-do-ones-duty.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 March 2018. “Chlorine Gas on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Holapu Ke Ahi Koe Iho Ka Lehu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/chlorine-gas-on-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 March 2018. “Golden Plovers and Stars of Heaven Know Where Pae Is on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/golden-plovers-and-stars-of-heaven-know.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 February 2018. “A Coral Reef Strengthens Out to Land on Hawaii Five-0 with Lobe Corals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/a-coral-reef-strengthens-out-to-land-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 January 2018. “No Southern House Mosquitoes on Hawaii Five-0's Na Keikia Kalaihaohia.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/no-southern-house-mosquitoes-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 January 2018. “What Is Gone Is Not Hawaiian Bobtail Squid on Hawaii Five-0 2010.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/what-is-gone-is-not-hawaiian-bobtail.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 January 2018. “Criminals Rare as Guernsey Dairy Cattle on Hawaii Five-0 The Roundup.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/criminals-rare-as-guernsey-dairy-cattle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 January 2018. “Hawaiian Cattle Roundups and Hawaii Five-0 2010 The Roundup Criminals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/hawaiian-cattle-roundups-and-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2010. “Hawaii Shave Ice Images and Take-Outs on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ho'apono.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-shave-ice-images-and-take-outs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 November 2010. “Hawaiian Wild Boars Around Hawaii Five-0 2010's North Shore of O'ahu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-wild-boars-around-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 November 2010. “Limu Lipoa Hawaiian Seaweed on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Nalowale.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/limu-lipoa-hawaiian-seaweed-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 November 2010. “Hawaiian Blueberry Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pancakes.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-blueberry-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2010. “Hawaii Five-0 2010: Respect the Land and the Pizza Without Pineapples?” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-five-0-2010-respect-land-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 November 2010. “Pygmy Hippopotamuses for Grace of the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Family?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pygmy-hippopotamuses-for-grace-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 November 2010. “Pineappley Hala Tree Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pilot.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pineappley-hala-tree-botanical.html

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Friday, October 4, 2019

200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 20

Summary: Ajanta cave 20 avails the 200th anniversary year of Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures of seven sculpted Manushi Buddhas in central-west India.

The sanctum in Ajanta Cave 20 presents the Buddha preaching his first sermon at Sarnath's Deer Park and depicts seven Manushi Buddhas on lintel; Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra, central-west India; Wikimedia Commons page created Monday, Sep. 5, 2016, 17:06, by Anupamg via UploadWizard: Anupamg, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Ajanta cave 20, like Ajanta cave 22, acquaints the 200th anniversary year of European-accessed Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures in central-west India with seven sculpted Manushi Buddhas who assumed human appearances.

Ajanta cave 20 sculpture and Ajanta cave 11 paintings broach seven Manushi (from Sanskrit मनुषी, "feminine, humane") Buddhas (from Sanskrit बुद्ध, "awakened") in north-central Maharashtra state. Theravada (from Sanskrit स्थविरवाद, "elders' doctrine") Buddhism considers as Manushi the three last Buddhas from the vyuhakalpa (glorious aeon, from Sanskrit व्यूह, "formation" and कल्प, "world-period"). It designates as the fourth through seventh Manushi Buddhas the first through fourth Buddhas of the bhadrakalpa (auspicious aeon, from Sanskrit भद्र, "blessed" and कल्प, "world-period").

Ajanta cave wall paintings in Ajanta cave 22 expose the next, eighth Manushi Buddha even as sculptures in Ajanta cave 20 emphasize the latest, seventh Manushi.

Theravada Buddhism features 998th vyuhakalpa and first Manushi Buddha Vipassi as child in Bandhumatinagara of warrior-chief Bandhuma and Bandhumati, husband of Sutana and parent of Samavattakkhandha.

Theravada Buddhism gives 999th vyuhakalpa and second Manushi Buddha Sikhi as child in Arunavattinagara of warrior-chief Arunavatti and Pabhavati, husband of Sabbakama and father of Atulapundarika. It has the 1,000th vyuhakalpa and third Manushi Buddha Vessabhu as child in Anupamanagara of warrior-chief Suppatita and Yasavati, husband of Sucitta and parent of Suppabuddha. The first bhadrakalpa and fourth Manushi Buddha is Kakusandha, child in Khemavatinagara of chaplain Aggidatta and Visakha, husband of Virocamana (or Rocani) and parent of Uttara.

The 200th anniversary year juggles seven Manushi Buddhas, European-accessed since April 28, 1819, in Ajanta cave 20 sculptures and Ajanta cave wall paintings in cave 22.

Theravada Buddhism knows second bhadrakalpa and fifth Manushi Buddha Kanakamuni as child in Sobhagavatinagara of Yannadatta, Brahman (from Sanskrit ब्राह्मण, "priest") like Kakusandha's parents, and Uttara.

It lists the third bhadrakalpa and sixth Manushi Buddha Kassappa as child in Isipatana of brahmins Brahmadatta and Dhanavati, husband of Sunanda and parent of Vijitasena. It mentions fourth bhadrakalpa and seventh Manushi Buddha Gautama as child in Lumbini of warrior-king Suddhodana and Queen Mahamaya, husband of Yasodhara and parent of Rahula. Gautama (from Sanskrit गोतम, "light [dispels] darkness") Buddha, like vyuhakalpa Buddhas Sikhi, Vessabhu and Vipassi, nestles into kshatriya (from Sanskrit क्षत्रिय, "protector of gentle people") niches.

Ajanta cave 20 offers the 200th anniversary year of Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures three priest and four warrior caste members among seven Manushi Buddhas.

The 53.15- by 58.76-foot (16.2- by 17.91-meter) vihara (from Sanskrit विहार, "walking [hall]") possesses one pillared veranda with stone-beamed, stone-raftered ceilings, two-arched door and two windows.

Ajanta monastery cave 20 queues up one antechamber, one pillarless hall, one sanctum sanctōrum (Latin, from Hebrew קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים, "holy of holies") and four dormitory cells. It reveals amid fragmentary paintings and sculpted attendants, including Gautama Buddha's cousin Ananda, of seven Manushi Buddhas, and Hindu mythological monster fishes, snakes, sprites and tortoises. A Brahmi-scripted statement suggests Ajanta subking Upendra as source of the Ajanta cave 20 mandapa (from Sanskrit मण्डप, "[attached or detached pillared] pavilion [hall or porch]").

Ajanta cave 20 tenders the 200th anniversary year of European-accessed Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures makara sea-monsters, naga serpents, salabhanjika sprites and seven Manushi Buddhas.

ground plan for Ajanta Cave 2o (lower); ca. 1850 pen-and-ink and wash drawing of ground plans of Ajanta caves 15 and 20 by Major Robert Gill (Sept. 26, 1804-April 10, 1879), from album of 26 ground plans and 16 folios of drawings of sculpture and architectural details in the Ajanta Caves, held at The British Library, St. Pancras, Central and North West London; Wikimedia Commons page created Sunday, Oct. 29, 2017, 13:42, by Ms Sarah Welch via UploadWizard: Ms Sarah Welch, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

"Ajanta Cave 20." IndiaNetzone > Art & Culture > Indian Monuments > World Heritage Monuments in India > World Heritage Monuments in West India > Ajanta Caves.
Available @ https://www.indianetzone.com/61/ajanta_cave_20.htm

"Ajanta Caves Vulnerable to Landslides, Says Study." NDTV > India > News > August 6, 2014 15:50 IST.
Available @ https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ajanta-caves-vulnerable-to-landslides-says-study-616005

Bankar, M.V.; and N.P. Bhosle. November-December 2017. "Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Ajanta Region (MS) India." IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences Volume 12, Issue 6 Ver. II: 59-64.
Available @ http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jpbs/papers/Vol12-issue6/Version-2/I1206025964.pdf

Barrett, Douglas E.; and Basil Gray. 1963. Painting of India. Geneva, Switzerland: Skira, Treasures of Asia. Distributed in the United States by World Publishing Co., Cleveland OH.

Behl, Benoy K. 2005. The Ajanta Caves: Ancient Paintings of Buddhist India. London UK: Thames & Hudson.

Boyd, Ryan. 14 December 2018. "Sacred Sites: Ajanta Caves." Evolve + Ascend > Ancient Wisdom > Culture > Occult > Sacred Sites.
Available @ http://www.evolveandascend.com/2018/12/14/sacred-sites-ajanta-caves/

Boyle, Alan. 25 November 2013. "Religious Roots of Buddha's Birthplace Traced Back 2,600 Years." NBC News > Science News.
Available @ https://www.nbcnews.com/sciencemain/religious-roots-buddhas-birthplace-traced-back-2-600-years-2D11648772

Burgess, J. (James). 1879. "Notes on the Bauddha Rock-Temples of Ajanta, Their Paintings and Sculptures, and on the Paintings of the Bagh Caves, Modern Bauddha Mythology, &c." Archaeological Society of Western India, no. 9. Bombay, India: Government Central Press.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/archaeologicals01indigoog/

Dalrymple, William. 15 August 2014. "The Ajanta Cave Murals: 'Nothing Less Than the Birth of Indian Art.'" The Guardian > Culture > Art & Design.
Available @ https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/aug/15/mural-ajanta-caves-india-birth-indian-art

Fergusson, James. 1845. Illustrations of the Rock-Cut Temples of India: Text to Accompany the Folio Volume of Plates. London, England.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008483717/

Fergusson, James. 1845. Illustrations of the Rock-Cut Temples of India: Selected From the Best Examples of the Different Series of Caves at Ellora, Ajunta, Cuttack, Salsette, Karli, and Mahavellipore. Drawn on Stone by Mr. T.C. Dibdin, From Sketches Carefully Made on the Spot, With the Assistance of the Camera-Lucida, in the Years 1838-9. London, England: John Weale, M.DCCC.XLV.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008543106/

Fergusson, James; and James Burgess. 1880. The Cave Temples of India. London, England: W.H. Allen & Co.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft/

Fergusson, James; and Robert Gill. 1864. The Rock-Cut Temples of India; Illustrated by Seventy-Four Photographs Taken on the Spot by Major Gill. Described by James Fergusson. London, England: John Murray.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100206115
Available via Wikisource @ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rock-cut_Temples_of_India

Gill, Robert. 1850. "Ground Plans of the Ajanta Cave 15 and 20, Ajanta." British Library > Online Gallery > Online Exhibitions > Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections.
Available @ http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000001092u00012000.html

Gill, Robert; and James Fergusson. 1864. One Hundred Stereoscopic Illustrations of Architecture and Natural History in Western India. Photographed by Major Gill and described by James Fergusson. London, England: Cundall, Downes & Co.

Gupte, R.S.; and B.D. Mahajan. 1962. Ajanta, Ellora and Aurangabad Caves. Bombay, India: D.B. Taraporevala Sons and Co.

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2019. "Ajanta Cave 23: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/ajanta-cave-23-200th-anniversary-year.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 September 2019. "Ajanta Cave 21: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/ajanta-cave-21-200th-anniversary-year.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 September 2019. "Ajanta Cave 15: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/ajanta-cave-15-200th-anniversary-year.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 September 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 7." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2019. "Mandana Wall Paintings: 200th Anniversary of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/mandana-wall-paintings-200th.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 August 2019. "Warli Wall Paintings: 200th Anniversary of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/warli-wall-paintings-200th-anniversary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 11." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 August 2019. "Ajanta Cave 6: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/ajanta-cave-6-200th-anniversary-year-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 August 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 18." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_2.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 July 2019. "Ajanta Cave 25: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/ajanta-cave-25-200th-anniversary-year.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 July 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh Achieved at An Quang the Aims of Ajanta Jataka Tales." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/thich-nhat-hanh-achieved-at-quang-aims.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 July 2019. "Engaged Buddhism of Thich Nhat Hanh Allies With Ajanta Jataka Tales." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/engaged-buddhism-of-thich-nhat-hanh.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 July 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh and Indra's Net at Parallax Press and Ajanta Cave 17.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/thich-nhat-hanh-and-indras-net-at.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 June 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, La Boi and Ajanta Cave 16 Ace Outstanding Inner Peace.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/thich-nhat-hanh-la-boi-and-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 June 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh and Indra's Net at Van Hanh and Ajanta Cave 1.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/thich-nhat-hanh-and-indras-net-at-van.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2019. “Indra's Net Affects Thich Nhat Hanh, Phap Van and Ajanta Cave 2.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/indras-net-affects-thich-nhat-hanh-phap.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 June 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Indra's Net at Phuong Boi and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/thich-nhat-hanh-indras-net-at-phuong.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Indra's Net at Bat Nha and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-indras-net-at-bat-nha.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Stream Entering Monastery and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-stream-entering.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Thai Plum Village and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-thai-plum-village-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, AIAB Hong Kong and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-aiab-hong-kong-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, EIAB Germany and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-eiab-germany-and-ajanta.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Deer Park Monastery and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-deer-park-monastery-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Blue Cliff Monastery and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-blue-cliff-monastery.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Plum Village Tradition and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-plum-village-tradition.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Tu Hieu Temple Walks and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-tu-hieu-temple-walks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Walking Meditations and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/thich-nhat-hanh-walking-meditations-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 13.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_22.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 12.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 8.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_8.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 15A/30.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_1.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Pithora Wall Art.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 29.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_15.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 February 2019. “Ajanta Cave 26 in 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/ajanta-cave-26-in-200th-anniversary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2019. “Ajanta Cave 19 in 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/ajanta-cave-19-in-200th-anniversary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 January 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings in Ajanta Cave 9.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2019. “Ancient Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings and Inscriptions in Ajanta Cave 10.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/ancient-ajanta-cave-wall-paintings-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2019. “Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings Ailing at World Heritage Centre Site.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/ajanta-cave-wall-paintings-ailing-at.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2019. “Accurate, Ancient, Artistic Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings to Buddha.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/accurate-ancient-artistic-ajanta-cave.html

Pisani, Ludovico. 6 August 2013. "The Ajanta Cave Paintings." The Global Dispatches > Articles and Culture.
Available @ http://www.theglobaldispatches.com/articles/the-ajanta-cave-paintings

Singh, Rajesh. 2012. An Introduction to the Ajanta Caves: With Examples of Six Caves. Vadodara, India: Hari Sena Press Private Limited.

Singh, Rajesh Kumar. 2017. Ajanta Cave No. 1: Documented According to the Ajanta Corpus of Dieter Schlingloff (Photographic Compendium, Ajanta Narrative Painting). Vadodara, India: Hari Sena Press Private Limited.

Somathilake, Mahinda. June 2013. "Painted Jataka Stories of Ancient Sri Lanka." International Journal of Arts and Commerce 2(6): 139-150.
Available @ https://ijac.org.uk/images/frontImages/gallery/Vol._2_No._6/14.pdf

Spink, Walter M. 2018. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 1: The End of the Golden Age. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/1. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2018. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 2: Arguments about Ajanta. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/2. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2005. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 3: The Arrival of the Uninvited. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/3. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2008. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 4: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture - Year by Year. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/4. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2006. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 5: Cave by Cave. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/5. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter. 2017. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 7: Bagh, Dandin, Cells and Cell Doorways. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/7. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M; and Naomichi Yaguchi. 2014. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 6: Defining Features. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/6. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Uno, Tomoko; and Yoshiko Shimazdu. "Thermal Environment in Ajanta Caves." Archi-Cultural Translations through the Silk Road: 2nd International Conference, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan, July 14-16, 2012, Proceedings.
Available @ http://www.mukogawa-u.ac.jp/~iasu2012/pdf/iaSU2012_Proceedings_401.pdf

"World Heritage Sites - About Ajanta Caves 01 to 29." Archeological Survey of India > Monuments > World Heritage Site > Ajanta > About Caves.
Available @ https://web.archive.org/web/20120501151253/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ajanta_caves.asp

Wednesday, October 2, 2019

Artworks Honor Earth’s Only Astrocat Félicette’s Oct. 18, 1963, Flight

Summary: Various artworks honor Earth’s only astrocat Félicette’s Oct. 18, 1963, flight, as the brave feline’s unique journey inspires 21st century artists.

beret-wearing Félicette and caped Félicette, both perched atop rockets, by, respectively, Jerome and Ethan, fifth graders at Christ the King Elementary School, Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, northwestern Canada: CBC As It Happens @cbcasithappens, via Facebook Dec. 3, 2017

Various artworks honor Earth’s only astrocat Félicette’s Oct. 18, 1963, flight, as 21st century artists draw inspiration from the brave feline’s unique journey to space and safe return to Earth.

Matthew Serge Guy’s discovery of Félicette’s unique journey occurred while he was positioned as Creative Director (February 2017-January 2019) in the London office of Anomaly, an advertising and marketing services agency founded in New York City in 2004. The office’s staff kitchen had a tea towel commemorating “the 50th anniversary of the first cat in space.” Made of “100% Soviet cotton,” the tea towel was labelled as “Fabricated in the USSR.” The word “gorgeous” headed images of a blazing rocket amid a starry sky, a bicolor cat and globe flanked with the dates 1967 and 2017.

The tea towel, however, erred in depictions and dates. Félicette’s coat was black and white, not reddish brown and white. Her historical accomplishment, as Earth’s first and only astrocat, took place in 1963, not in 1967. Liftoff from France’s launch site near Hammaguir in northwestern Algeria happened Friday, Oct. 18. The 50th anniversary of Félicette’s spaceflight occurred in 2013, not in 2017.

At the time, Guy did not know the actualities of Félicette or of her accomplishment. The tea towel’s impact was fascination, impelling him to seek more details. His pursuit of Félicette’s story ultimately led him to global crowdfunding platform Kickstarter to fund a memorial statue for the brave feline. Guy launched his project, “A statue to Félicette, the first cat in space,” with a month-long funding period, beginning Wednesday, Oct. 18, 2017. The fundraising successfully ended Friday, Nov. 17, 2017, with a total of £43,323 contributed by 1,141 backers.

Backer appreciation was expressed with pledge level-specific rewards. Ten-pound pledgers received a replica of Félicette’s official portrait, with a paw print and captioned: “Merci pour votre participation à mon succès du 18 Octobre 1963” (Thanks for your participation in my success on Oct. 18, 1963).

Pledgers of £25 to £6,000 or more received customized artwork in addition to Félicette’s official portrait. At £25 and up, a pair of enamel badges depicted Félicette with a fishbowl space helmet and a newspaper, Daily Mews, announcing “Space cat back alive,” an actual headline from The Sydney Morning Herald’s Oct. 20, 1963, issue. London-based illustrator Louise Zergaeng Pomeroy provided portraits of Félicette, on tote bags and as screenprints, for pledges of £40 and up.

A communal plaque at the memorial site will list all pledgers of £250 pounds or more. Pledgers of £6,000 or more are entitled to a 30-centimeter (11.8-inch) replica of the memorial’s bronze statue.

Guy plans for a full-size statue, approximately 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) in height, depicting Félicette atop a rocket. Gloucestershire-based horse and wildlife sculptor Gill Parker is expected to cast the bronze sculpture.

Emily Macht, fifth grade teacher at Christ the King Elementary School in Whitehorse, Yukon, northwestern Canada, learned about Félicette by way of As It Happens, a Canadian interview show airing on Canada’s CBC Radio One. Co-host Carol Off interviewed Matthew Guy Nov. 14, 2017. Emily Macht shared Félicette’s story and Guy’s proposed memorial with her students, who, in turn, wanted to create their own memorials in clay for the heroic feline. The students’ clay models include mission-related paraphernalia, such as commemorative plaques and rockets. Félicette is envisioned in various postures and even is clothed with a beret or with a superhero cape.

Pennsylvania-based artist and graphic novelist Kathryn Briggs describes herself as a “maker of arty comics.” She includes in her portfolio a pen-and-ink A5 print of Félicette. Her artwork portrays Félicette with her rocket against a starry background.

Prior to the 21st century, Félicette found artistic expression in postal art. In the 1990s three African countries (Chad, Comoros, Niger) depicted Earth’s only astrocat on postage stamps. Félicette’s historic launch took place in North Africa’s northwestern Algeria.

The takeaways for artworks honoring Earth’s only astrocat Félicette’s Oct. 18, 1963, flight are that 21st–century artists memorializing the courageous cat range from fifth graders in Canada to an illustrator in London to an arty comics creator in Pennsylvania and that in the preceding century 1990s postage stamp art of three African countries commemorated Félicette’s North African launch.

Kathryn Briggs’ depiction of Félicette recalls the brave feline’s official portrait, but delicately absents the electrode that somewhat noticeably capped Félicette’s skull: Kathryn Briggs @withryn, via Twitter Nov. 27, 2017

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

As It Happens ‏@cbcasithappens. “A Yukon teacher heard our story about the campaign to honour the first cat in space. What her Grade 5 students did next is amazing http://www.cbc.ca/1.4428323 #felicette.” Twitter. Dec. 1, 2017.
Available @ https://twitter.com/cbcasithappens/status/936753100039303168

Burgess, Colin; and Chris Dubbs. Animals in Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle. Springer-Praxis Books in Space Exploration. Chichester UK: Praxis Publishing Ltd., 2007.

Caswell, Kurt. Laika's Window: The Legacy of a Soviet Space Dog. San Antonio TX: Trinity University Press, 2018.

CBC As It Happens @cbcasithappens. “Remember our interview about Felicette and the campaign to honour the first cat in space? A teacher in Whitehorse heard that interview when she was driving in her car. What her Grade 5 class did next is amazing.” Facebook. Dec. 3, 2017.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/cbcasithappens/posts/1524432640937218

CBC Radio. “The AIH Transcript for December 01, 2017.” CBC > Radio > All Shows > As It Happens. Dec. 4, 2017.
Available @ https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-friday-edition-1.4428321/december-1-2017-episode-transcript-1.4432600#segment2

CBC Radio. “The AIH Transcript for November 14, 2017.” CBC > Radio > All Shows > As It Happens. Nov. 15, 2017.
Available @ https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-tuesday-edition-1.4401514/november-14-2017-episode-transcript-1.4404068#segment1

CBC Radio. “Fans of Félicette, the 1st Cat in Space, Want a Statue Built in Her Honour.” CBC > Radio > All Shows. Nov. 14, 2017.
Available @ https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-tuesday-edition-1.4401514/fans-of-f%C3%A9licette-the-1st-cat-in-space-want-a-statue-built-in-her-honour-1.4401521

CBC Radio. “This Is How Kids in Whitehorse Are Honouring the 1st Cat in Space.” CBC > Radio > All Shows. Dec. 1, 2017.
Available @ https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-friday-edition-1.4428321/this-is-how-kids-in-whitehorse-are-honouring-the-1st-cat-in-space-1.4428323

Chad. “1997 History of Space Exploration.” StampWorld > Chad -- Postage Stamps (1990-1999) > Number 1517. June 16, 1997.
Available @ https://www.stampworld.com/en/stamps/Chad/Postage%20stamps/1990-1999?page=7

Comoro Islands. “1992 Space Research.” StampWorld > Comoro Islands -- Postage Stamps (1990-1999) > Numbers 970-973.
Available @ https://www.stampworld.com/en/stamps/Comoro-Islands/Postage%20stamps/1990-1999?year=1992

Guy, Matthew. “Final Astrocat 16x9 NOSUBS.” YouTube. Oct. 2, 2017.
Available @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52uwUPgWJAk

Guy, Matthew Serge. “A Statue to Félicette, the First Cat in Space.” Kickstarter > Explore > Projects.
Available @ https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/sergethew/a-statue-to-felicette-the-first-cat-in-space

Hyperallergic @hyperallergic. “This Kickstarter is raising funds to memorialize the first, and only, French feline astronaut.” Facebook. Nov. 4, 2017.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/hyperallergic/posts/10155837996599812

Kathryn Briggs @withryn. “Félicette, the first cat in space, says: ‘Amazon doesn't need any more of your pennies! This #CyberMonday get something from your favorite creator.’ Like this original page, now on sale in my Etsy shop http://etsy.me/2k1gPhL.” Twitter. Nov. 27, 2017.
Available @ https://twitter.com/withryn/status/935118306872315905

Kathryn Briggs ‏@withryn. “Space Cats 3 features Félicette, a kitty who actually went into space (and returned!) in 1963.” Twitter. Oct. 4, 2017.
Available @ https://twitter.com/withryn/status/915620583530000384

Kickstarter ‏@kickstarter. “This designer wants to create a memorial for Félicette, the first cat astronaut: http://kck.st/2zcM8w1 (via @hyperallergic).” Twitter. Nov. 3, 2017.
Available @ https://twitter.com/kickstarter/status/926613989026447365

Marriner, Derdriu. "Arabella and Anita Spun First Space Webs in August 1973 at Skylab." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 31, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/07/arabella-and-anita-spun-first-space.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Félicette, Earth’s Only Astrocat, Flew to Space and Back Oct. 18, 1963.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Oct. 29, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/felicette-earths-only-astrocat-flew-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Parisian Stray Félicette Became First Astrocat Oct. 18, 1963.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 6, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/parisian-stray-felicette-became-first.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Three African Postage Stamps Honored Astrocat Félicette’s 1963 Flight.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 5, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/three-african-postage-stamps-honored.html

Meier, Allison. “Crowdfunding a Memorial to Félicette, the First Cat Astronaut.” Hyperallergic > History. Nov. 3, 2017.
Available @ https://hyperallergic.com/407954/crowdfunding-a-memorial-to-felicette-the-first-cat-astronaut/

Niger. “1999 Animals in Space.” StampWorld > Niger -- Postage Stamps (1990-1999) > 1999 > Numbers 1729-1732. Dec. 2, 1999.
Available @ https://www.stampworld.com/en/stamps/Niger/Postage%20stamps/1990-1999?year=1999

Roberts, Patrick. “Félicette, the Space Cat . . . and Félix, Who Didn’t Exist.” Purr ‘n’ Fur UK. September 2004. Updated April 2014.
Available @ http://www.purr-n-fur.org.uk/famous/felix.html

Sept Jours du Monde. “Félicette, la 1ère Chatte Astronaute.” Radiodiffusion Télévision Française. Nov. 15, 1963.
Available via France INA (Institut National de l’Audiovisuel) @ https://www.ina.fr/video/CAF93019883

TEDxESA ‏@TEDxESA. “Comedian Helen Keen: showing prized stamps of Felix, 1st cat in space, not as well known as Laika! #TEDxESA.” Twitter. Nov. 11, 2015.
Available @ https://twitter.com/TEDxESA/status/664523814437593088