Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure

Summary: Sharon Lilly of the International Society of Arboriculture and E. Thomas Smiley of Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories discuss tree cable installation.

Cobra cable system provides dynamic support for American elm (Ulmus americana): Joseph O'Brien/USDA Forest Service/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Tree cable installation systems adjust excessive branch movement, alleviate loads on overextended branches and anchor unions, according to Considerations for Installing Cables in Trees in the October 2014 issue of Arborist News.

Sharon Lilly of the International Society of Arboriculture and E. Thomas Smiley of Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories build three benefits into dynamic and static cable usage. Dynamic soft and static steel cabling systems cut risks of failure, likelihood of impact and consequences of failure and impact for decay-, defect-weakened branches and unions. One European standard demands eight-year lifetimes for dynamic rope, often made of hollow-braid polypropylene used with bands, belts, overload indicators, sheaths, shock-absorbing rubber splices and straps.

Ropes ease shock-loading from stress moving forcefully in opposite directions and entail no drilling even though they encourage foraging birds and squirrels, girdling and ultraviolet degradation.

Anchors, brace rods, connectors and terminators fit multi-strand aircraft and wire rope and seven-strand common-grade and extra-high-strength steel into box, direct, hub-and-spoke or triangular system arrangements.

Availability of load-holding solid wood and branch and leader sizes give exact placements for anchors, at two-thirds branch union to branch or leader to tip distances. Anchors and cables have to accommodate brace rods for tree cable installations into branch unions weakened by decay or such defects as sharp bends or splits. The lesser of a 12-inch (30.5-centimeter) separation or of the branch diameter identifies the minimum distance between two anchors to minimize the risk of splitting branches.

Aligning anchors and cables and avoiding hole elongation and metal fatigue from off-center, side-loaded pull justify shining laser pointers into one drilling to sight the second.

Low-hold, low-strength J-lags, called lag hooks, and lag eyes keep lower profiles as anchors than amon-eye nuts on threaded rods, cable-stop termination devices and eye bolts.

Drop-forged, high-strength eye bolts last in branches whose decay maximizes at 70 percent of branch diameter when the remaining solid 30 percent is "nearly equally distributed." Drill-bit diameters must equal or slightly exceed diameters of bolts and machine-threaded hardware in through-bolt installations but lag behind diameters of lag-threaded hardware in dead-end installations.

All tree cable installations need anchors to support unions maximally with direct and triangular systems, minimally with box and, when leaders are unusable, multiply with hub-and-spoke. Box, direct, hub-and-spoke and triangular system arrangements respectively offer branch connections in groups of four or more, of three or more, of two and of three.

Handmade eye splices with inserted galvanized or stainless-steel thimbles left closed prove to be common attachments to, or terminations with, anchor hardware when cables are common-grade.

Manufactured dead-end grips with heavy-duty, inserted galvanized or stainless-steel thimbles left open qualify as proper terminations for extra-high-strength cables provided that EHS and grip sizes match. Aircraft cable and wire rope require cable clamps in the United Kingdom and, in the United States, oval swage sleeves with closed galvanized or stainless-steel thimbles. Bronze or stainless-steel connector multi-purpose clamps and heat-treated, heavy-duty washers respectively service grounded cable and lightning protection systems and stop through-bolt installations from pulling through trees.

Tree cable installations always take into consideration how little or how much movement turns branches ruled by wild forces into branches beguiled into milder, human-friendly configurations.

cabling an oak tree (Quercus spp.): Joseph O'Brien/USDA Forest Service/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to:
talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet;
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for superior on-campus and on-line resources.

Image credits:

Cobra cable system provides dynamic support for American elm (Ulmus americana): Joseph O'Brien/USDA Forest Service/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5038024

cabling an oak tree (Quercus spp.): Joseph O'Brien/USDA Forest Service/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5044025

For further information:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Lilly, Sharon; and Smiley, E. Thomas. October 2014. "Considerations for Installing Cables in Trees." Arborist News 23(5): 12-17.
Available @ http://viewer.epaperflip.com/Viewer.aspx?docid=369ebf1d-20ba-43a8-8748-a3b501031677#?page=12

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Durio Lowianus Botanical Illustrations: Leaf Durians and Low's Durians

Summary: Durio lowianus botanical illustrations get evergreen-leafed, green-husked, red-flowered, yellow-fruited leaf durian and Low's durian botanical images.

flowering Low's durian (Durio lowianus): Durio team Mahidol University, CC BY 4.0 International, via Some Durio spp. (Malvaceae)

Durio lowianus botanical illustrations and leaf durian and Low's durian botanical images approach from aesthetic angles distribution ranges, life cycles and physical appearances of a more anonymous durian tree with edible fruit.

Leaf durians and Low's durians bear their common names because of bright leaf-green husks around edible fruits and the Malay word duri ("thorn") for leaf-green spines. They carry the scientific name Durio lowianus, to communicate Low's durian in Malay and Latin and to commemorate Sir Hugh Low (May 10, 1824-April 18, 1905). Their scientific designations devolve upon scientific descriptions in 1886 and 1891 by Benedetto Scortechini (1845-Nov. 4, 1886) and Sir George King (April 12, 1840-Feb. 12, 1909).

Low's durian trees embellish lowland, mixed-species dipterocarp ("two-winged fruit") rainforests up through 492.13-foot (150-meter) altitudes above sea level in peninsular Malaysia; southern Thailand; and Sumatra, Indonesia.

Leaf durian and Low's durian trees flourish more as wild than as cultivated woody plants even though they find fruit-loving followers in local and regional markets.

Whether they go by leaf durian trees or by Low's durian trees, their ripened seeds get germination rates of 100 percent within 12 to 21 days. The Malvaceae (from the Latin malva, "mallow") family member always holds its marbled, thick-packed, tiger-striped seeds within the innermost, stickiest, thinnest layer of its fleshy fruit. Leaf durian and Low's durian fruits include one to two pods in their edible interiors and involve five seamed sections for their hard, hulled, spiny exteriors.

Durio lowianus botanical illustrations juggle leaf durian and Low's durian botanical images of cake-like, chalky to creamy smooth, dense, pasty- to wet-looking, serendipitously wrinkled fruit interiors.

Leaf durian and Low's durian arils (from the Latin arillus, "dried grape") know nutty, pungent brandy-, cherry-, cigar-, Irish coffee-, mint-, praline-, rum punch-, truffle-like scents.

Leaf durian and Low's durian fruits link brown and caramelized sugar-, butter-, cherry dessert dough- and marzipan-like tastes and textures to ivory-white, tan-white or yellow flesh. Durian au, durian daun ("leaf thorn") and durian sepeh in Malaysia and thurian-don in Thailand mature within 5.91- to 9.84-inch (15- to 25-centimeter) diameter, short-stemmed husks. Their green to green-yellow exteriors net close-knit, conical, non-pyramidal, green to green-yellow, pointed-tip, semi-curved, semi-curly spines; dead petal-attached stem crowns; and green, magenta or yellow bases.

Inflorescences occur as 3.94-inch- (10-centimeter-) long cymes on 0.19- to 0.39-inch- (0.5- to 1-centimeter-) high stems behind 0.39- to 0.79-inch- (1 to 2-centimeter-) tall leaf stems.

Bell-like, tooth-edged yellow calyxes; orange-yellow stigmas; red 0.19- to 0.39-inch- (5- to 10-millimeter-) long carpels; and red 0.79- to 1.18-inch- (2- to 3-centimeter-) long petals prevail.

Annual 59.06- to 78.74-inch (1,500- to 2,000-millimeter) rainfall queues up hairy-topped, scaly-bottomed, 3.15- to 7.09-inch (8- to 18-centimeter) by 1.18- to 6.69-inch (3- to 17-centimeter) foliage. Fungi-sensitive, powder-post beetle- and termite-intolerant leaf durian and Low's durian trees realize mature 82.2- to 131.23-foot (25- to 40-meter) base-treetop heights and maximum 23.62-inch (60-centimeter) diameters. Relative humidity, soil pHs and temperatures at 80 percent, 6 to 7 and 77 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit (25 to 30 degrees Celsius) sustain leaf durians.

Buttress-rooted, evergreen-leaved Durio lowianus botanical illustrations team September through February flowers, October through January fruits and November through January seeds with brown-pink-red heartwood and brown-red-white-yellow sapwood.

closeup of flowering Low's durian (Durio lowianus), also known as durian duan, in Thailand: Durio team Mahidol University, CC BY 4.0 International, via Some Durio spp. (Malvaceae)

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

flowering Low's durian (Durio lowianus) in Thailand: Durio team Mahidol University, CC BY 4.0 International, via Some Durio spp. (Malvaceae) @ http://malvaceae.myspecies.info/sites/malvaceae.myspecies.info/files/Durio%20lowianus%20%281%20of%2018%29.jpg

closeup of flowering Low's durian (Durio lowianus), also known as durian duan, in Thailand: Durio team Mahidol University, CC BY 4.0 International, via Some Durio spp. (Malvaceae) @ http://malvaceae.myspecies.info/sites/malvaceae.myspecies.info/files/Durio%20lowianus%20%2816%20of%2018%29.jpg

For further information:

"Durio lowianus Scort. ex King." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100327444

King, George. 1891. "Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula: 2. D. Lowianus, Scortechini MSS." (Continued from page 206 of Vol. LIX of 1890.) The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. LX, part II, no. I: 51. Calcutta, India: Asiatic Society (printed at the Baptist Mission Press).
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53103979

Lim, T.K. (Tong Kwee). 2012. Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 1, Fruits. Dordrecht, Netherlands; Heidelberg, Germany; London, England; New York NY: Springer.

Kostermans, A.J.G.H. (André Guillaume Henri). "The Genus Durio Adans. (Bombac.): Durio lowianus Scort. et King. -- Fig. 15." December 1958. Reinwardtia, vol. 4, part 3: 47-150: 78-79. Kebun Raya, Indonesia: Herbarium Bogoriense.
Available via Research Center for Biology-LIPI @ https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia/article/viewFile/1008/874

Lindsay, Gasik. 211 January 2014. Year of the Durian. Amazon Digital Services LLC.

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 October 2014. "Durio Grandiflorus Botanical Illustrations and Ghost Durian Images." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/durio-grandiflorus-botanical.html

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. “Type of Durio lowianus Scort. Ex King [family Bombacaceae].” JSTOR Global Plants > Herbarium Specimens > Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Available via JSTOR @ https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.k000671515

Subhadrabandhu, Suranant; and Saichol Ketsa. 2001. Durian: King of Tropical Fruit. CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). Wellington, New Zealand: Daphne Brasell Associates.

Partial Solar Eclipse Thursday, Oct. 23, Closes 2014 Eclipse Lineup

Summary: A partial solar eclipse Thursday, Oct. 23, closes the 2014 eclipse lineup and favors North America and the Russian Far East for visibility.

Earth visibility chart and eclipse statistics for partial solar eclipse of Oct. 23, 2014: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

A partial solar eclipse Thursday, Oct. 23, closes the 2014 solar eclipse lineup and favors North America and the Russian Far East as well as the North Pacific Ocean with its path of visibility.

The Editors of Sky & Telescope note that most of Canada, the United States and Mexico have favorable placement for viewing this partial solar eclipse. “ For this event,” the editors state, “the farther west and north you are the better.” The eclipse occurs while the sun still occupies a rather high place in the afternoon sky for observers in the American West.

Sky & Telescope’s editors also point out that, along a line stretching from Michigan through the Florida Panhandle, sunset happens as the eclipse maximizes its depth. East of this line, sunset takes place after the start of the eclipse but before reach of maximum depth.

The October partial solar eclipse begins with first contact between Earth’s surface and the penumbral shadow cast by the moon’s passage between Earth and the sun. On the NASA Eclipse Web Site, retired astrophysicist Fred Espenak, known as “Mr. Eclipse,” identifies the Kamchatka Peninsula in eastern Siberia in the Russian Far East as closest to the point of first contact between the moon’s penumbral shadow and Earth’s surface.

First contact occurs Thursday, Oct. 23, at 19:37:33.0 Universal Time (Friday, Oct. 24, at 7:37 p.m. PETT Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski Time; Thursday, Oct. 23, at 12:37 p.m. Pacific Daylight Time). P1 is the astronomical designation for the instant of first contact.

Greatest eclipse happens at 21:44:31.4 UT (3:44 p.m. NAMDT North American Mountain Daylight Time; 2:44 p.m. PDT). Greatest eclipse marks the instant of closest passage of the axis of the lunar shadow cone to Earth’s center.

“Mr. Eclipse” places the occurrence of greatest eclipse near Prince of Wales Island in Canada’s Nunavut Territory. The axis of the lunar shadow passes about 675 kilometers (419.426 miles) above Earth’s surface at this instant.

The last contact of the lunar penumbra with Earth’s surface announces the end of the October 2014 partial solar eclipse. The October solar event’s end time is 23:51:39.8 UT (4:51 p.m. PDT). P4 is the astronomical designation for the exit of Earth’s surface from the moon’s shadow.

October’s partial solar eclipse is 2014’s second solar eclipse. Its solar predecessor happened Tuesday, April 29, as an annular solar eclipse.

The October 2014 solar event breaks a pattern of absent partial solar eclipses from the annual eclipse lineup that has prevailed for almost two years 10 months. Prior to October’s event, the last partial solar eclipse occurred Friday, Nov. 25, 2011. The November 2011 event was the fourth of that year’s four partial solar eclipses.

After October 2014’s event, the next partial solar eclipse occurs less than a year later. On Sunday, Sept. 13, 2015, a partial solar eclipse happens as the year’s second of two eclipses. Its predecessor opens 2015’s solar eclipse lineup as a total solar eclipse on Friday, March 20.

The second 2014 solar eclipse closes not only the year’s solar duet but also closes 2014’s eclipse lineup. Comprising a quartet, the year’s eclipses are evenly divided between lunar and solar eclipses. Lunar eclipses, which are both total, take place Tuesday, April 15, and Wednesday, Oct. 8, respectively.

The October 2014 partial solar eclipse belongs to Saros 153. The Saros cycle groups eclipses into families, known as series. A Saros cycle comprises approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours).

Observers along the path of visibility should remember to refrain from directly looking at the partial solar eclipse. Safe viewing of partial solar eclipses necessitates use of proper equipment and following of proper techniques.

The takeaway for 2014’s only partial solar eclipse, which happens Thursday, Oct. 23, is the event’s start near the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East and its favoring of North America, from Canada through Mexico, for visibility.

animation of Oct. 23, 2014, solar eclipse: A.T. Sinclair/NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Earth visibility chart and eclipse statistics for partial solar eclipse of Oct. 23, 2014: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHfigures/OH2014-Fig04.pdf

animation of Oct. 23, 2014, solar eclipse: A.T. Sinclair/NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SE2014Oct23P.gif

For further information:

“Clock Changes in Prince of Wales Island, Nunavut, Canada in 2014.” Time And Date > Time Zones > Time Change Dates.
Available via Time And Date @ https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/@6113390?year=2014

The Editors of Sky & Telescope. “Partial Solar Eclipse, October 23, 2014.” Sky & Telescope > Astronomy News > Observing News. Oct. 9, 2014.
Available @ http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/observing-news/partial-solar-eclipse-october-23-2014-10062014/

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses During 2014.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Observer’s Handbook.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2014.html

Espenak, Fred. ".Figure 4 Partial Solar Eclipse of 2014 Oct 23.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page > Solar Eclipses Past and Future: Eclipses During 2014 > Eclipses During 2014: 2014 Oct 23 Partial Solar Eclipse: Partial Solar Eclipse of October 23.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHfigures/OH2014-Fig04.pdf

Espenak, Fred. “Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcat5/SE2001-2100.html

Espenak, Fred. “Greatest Eclipse.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Glossary of Solar Eclipse Terms.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHtables/OH2011-Tab01.pdf

Espenak, Fred. “Table 4: Local Circumstances for Partial Solar Eclipse of 2014 October 23 from Canada and Mexico.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Observer’s Handbook > Observer’s Handbook Tables > Observer’s Handbook 2014.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHtables/OH2014-Tab04.pdf

Espenak, Fred. “Table 5a: Local Circumstances for the Partial Solar Eclipse of 2014 October 23 from the United States.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Observer’s Handbook > Observer’s Handbook Tables > Observer’s Handbook 2014.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHtables/OH2014-Tab05.pdf

Espenak, Fred. “Table 5b: Local Circumstances for the Partial Solar Eclipse of 2014 October 23 from the United States.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Observer’s Handbook > Observer’s Handbook Tables > Observer’s Handbook 2014.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHtables/OH2014-Tab05.pdf

Littmann, Mark; Ken Willcox; Fred Espenak. “Observing Solar Eclipses Safely.” MrEclipse > Totality.
Available @ http://www.mreclipse.com/Totality2/TotalityCh11.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First of Four 2011 Partial Solar Eclipses Happens Tuesday, Jan. 4.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 29, 2010.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/first-of-four-2011-partial-solar.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Fourth of Four 2011 Partial Solar Eclipses Happens Friday, Nov. 25.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 16, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/11/fourth-of-four-2011-partial-solar.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Second of Four 2011 Partial Solar Eclipses Happens Wednesday, June 1.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 25, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/05/second-of-four-2011-partial-solar.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Third of Four 2011 Partial Solar Eclipses Happens Friday, July 1.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 29, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/third-of-four-2011-partial-solar.html

“October 23, 2014 -- Partial Solar Eclipse.” TimeAndDate > Sun & Moon > Eclipses.
Available @ https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/solar/2014-october-23

“October 24, 2014 -- Partial Solar Eclipse -- Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia.” Time And Date > Sun & Moon > Eclipses.
Available @ https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/in/@2125073?iso=20141023

Durio Grandiflorus Botanical Illustrations and Ghost Durian Images

Summary: Copper-leaved Durio grandiflorus botanical illustrations and yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian images get weak-seamed fruits.

ghost durian (Durio grandiflorus), under basionym Boschia grandiflora; illustrations by describer M.T. Masters; 21-epicalyx, 22-calyx, 23-phalanx, 24-ovary, 25-ovary and androecium portion, 26-transverse of ovary, 27-spine from ovary supporting peltate scale, 28-ovule; M.T. Masters, Journal of the Linnean Society (1875), vol. XIV, Tab. XV: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Durio grandiflorus botanical illustrations and yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian images ascertain distribution ranges, life cycles and physical appearances of the biggest-flowered durians of nine edible durian fruit species.

Yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian trees bear the local common names durian burong or durian burung, durian rimba, durian kuning and durian merah. They carry as English equivalents bird, jungle, yellow and red durian; English common names orange-, red- or yellow-fleshed durian; and scientific name Durio grandiflorus ("large-flower durian"). Maxwell Tylden Masters's (April 15, 1833-May 30, 1907) and André Kostermans' (July 1, 1906-July 10, 1994) and Wertit Soegeng-Reksodihardjo's respective taxonomies in 1875 and 1958 dominate.

Yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian trees engender brown-white-yellow, pink-red-brown furniture, packing cases and plywood and the most popular of nine edible durian fruits.

Yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian trees flourish as cultivated woody plants in Brunei; Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia; and the Northern Territory of Australia.

The southeast Asian fruit tree grows natively in Borneo, Palawan and Sumatra, Indonesia; Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Malacca, Penang, Perak, Selangor and Terengganu, Malaysia; and southern Thailand. The Malvaceae (from the Latin malva, "mallow") family member has dark, germination-friendly seeds for lowland, mixed-species, moist, sunny, well-drained soils with pHs of 6 to 7. The orange, red or yellow fleshy, seed-filled fruit is inside a husk whose weakened seam from stem to tip invites opening despite durian's typically pyramid-shaped spines.

Durio grandiflorus botanical illustrations and big-flowered ghost durian images juggle September through February flowering times, October through January fruiting schedules and November through January seeding months.

Yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian trees know minimum 1.94-inch (49.2-millimeter) diameter flowers with curved filaments; linear petal-like stamens; and minute, oblong, terminal-pored anthers.

Flowers in cymes (from the Greek κύμα, kýma, "swell") and 1.21-inch- (30.75-millimeter-) long calyxes (from the Greek κάλυξ, kálux, "husk") lounge alongside foliage. Nectaring and pollinating lesser yellow-eared (Arachnothera chrysogenys) and long-billed (Arachnothera robusta) spiderhunters move among durian flowers and foliage up through 1,640.42-foot (500-meter) altitudes above sea level. Yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian trees net round-based, 7.75-inch- (196.8-millimeter-) long, 2.91-inch- (73.8-millimeter-) wide, three- to five-lobed evergreen leaves with semi-smooth, veined surfaces.

Durio grandiflorus botanical illustrations and yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian images observe hairless upper-sides to undersides with maximum 0.079-inch (2-millimeter) diameter copper-brown scales.

Mature 131.23- to 164.04-foot- (40- to 50-meter-) tall yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian trees possess 9.84-foot- (3-meter-) high, 4.92-foot- (1.5-meter-) wide buttress roots.

The first branches queue up, around 33.47- to 39.37-inch (850 to 1,000-millimeter) diameter trunks, 82.02 feet (25 meters) above the forest floor around their tree bases. The gray-mauve, rust-brown, flaky- and smooth-barked trees require relative humidity at 80 percent and temperatures between 77 and 86 degrees Fahrenheit (25 and 30 degrees Celsius). The International Union for Conservation of Nature settles yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian trees into vulnerable statuses from agro-industrialized, logged habitats and populations.

Durio grandiflorus botanical illustrations and yellow, red, orange, jungle, bird, big-flowered ghost durian images teem with brown-gray-red bark, buttress roots, copper-scaled leaves and dark-seeded, weak-seamed fruits.

The lesser yellow-eared spiderhunter (Arachnothera chrysogenys) visits ghost durian (Durio grandiflorus) flowers more frequently than another main visitor, the long-billed spiderhunter (Arachnothera robusta); A. chrysogenys illustration by Dutch ornithological illustrator Johannes Gerardus Keulemans (June 8, 1842-March 29, 1912); G.E. Shelley's Monograph of the Nectariniidae (1876-1880), opposite page 365: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

ghost durian (Durio grandiflorus), under basionym Boschia grandiflora; illustrations by describer M.T. Masters; 21-epicalyx, 22-calyx, 23-phalanx, 24-ovary, 25-ovary and androecium portion, 26-transverse of ovary, 27-spine from ovary supporting peltate scale, 28-ovule; M.T. Masters, Journal of the Linnean Society (1875), vol. XIV, Tab. XV: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/238425

The lesser yellow-eared spiderhunter (Arachnothera chrysogenys) visits ghost durian (Durio grandiflorus) flowers more frequently than another main visitor, the long-billed spiderhunter (Arachnothera robusta); A. chrysogenys illustration by Dutch ornithological illustrator Johannes Gerardus Keulemans (June 8, 1842-March 29, 1912); G.E. Shelley's Monograph of the Nectariniidae (1876-1880), opposite page 365: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36894753;
Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/61021753@N02/6431129203/

For further information:

"Boschia grandiflora Mast." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100299561

"Dr. André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans." FindAGrave > Memorial.
Available @ https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/122042043/andr%C3%A9-joseph_guillaume_henri-kostermans

"Durio grandiflorus (Mast.) Kosterm. & Soegeng." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100327437

Gasik, Lindsay. 21 January 2014. Year of the Durian. Amazon Digital Services LLC.

Kostermans, A.J.G.H. (André Guillaume Henri). "The Genus Durio Adans. (Bombac.): 4. Durio grandiflorus (Mast.) Kosterm. et Soeg. -- Fig. 8." December 1958. Reinwardtia, vol. 4, part 3: 47-150: 59-61. Kebun Raya, Indonesia: Herbarium Bogoriense.
Available via Research Center for Biology-LIPI @ http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia/article/view/1008/874

Kostermans, André Joseph Guillaume Henri; Wertit Soegeng-Reksodihardjo. April 1958. "A Monograph of the Genus Durio Adans (Bombacaceae), Part I, Bornean Species." Pengumuman (Communication) no. 61, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). Bogor, Indonesia: Lembaga Pusat Penjelidikan Kehutanan, Djawatan Kehutanan, Kementerian Pertanian (Forestry Research Center, Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture).

Lim, T.K. 2012. Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 1, Fruits. Dordrecht, Netherlands; Heidelberg, Germany; London, England; New York NY: Springer.

Masters, Maxwell T. (Tylden). 1875. "Monographic Sketch of the Durioneae [Read November 19, 1874.](Plates XIV., XV., XVI.): 1. B. grandiflora, Mast., sp. n." The Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany, vol. XIV: 502-503 table 15. London, England: Taylor and Francis.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/238271

Peterson, Alan P., M.D. "Arachnothera chrysogenys (Temminck) 1826." Zoonomen: Zoological Nomenclature Resource > Birds of the World -- Current Valid Scientific Avian Names > Passeriformes > Nectariniidae > Arachnothera.
Available @ http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/pass.html

Peterson, Alan P., M.D. "Arachnothera robusta Muller, S & Schlegel 1844." Zoonomen: Zoological Nomenclature Resource > Birds of the World -- Current Valid Scientific Avian Names > Passeriformes > Nectariniidae > Arachnothera.
Available @ http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/pass.html

Roubik, David W.; Shoko Sakai; Abang A. Hamid Karim, eds. 2005. Pollination Ecology and the Rainforest: Sarawak Studies. Ecological Studies 174. New York NY: Springer Science + Business Media Inc.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=LNBj5lXAC1wC

Shelley, G.E. (George Ernest), Captain. 1876-1880. "Arachnoraphis robusta. (Robust Spider-Hunter.)." A Monograph of the Nectariniidae, or, Family of Sun-birds: 367-369. London, England: Published by the author.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36894757
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/monographofnecta00she#page/n709/mode/1up

Shelley, G.E. (George Ernest), Captain. 1876-1880. "Arachnothera chrysogenys. (Lesser Yellow-Eared Spider-Hunter.)." A Monograph of the Nectariniidae, or, Family of Sun-birds: 365-366. London, England: Published by the author.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36894753
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/monographofnecta00she#page/n705/mode/1up

Subhadrabandhu, Suranant; and Saichol Ketsa. 2001. Durian: King of Tropical Fruit. CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International).

World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1998. "Durio grandiflorus." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T34567A9875972. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T34567A9875972.en.
Available @ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/34567/0
Available @ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/34565/0

Oct. 8, 2014, Total Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 127

Summary: The Wednesday, Oct. 8, 2014, total lunar eclipse belongs to Saros cycle 127, a series of 72 similar lunar eclipses.

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Tuesday, July 9, 1275, opened Saros 127’s lineup of 72 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The Wednesday, Oct. 8, 2014, total lunar eclipse belongs to Saros cycle 122, which comprises 72 lunar eclipses with similar geometries.

October’s total lunar eclipse begins Wednesday, Oct. 8, at 08:15:33 Universal Time, according to NASA’s Eclipse Web Site. Greatest eclipse takes place at 10:54:36 UT. Greatest eclipse indicates the instant of the moon’s closest passage to the axis of Earth’s shadow. The eclipse ends at 13:33:43 UT.

October 2014’s total lunar eclipse appears as number 42 in the lineup of 72 lunar eclipses that compose Saros cycle 127. Similar geometries group the 72 lunar eclipses together into a family, known as a series.

Retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak’s EclipseWise website describes Saros 127 lunar eclipses as sharing the geometry of occurring at the moon’s descending node. With each succeeding eclipse in Saros 127, the lunar movement is northward with respect to the descending node.

An ascending node and a descending node signal the intersections of Earth’s orbit by the moon’s orbit. The two nodes reveal the approximately 5.1 degree tilt of the lunar orbit with respect to Earth’s orbit. The ascending node marks the moon’s orbital crossing to the north of Earth’s orbit. The descending node indicates the lunar orbital crossing to the south of Earth’s orbit.

Saros lunar series 127’s number attests to the occurrence of the series’ eclipses at the descending node. Odd-numbered lunar Saros series are linked with the descending node. Even numbers are assigned to the ascending node’s lunar eclipses.

A Saros cycle of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours) guides the periodicity and recurrence of eclipses. A Saros series contains 70 or more lunar eclipses, with each separated from its predecessor by a Saros cycle. A Saros series typically spreads over 12 to 15 centuries.

Saros series 127 lasts for 1,280.14 years, according to NASA Eclipse Web Site. Saros series 127 unfolds over 14 centuries. Saros series 127 spans the 13th through 24th centuries.

Lunar eclipses in Saros series 127 observe a sequence order of 11 penumbral lunar eclipses, 18 partial lunar eclipses, 16 total lunar eclipses, 20 partial lunar eclipses and seven penumbral lunar eclipses. Penumbral lunar eclipses claim the most frequency in Saros series 127, with a total of 38 occurrences. Penumbral lunar eclipses appear as the second most frequent lunar eclipse type in the series, with a total of 18 occurrences.

The 13th century’s penumbral lunar eclipse of Tuesday, July 9, 1275, initiated Saros series 127. This eclipse occurred near the southern edge of the penumbra (shadow’s lighter, outer region). This event’s greatest eclipse took place over northeastern Australia, east of Cudmore National Park and west of Blair Athol State Forest in Central West Queensland.

The 26th century’s penumbral eclipse of Tuesday, Sept. 2, 2555, ends Saros series 122. This eclipse will occur near the penumbra’s northern edge. This event will reach its greatest eclipse over the southwest Pacific Ocean’s Banda Sea, south of Seram Island and north of Yamdena in the Indonesian archipelago of the Moluccas (Maluku Islands).

The Wednesday, Oct. 8, 2014, total lunar eclipse occurs as number 13 in Saros series 127’s intermediate sequence of 16 total lunar eclipses. This event will stage its greatest eclipse over the north central Pacific Ocean, northwest of the unincorporated U.S. Territory of Jarvis Island and southeast of the unincorporated U.S. Territory of Johnston Atoll (Kalama Atoll).

The total eclipse of Friday, Sept. 27, 1996, is the predecessor of October 2014’s total lunar eclipse. This event’s greatest eclipse took place over the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Belém, capital of northern Brazil’s state of Pará.

The April 1996 total eclipse occurred as number 12 in Saros series 127’s intermediate sequence of 16 total lunar eclipses. This eclipse appears as number 41 in the series’ lineup of 72 lunar eclipses.

The total lunar eclipse of Monday, Oct. 18, 2032, is the successor of the Wednesday, Oct. 8, 2014, total lunar eclipse in Saros series 127. This event’s greatest eclipse will take place over the northeastern Indian Ocean, southwest of the Republic of India Union Territory of Lakshadweep’s Agatti Island and northwest of Lakshadweep’s island of Minicoy (Maliku).

The April 2032 eclipse occurs as the number 14 in Saros series 127’s intermediate sequence of 16 total lunar eclipses. This eclipse appears as number 43 in the series’ lineup of 72 lunar eclipses.

The takeaway for the Wednesday, Oct. 8, 2014, total lunar eclipse is that the astronomical event occurs as number 42 in Saros series 127’s lineup of 72 lunar eclipses and as number 13 in the series’ intermediate sequence of 16 total lunar eclipses.

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Tuesday, Sept. 2, 2555, will close Saros series 127’s lineup of 72 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Tuesday, July 9, 1275, opened Saros 127’s lineup of 72 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1201-1300/LE1275-07-09N.gif

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Tuesday, Sept. 2, 2555, will close Saros series 127’s lineup of 72 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2501-2600/LE2555-09-02N.gif

For further information:

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses During 2014.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipses: Past and Future.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2014.html

Espenak, Fred. “Key to Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEsaros/LEsaroscatkey.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 1275 Jul 09." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150: 127 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 127: 01 -34 1275 Jul 09.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1201-1300/LE1275-07-09N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 2555 Sep 02." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150: 127 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 127: 72 37 2555 Sep 02.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2501-2600/LE2555-09-02N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 1275 Jul 09.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 1201 to 1300 (1201 CE to 1300 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/1201-1300/LE1275Jul09Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2555 Sep 02.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2501 to 2600 (2501 CE to 2600 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2501-2600/LE2555Sep02Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Total 1996 Sep 27." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150: 127 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 127: 41 06 1996 Sep 27.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1901-2000/LE1996-09-27T.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Total 2014 Oct 08." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150: 127 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 127: 42 07 2014 Oct 08.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2014-10-08T.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Total 2032 Oct 18." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150: 127 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 127: 43 08 2032 Oct 18.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2032-10-18T.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Total Lunar Eclipse of 1996 Sep 27.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 1901 to 2000 (1901 CE to 2000 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/1901-2000/LE1996Sep27Tprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Total Lunar Eclipse of 2014 Oct 08.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2001-2100/LE2014Oct08Tprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Total Lunar Eclipse of 2032 Oct 18.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2001-2100/LE2032Oct18Tprime.html

Espenak, Fred; Jean Meeus. "Saros Series 127." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series.
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Marriner, Derdriu. “April 15, 2014, Total Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 122.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, April 2, 2014.
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Marriner, Derdriu. “Second of Two 2014 Total Lunar Eclipses Happens Wednesday, Oct. 8.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Oct. 1, 2014.
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Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2 Sep, 2555 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2501 AD > 2541-2560 AD.
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Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 9 Jul, 1275 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 1001-2000 AD > 1201 AD > 1261-1280 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/1275_07_09

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Total Lunar Eclipse of 8 Oct, 2014 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2001-2020 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2014_10_08

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Total Lunar Eclipse of 18 Oct, 2032 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2021-2040 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2032_10_18

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Total Lunar Eclipse of 27 Sep, 1996 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 1001-2000 AD > 1901 AD > 1981-2000 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/1996_09_27