Australian Baobab Tree Botanical Illustrations and Images Down Under

Summary: Australian baobab tree botanical illustrations and images abound with the Australian endemic's distribution ranges, life cycles and physical appearances.

Group of Gouty Stem Trees, Adansonia gregorii F. Muell., on the Baines River, North West Australia (1857 oil on canvas) by English artist and explorer Thomas Baines (Nov. 27, 1820-May 8, 1875); Lynn Museum, King's Lynn, England: Public Domain, via The Athenaeum

Australian baobab tree botanical illustrations and images acclaim the only Australian endemic among nine extant baobab tree species whose other eight members appear natively in mainland Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and Madagascar.

Australian baobabs bear the English common names Australian baobab trees, baobs and boabs and bottle-trees, cream-of-tartar trees and gouty-stems for biogeography, as nicknames and from appearances. They carry the scientific name Adansonia gregorii to commemorate Michel Adanson (April 7, 1727-Aug. 3, 1806) and Sir Augustus Charles Gregory (Aug. 1, 1819-June 25, 1905). Taxonomies in Carl Linnaeus's (May 23, 1707-Jan. 10, 1778) system date to 1857 by Baron Sir Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Mueller (June 30, 1825-Oct. 10, 1896).

Western Australia's Derby-area, 1,500-year-old Boab Prison Tree, 1,343 years older than the Mueller explications, epitomizes the elder examples in Australian baobab tree botanical illustrations and images.

Australian baobabs favor floodplain, forest, riverbed and rocky distribution ranges through 984.25-foot (300-meter) altitudes above sea level from Kimberley, Western Australia, eastward into the Northern Territory.

The Boab Prison Tree, 19th-century gathering-place, or not, for gaoling aboriginals before sentencing 3.73 miles (6 kilometers) northward, in Derby, generates a 48.23-foot (14.7-meter) mature girth. Australian baobabs have average 29.53- to 39.37-foot (9- to 12-meter) heights within 16.40- to 49.21-foot (5- to 15-meter) ranges and diameters through 16.40-plus feet (5-plus meters). Bean-like seeds, brown-black gourd-like capsules, brown-gray smooth bark, compound emerald-green leaves and white flowers identify gourd-gourd and sour-gourd tree members of the Malvaceae mallow plant family.

Australian baobab tree botanical illustrations and images juggle root-like branches atop cylindrical, downward-flared trunks atop branch-like rhizomes (from the Greek ῥῐ́ζᾰ, rhíza, "root") and downward-growing roots.

Branches and rhizomes keep Australian baobab bulb-based, tube-like trunks straight and sustainable since they respectively know foliage, flowers, fruits and seeds and rooting, shooting woody offsets.

Australia's 'abū ḥibāb (from Arabic أَبُو حِبَاب, "father of many seeds") lodges 2.56- to 4.73-inch (6.5- to 12-centimeter) by 0.98- to 1.77-inch (2.5- to 4.5-centimeter) leaflets. Australian baobabs, mentioned in northwestern aboriginal languages by the names gadawon, larrgadi and larrgadiy, maintain foliage from November through June and flowers from December through May. Night-opening flowers net 4.33- to 4.72-inch- (11- to 12-centimeter-) long petals in 13.5- to 15-inch (34.29- to 38.1-centimeter) by 1.5- to 2.5-inch (3.81- to 6.34-centimeter) corollas.

Bloom times offer bottom-fused, 1.18- to 2.76-inch (30- to 70-millimeter) anther filaments; sepal-filled, 2.36-inch- (6-centimeter) calyxes (from Greek κάλυξ, kálux, "husk") and stamen-filled, 0.79-inch (2-centimeter) tubes.

Australian baobab tree botanical illustrations and images present 0.39- to 0.43-inch (10- to 11-millimeter) by 0.32-inch (8-millimeter) seeds from 0.39-inch- (10-centimeter-) long, 1.58-inch- (4-centimeter-) wide fruits.

Joseph Henry Maiden (April 25, 1859-Nov. 16, 1925), in 1889, qualified the "dry acidulous pulp of the fruit" as "an agreeable taste, like cream of tartar." Australian baobabs rate reputations for edible, mealy pulp; habitable, water-holding trunks; iron-rich, medicinal leaves; outer fruit surfaces carved or painted by aboriginal artists; and roasted seeds. The Boab Prison Tree, the Gija Jumulu, the Hillgrove Lockup and the Wyndham caravan park tree serve as special Australian baobabs for locals, residents and visitors.

Australian baobab tree botanical illustrations and images team 19.69- to 59.06-inch (500- to 1,500-millimeter) rainfall in 55.4 to 102.2 degrees Fahrenheit (13 to 39 degrees Celsius).

Gija Jumulu, an Australian baobab tree (Adansonia gregorii), was removed from Telegraph Creek, in Western Australia's northernmost Kimberley region to make way for a road bridge on the Great Northern Highway and transported  3,200 kilometers (2,000 mi) southwest to the Wheatbelt region for July 20, 2008, replanting; Gija Jumulu at Two Rivers Lookout, Forrest Carpark, in Kings Park, Perth, Western Australia, southwestern Australia; Sunday, Feb. 5, 2012, 16:53: Moondyne, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Group of Gouty Stem Trees, Adansonia gregorii F. Muell., on the Baines River, North West Australia (1857 oil on canvas) by English artist and explorer Thomas Baines (Nov. 27, 1820-May 8, 1875); Lynn Museum, King's Lynn, Norfolk, East Anglia, East of England: Public Domain, via The Athenaeum @ https://www.the-athenaeum.org/art/detail.php?ID=165373

Gija Jumulu, an Australian baobab tree (Adansonia gregorii), was removed from Telegraph Creek, in Western Australia's northernmost Kimberley region to make way for a road bridge on the Great Northern Highway and transported  3,200 kilometers (2,000 mi) southwest to the Wheatbelt region for July 20, 2008, replanting; Gija Jumulu at Two Rivers Lookout, Forrest Carpark, in Kings Park, Perth, Western Australia, southwestern Australia; Sunday, Feb. 5, 2012, 16:53: Moondyne, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baobab_Kings_Park_Feb2012-5.jpg

For further information:

"Adansonia gregorii F. Muell." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/3900667

"Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Mueller." Find A Grave > Memorial.
Available @ https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/176287019/ferdinand-jacob_heinrich-von_mueller

Maiden, Joseph Henry. 1889. "7. Adansonia Gregorii." The Useful Native Plants of Australia, (Including Tasmania): 4-5. London, England: Trubner and Co; and Sydney, Australia: Turner and Henderson.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12453235
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/usefulnativeplan1889maid

Mueller, F. (Ferdinand). 1857. "Nova Genera et Species Aliquot Rariores in Plagis Australlæ Intratropicis Superrime Detecta: Adansonia Gregorii." Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany, vol. IX:14. London, England: Lovell Reeve.
Available @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/784897

Pakenham, Thomas. 2004. The Remarkable Baobab. New York NY; and London UK: W.W. Norton & Company.

Wickens, Gerald E.; and Pat Lowe. 2008. The Baobabs: Pachycauls of Africa, Madagascar and Australia. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science + Business Media, B.V.

Lamb Crater Honors British Mathematician and Physicist Sir Horace Lamb

Summary: Lamb Crater honors British mathematician and physicist Sir Horace Lamb, whose achievements include creating the physics term vorticity in 1916.

Detail of oblique view, obtained 1971, just after trans-Earth injection (TEI), with Apollo 15 mapping camera, shows Lamb Crater (upper right) with satellites Lamb A (lower right of parent), Lamb G (lower left of parent) and Lamb E (below Lamb G); NASA ID AS15-M-2753: James Stuby (Jstuby), Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons

Lamb Crater honors British mathematician and physicist Sir Horace Lamb, whose writings include classic physics textbooks and who introduced the physics term vorticity in 1916 in his reference work on fluid dynamics, Hydrodynamics.

Lamb Crater is a lunar crater in the far side’s southwestern quadrant. The crater’s generally circular rim encloses an interior floor flooded by basaltic lava. Craterlets dot the floor. A small crater occupies the south-southeastern floor.

Lamb Crater is centered at minus 42.67 degrees south latitude, 100.94 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The southern hemisphere crater records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 41.07 degrees south and minus 44.32 degrees south, respectively. It registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 103.27 degrees east and 98.62 degrees east, respectively. Lamb Crater’s diameter measures 103.55 kilometers.

Lamb Crater parents three satellites. All three satellites round their parent’s eastern half.

The Lamb Crater system resides in southern Mare Australe (Southern Sea) beyond the near side’s southeastern limb. The Southern Sea overlaps the moon’s near and far sides.

Mare Australe is centered at minus 47.77 degrees south latitude, 91.99 degrees east longitude. The dark, basaltic plain’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend from minus 31.84 degrees south to minus 64.2 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach 113.36 degrees east and 70.43 degrees east, respectively. Mare Australe’s length spans 996.84 kilometers.

Jenner Crater resides near Lamb’s western rim. Jenner’s placement to the west of Lamb and just east of the near side’s southeastern limb qualifies it for visibility to Earth-based observers under favorable libration and lighting conditions. Libration references the expanded surface visibility, extending into the far side, that accompanies changes in the perspectives of Earth-based observers.

Jenner Crater is centered at minus 42.01 degrees south latitude, 95.98 degrees east longitude. The terraced crater obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 40.8 degrees south and minus 43.22 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at 97.62 degrees east and 94.35 degrees east, respectively. Jenner Crater has a diameter of 73.66 kilometers.

Lamb Crater honors British mathematician and physicist Sir Horace Lamb (Nov. 27, 1849-Dec. 4, 1934). The International Astronomical Union (IAU) approved Lamb as the crater’s official name in 1970, during the organization’s XIVth (14th) General Assembly, held in Brighton, United Kingdom, from Tuesday, Aug. 18, to Thursday, Aug. 27. Prior to its official naming, Lamb Crater was designated as Crater 404. The IAU approved the letter designations of the Lamb Crater system’s three satellites in 2006.

Lamb published A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of the Motions of Fluids in 1879. In his preface, he traced the origin of the work to 1874. During lectures that he delivered in Cambridge University’s Trinity College, he realized the need for a systematic consideration of the current state of fluid motion theory.

The reference work’s title change to Hydrodynamics, beginning with the second edition in 1895, reflected extensive “additions and alterations” in the subject. As a subdiscipline of fluid dynamics, hydrodynamics (Ancient Greek: ὑδρο-, hudro-, from ὕδωρ, húdōr, “water” + δυναμικός, dunamikós, “powerful”) focuses on the motion of liquids.

The fourth edition of Hydrodyanmics appeared in 1916. In his preface, Lamb highlighted his introduction of a new term, vorticity, as a replacement for rotation, to distinguish the vector (ξ, η, ζ [xi, eta, zeta]) from components with half of the velocity values.

The Cambridge University Press website offers the sixth edition of Hydrodynamics, published in November 1993. The website describes Hydrodynamics as a “definitive reference work” and as a “relevant, timeless classic.”

Lamb was elected as a Fellow of The Royal Society (FRAS) on Dec. 6, 1884. The Royal Society website lists Lamb’s research fields as “applied mathematics, geophysics.”

Horace Lamb became Sir Horace Lamb with his knighting in 1931.

The takeaways for Lamb Crater, which honors British mathematician and physicist Sir Horace Lamb, are that the lunar crater resides on the far side, just beyond the near side’s southeastern limb; that Lamb Crater parents three satellites in southern Mare Australe (Southern Sea); and that the crater’s namesake introduced a new term, vorticity, in the fourth edition of his still-in-print, definitive work, Hydrodynamics, published in 1916.

Detail of Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Lamb Crater, with neighbor Jenner Crater, in lunar far side's southern Mare Australe, just beyond near side's southeastern limb: U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Detail of oblique view, obtained 1971, just after trans-Earth injection (TEI), with Apollo 15 mapping camera, shows Lamb Crater (upper right) with satellites Lamb A (lower right of parent), Lamb G (lower left of parent) and Lamb E (below Lamb G); NASA ID AS15-M-2753: James Stuby (Jstuby), Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lamb_crater_AS15-M-2753.jpg

Detail of Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Lamb Crater, with neighbor Jenner Crater, in lunar far side's southern Mare Australe, just beyond near side's southeastern limb: U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/moon_farside.pdf

For further information:

Andersson, Leif E.; and Ewen A. Whitaker. NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA Reference Publication 1097. Washington DC: NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch, October 1982.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19830003761.pdf

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

de Jager, C. (Cornelis); and A. (Arnost) Jappel, eds. XIVth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XIV B Proceedings of the 14th General Assembly Brighton, United Kingdom, August 18-27, 1970. Washington DC: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Jan. 1, 1971.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Dunbar, Brian, page ed. “Moon.” Internet Archive Wayback Machine > World Book at NASA.
Available @ https://web.archive.org/web/20130703162844/http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/moon_worldbook.html

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Jenner.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2819

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Lamb.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3252

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Lamb A.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/10571

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Lamb E.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/10572

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Lamb G.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/10573

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Mare Australe.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3665

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: The Moon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target

Lamb, Horace. The Dynamical Theory of Sound. London [England]: Edward Arnold, 1910.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/dynamicaltheoryo00lambrich/

Lamb, Horace. Hydrodynamics. Second edition. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1895.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/hydrodynamics00horarich/

Lamb, Horace. Hydrodynamics. Fourth edition. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1916.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/hydrodynamics02lambgoog/

Lamb, Horace. A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of the Motion of Fluids. First edition. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1879.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/maththeorfluid00lambrich/

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Love, Augustus Edward Hough; and Richard Tetley Glazebrook. “Sir Horace Lamb, 1849-1934.” Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 1932-1935, vol. 1 issue 4: 375-392.
Available via The Royal Society Publishing @ https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1935.0003

Marriner, Derdriu. “Maxwell Crater Honors Scottish Mathematical Physicist James Maxwell.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 13, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/maxwell-crater-honors-scottish.html

The Moon Wiki. “IAU Directions.” The Moon.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_directions

The Moon Wiki. “Jenner.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > J Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Jenner

The Moon Wiki. “Lamb.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > L Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Lamb

The Moon Wiki. “Mare Australe.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > A Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Mare_Australe

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and Department of Defense Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Lunar Farside Chart LFC-1. Second edition. October 1967.
Available @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/LunarFarsideCharts/LFC-1%201stEd/LFC-1%202ndEd/LFC-1A/

National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and Department of Defense Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Lunar Farside Chart LFC-1. Second edition. October 1967.
Available @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/LunarFarsideCharts/LFC-1%201stEd/LFC-1%202ndEd/LFC-1A/

The Royal Society. “Lamb; Sir; Horace (1849-1934).” The Royal Society > Fellows.
Available @ https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=6&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27lamb%27%29

van der Hucht, Karel A., ed. XXVIth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XVII B Proceedings of the 26th General Assembly Prague, Czech Republic, August 14-25, 2006. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Dec. 30, 2008.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Wilhelms, Don E.; John F. McCauley; and Newell J. Trask. The Geologic History of the Moon. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1348. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1348

Saluki Sighthound Painting Icons: Savvy, Sensitive, Slim, Swift

Summary: The Saluki sighthound painting within the John Wootton painting The Byerley Turk iconizes an ancient, graceful, intelligent, lovable, swift Asian breed.

The Byerley Turk by John Wootton (ca. 1682-Nov. 13, 1764), English painter of sporting subjects: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The John Wootton painting The Byerley Turk also acts as a Saluki sighthound painting since one of the world's most ancient dog breeds appears alongside one of the world's most famous thoroughbreds.

The 18th-century animalscape broadcasts the back and right side of a beautiful Saluki gazehound whose head brushes in height the knee levels of the Arabian thoroughbred. It communicates alertness, bravery, dependability, gentleness, loyalty, respect and sociability in the deep-chested body toward the tethered thoroughbred and the narrow head toward the turbaned trainer. Nobody perhaps deduces the exact derivations of the orphaned dog, horse and man from the detailed depictions even though their complicity designates a Semitic language-speaking country.

Wootton's (1682?-Nov. 13, 1764) Saluki sighthound painting within his Arabian thoroughbred painting emphasizes the long narrow body, head and legs of descendants of 6000-year-old Iranian ancestors.

Thomas T. Allsen of the University of New Jersey in Trenton finds broad-skulled, deep-chested, leashed, long-eared Saluki gazehounds in Egyptian Middle Kingdom (2134 B.C.-1785 B.C.) art.

Ancient Egyptian artists gave Saluki sighthound paintings leashed gazehounds going, by sight and speed, with charioted or foot archers  after desert foxes, gazelles, hyenas and onagers. The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History, University of Pennsylvania Press publication May 1, 2006, harvests the name from pre-Islamic Arabic poetry, Salūqiyyah ("Seleucia") and Salūq, Yemen. Salūqiyyah is the first capital (305 B.C.-240 B.C.), in modern-day Iraq's Babil Governorate, of Macedon-born Seleucus I Nicator's (358 B.C.?-281 B.C.) Seleucid Empire (312 B.C.-63 B.C.).

Salūq joined Saluki timelines as rearing village for exported sighthounds to the Abbasid caliphate (750-125), 1261-117) from modern-day Libya through the Arabian Peninsula, Armenia and Iran.

Afghanistan, China and Italy kept Saluki sighthound paintings by Kamal al-Din Bihzad (1460-1535), Zhu Zhanji (March 16, 1399-Jan. 31, 1435) and Paolo Veronese (128-April 19, 1588).

Each African, Asian and European Saluki sighthound painting lauds the feather- or smooth-coated Saluki, nicknamed Arabian greyhound, gazelle hound, Persian greyhound, Persian sighthound, Tanji or Tazi. Old World Saluki sighthound paintings made way for New World Saluki sighthound photographs after Horace Newton Fisher's (Oct. 19, 1836-Oct. 23, 1916) Saluki import in 1861. The VetSTREET website notes Colonel Fisher netting the first Saluki in the United States with a shipment by clipper ship from Thebes, Egypt, to Boston, Massachusetts.

The Saluki sighthound painting icon officially obtained the American Kennel Club classification as hound in 1927 and the United Kennel Club classification as sighthound in 1956.

Saluki sighthound painting icons present 23- to 28-inch- (58.42- to 71.12-centimeter) heights and 45- to 65-pound (20.41- to 29.48-kilogram) weights, with females more petite than males.

Saluki physical and sexual maturity queues up daily jogs, four- to eight-puppy litters and 40-mile (64.37-kilometer) hourly top speeds during 10- to 17-year odor-free life expectancies. They reveal long, mobile ears; curvable, long, low-hanging tails; dark to hazel, large, oval eyes; hair-sided toes; long, narrow heads; long necks; narrow chests; straight forelimbs. They show black- or liver-colored noses and black, black-tan-white, cream, fawn, golden, grizzle, red, tan, white coarsely smooth or feather-eared, feather-tailed, short, silky, soft odor-free coats.

Daily family-bonding and tooth-brushing, monthly nail-trimming and weekly coat-brushing and year-round clean, soft, warm bedding thank Saluki sighthound painting icons for friendly, gentle, quiet, sensitive intelligence.

American artist, illustrator and ornithologist Louis Agassiz Fuertes (Feb. 7, 1874-Aug. 22, 1927) described the saluki as "long and rangy of leg," with a stance forming "an almost perfect square" of back and legs with the ground; Louis Agassiz Fuertes' "The Persian Gazellehound" painting: Baynes and Fuertes' The Book of Dogs (1919), page 22, Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

The Byerley Turk by John Wootton (ca. 1682-Nov. 13, 1764), English painter of sporting subjects: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byerly_Turk.jpg

American artist, illustrator and ornithologist Louis Agassiz Fuertes (Feb. 7, 1874-Aug. 22, 1927) described the saluki as "long and rangy of leg," with a stance forming "an almost perfect square" of back and legs with the ground; Louis Agassiz Fuertes' "The Persian Gazellehound" painting: Baynes and Fuertes' The Book of Dogs (1919), page 22, Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14994711

For further information:

Allsen, Thomas T. 2006. The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History. Philadelpha PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Baynes, Ernest Harold; and Louis Agassiz Fuertes. 1919. "The Persian Gazellehound." The Book of Dogs: An Intimate Study of Mankind's Best Friend: 22. Washington DC: National Geographic Society.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14994711

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2013. "John Wootton Painting The Byerley Turk and Elementary's Thoroughbreds." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/john-wootton-painting-byerley-turk-and.html

"Saluki." American Kennel Club > Menu > Dog Breeds A-Z > View All Breeds.
Available @ https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/saluki/

"Saluki." VetSTREET > Dogs > Breeds > Hounds.
Available @ http://www.vetstreet.com/dogs/saluki#personality

Pawsey Crater Honors Australian Radio Astronomer Joseph Lade Pawsey

Summary: Pawsey Crater honors Australian radio astronomer Joseph Lade Pawsey, a pioneer in the 20th century’s new discipline of radio astronomy.

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Charts (LAC) 31 shows Pawsey Crater with nearest named neighbors, Bridgman E (west; left), Campbell (east; right) and Wiener (south; below); courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Pawsey Crater honors Australian radio astronomer Joseph Lade Pawsey, whose pioneer involvement in radio astronomy established Australia’s CSIRO (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) Radiophysics Laboratory as a world-famous center.

Pawsey is a middle-latitude, lunar impact crater in the far side’s northwestern quadrant. A small crater encroaches the western rim. A cup-shaped crater resides on the western interior floor, to the northeast of the western rim’s crater. A cup-shaped crater lies along Pawsey’s northeastern edge.

Pawsey Crater is centered at 44.24 degrees north latitude, 145.29 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The eastern hemisphere crater’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes occur at 45.23 degrees north and 43.25 degrees north, respectively. The northern hemisphere crater obtains easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 146.67 degrees east and 143.91 degrees east, respectively. Pawsey Crater has a diameter of 59.98 kilometers.

Pawsey Crater claims three close, named neighbors. Campbell Crater lies to the east of Pawsey.. Pawsey’s southwestern edge nudges Wiener Crater’s outer northern ramparts. The Bridgman Crater system’s satellite E resides to the west of Pawsey.

Pawsey’s eastern neighbor, Campbell, is an impact-worn lunar impact crater. The large crater is pimpled with craters on its rim, inner wall and interior floor.

Campbell Crater is centered at 45.57 degrees north latitude, 152.91 degrees east longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes stretch to 49.26 degrees north and 41.92 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach 158.26 degrees east and 147.81 degrees east, respectively. Campbell Crater’s diameter spans 222.48 kilometers.

Pawsey’s south-southeastern neighbor, Wiener, presents contrasts of irregularity and smoothness. Its relatively level interior floor bears a central peak structure, formed by a cluster of small ridges, near the crater’s midpoint. Its fairly well-formed northwestern rim shelters a slumped and terraced inner wall. The northern rim protrudes as an outward association with Wiener’s northwestern neighbor, Pawsey.

Wiener Crater is centered at 40.9 degrees north latitude, 146.51 degrees east longitude. It posts northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 42.77 degrees north and 39.03 degrees north, respectively. It finds easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 148.99 degrees east and 144.04 degrees east, respectively. Wiener Crater’s diameter spans 113.39 kilometers.

Pawsey’s western neighbor, Bridgman E, occupies the most easterly position in the Bridgman Crater system. It lies between its parent and Pawsey Crater.

Bridgman E is centered at 44.08 degrees north latitude, 141.84 degrees east longitude. It records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 44.54 degrees north and 43.63 degrees north, respectively. It registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 142.47 degrees east and 141.2 degrees east, respectively. Bridgman E has a diameter of 27.55 kilometers.

Pawsey Crater honors Australian radio astronomer Joseph Lade Pawsey (May 14, 1908-Nov. 30, 1962). The International Astronomical Union (IAU) approved Pawsey as the crater’s official name in 1970, during the organization’s XIV (14th) General Assembly, held in Brighton, United Kingdom, from Sunday, Aug. 18, to Tuesday, Aug. 27. Prior to its official naming, Pawsey Crater was known as Crater 55.

Pawsey’s association with CSIRO (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) Radiophysics Laboratory began on Feb. 2, 1940, according to English physicist and radio astronomer Sir Alfred Charles Bernard Lovell (Aug. 31, 1913-Aug. 6, 2012) in his biography of Pawsey for the Nov. 30, 1984, issue of the Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of The Royal Society. The laboratory, which was established toward the end of 1939 in Sydney, New South Wales, southeastern Australia, was charged with conducting radar research for the Australian Armed Services.

Pawsey was elected as a Fellow of The Royal Society (FRS) on March 18, 1954. Pawsey’s election certificate, which was read to the Society on Nov. 6, 1952, included an acknowledgment of the significance of his leadership in securing recognition of Australia’s CSIRO Radiophysics Laboratory as a “leading centre of radio-astronomy.”

Pawsey co-authored Radio Astronomy with Ronald Newbold Bracewell (July 22, 1921-Aug. 12, 2007) as the new science’s first standard work. Radio Astronomy was published by Oxford University Press in 1955. Sir Alfred recognized the textbook as “. . . Pawsey’s major contribution to the general literature” (page 239) of radio astronomy.

The takeaways for Pawsey Crater, which honors Australian radio astronomer Joseph Lade Pawsey, are that the lunar crater resides as an eastern hemisphere crater in the far side’s northwestern quadrant and that the crater’s namesake is recognized as a pioneer in the 20th century’s new science of radio astronomy.

Detail of Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Pawsey Crater’s (center) neighborhood in the far side’s portion of the moon’s eastern hemisphere: U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Charts (LAC) 31 shows Pawsey Crater with nearest named neighbors, Bridgman E (west; left), Campbell (east; right) and Wiener (south; below); courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/Lunar/lac_31_wac.pdf

Detail of Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Pawsey Crater’s (center) neighborhood in the far side’s portion of the moon’s eastern hemisphere: U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/moon_farside.pdf

For further information:

Andersson, Leif E.; and Ewen A. Whitaker. NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA Reference Publication 1097. Washington DC: NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch, October 1982.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19830003761.pdf

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

de Jager, C. (Cornelis); and A. (Arnost) Jappel, eds. XIVth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XIV B Proceedings of the 14th General Assembly Brighton, United Kingdom, August 18-27, 1970. Washington DC: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Jan. 1, 1971.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Bridgman E.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9687

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Campbell.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/990

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Pawsey.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4622

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Wiener.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6544

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Lacus Somniorum.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3217

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: The Moon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Lovell, A.C. (Alfred Charles) Bernard. “Joseph Lade Pawsey, 1908-1962.” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of The Royal Society, vol. 10 (Nov. 30, 1984): 229-243.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/769321
Available via The Royal Society Publishing @ https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1964.0014

Marriner, Derdriu. “Wiener Crater Honors American Mathematician Norbert Wiener.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 27, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-newas.blogspot.com/2013/03/wiener-crater-honors-american.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Wiener Crater Parents Four Satellites on Lunar Far Side.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, April 3, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/wiener-crater-parents-four-satellites.html

The Moon Wiki. “Bridgman.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > B Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Bridgman

The Moon Wiki. “Campbell.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > C Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Campbell

The Moon Wiki. “IAU Directions.” The Moon.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_directions

The Moon Wiki. “Pawsey.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > P Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Pawsey

The Moon Wiki. “Wiener.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > W Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Wiener

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and Department of Defense Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Lunar Farside Chart LFC-1. Second edition. October 1967.
Available @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/LunarFarsideCharts/LFC-1%201stEd/LFC-1%202ndEd/LFC-1A/

Pawsey, J.L. (Joseph Lade); and R.N. (Ronald Newbold) Bracewell. Radio Astronomy. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press, 1955.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/RadioAstronomy_682/

The Royal Society. “Pawsey; Joseph Lade (1908-1962).” The Royal Society > Fellows.
Available via The Royal Society @ https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27pawsey%27%29

van der Hucht, Karel A., ed. XXVIth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XVII B Proceedings of the 26th General Assembly Prague, Czech Republic, August 14-25, 2006. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Dec. 30, 2008.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

George Stubbs Painting The Godolphin Arabian and Elementary's Nutmeg

Summary: The George Stubbs painting The Godolphin Arabian presents one of the trio that proves if Elementary's The Marchioness possesses Thoroughbreds Nov. 7, 2013.

The Godolphin Arabian, with feline friend, Grimalkin the Stable Cat, as depicted by George Stubbs (Aug. 25, 1724- July 10, 1806), English sporting painter, especially of horses: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The George Stubbs painting The Godolphin Arabian avoids arguments that Nutmeg and Silver Blaze's brother advance in Elementary series episode The Marchioness Nov. 7, 2013, about Thoroughbred racehorse and studhorse ancestral bloodlines.

Director Sanaa Hamri and writers Robert Doherty, Christopher Hollier and Craig Sweeny never bring the Byerley Turk, Darley Arabian or Godolphin Arabian into the 31st episode. The second season's seventh episode considers criminal concealment of Thoroughbred Silver Blaze's death from heart failure and identity theft for his brother by a different mare. The procedural drama depicts the Thoroughbred colt Nutmeg whose inherited whorls above, not between, the eyes designate as parents Silver Blaze's brother and Twice for No.

The Godolphin Arabian endured Nutmeg-like experiences through ending up in stables unexpected before birth even though a royal gift exchange, not questionable parentage, encouraged the exile.

The Robles cartel-seeded Mariotti Farms Stable and Training Facility find third-party ownership for the colt Nutmeg whose inherited white whorls favor Silver Blaze's brother as father.

The Godolphin Arabian never got downgraded like Nutmeg even though the Thoroughbred studhorse generated historical controversy over ancestral bloodlines as an Arabian, Barb or Turkoman descendant. He had the dished profile and the high-carried tail of an Arabian Thoroughbred and the Barb nomenclature only through foaling in 1724 on Tunisia's Barbary Coast. Al-Husayn I ibn Ali (1675?-May 13, 1740), first Husainid Bey of Tunis after the Muradid dynasty, included the subsequent Godolphin Arabian in his stables until 1730.

The Godolphin journeyed, perhaps by Aleppo, Syria, to the stables of Louis XV (Feb. 15, 1710-May 10, 1774), Bourbon King of France since Sep. 1, 1715.

France's Bien-Aimé ("Well-Beloved") kept him until his cousin, Duke of Lorraine and subsequent Holy Roman Emperor Francis I (Dec. 8, 1708-Aug. 18, 1765), knew better deals.

Edward Coke (1701?-August 1733) led the Godolphin Arabian northward across the English Channel to Derbyshire, central England, as Longford Hall's studhorse, until a bequeathed location southeastwards. Roger Williams, heir to Coke horses and, 1704?-1747, proprietor of Williams's coffee house, 86 St. James's Street, London, maintained the Godolphin until the Thoroughbred's last move. Francis Godolphin, second Earl of Godolphin (Sep. 3, 1678-Jan. 17, 1756), nestled his namesake into Babraham village, south Cambridgeshire, as Thoroughbred studhorse until Dec. 25, 1753.

The George Stubbs painting "The Godolphin Arabian observed a bay-bodied, deep-shouldered, high-crested, high-withered, lean-bodied, long-necked, long-tailed, short-backed, small-headed, small-legged Thoroughbred Araban with the hind heels white-marked.

John Wootton (1682?-Nov. 13, 1764), horse portrait pioneer, painted The Godolphin Arabian even though self-taught George Stubbs's (Aug. 25, 1724-July 10, 1806) portrayal proved more popular.

James Christie Whyte, author of History of the British Turf in 1840, queued up original portraits in Houghton Hall, Norfolk, southeastern England, and the Godolphin library. The latter's portrayal represented Grimalkin, "and such was the regard existing between them, that the cat really pined to death for the loss of the horse." A plaque still shows the space that served as the Godolphin Arabian's sepulcher under the earl's stable gateway at Wandlebury Ring, Gog Magog Hills, Cambridgeshire.

The George Stubbs painting The Godolphin Arabian teams with the John Wootton paintings The Byerley Turk and The Darley Arabian to tribute Elementary English Thoroughbreds' ancestors.

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Milller), behind the scenes of CBS Elementary's The Marchioness (season 2 episode 7): Elementary Writers @ELEMENTARYStaff, via Twitter Nov. 7, 2013

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

The Godolphin Arabian, with feline friend, Grimalkin the Stable Cat, as depicted by George Stubbs (Aug. 25, 1724- July 10, 1806), English sporting painter, especially of horses: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Godolphin_Arabian.jpg

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Milller), behind the scenes of CBS Elementary's The Marchioness (season 2 episode 7): Elementary Writers @ELEMENTARYStaff, via Twitter Nov. 7, 2013, @ https://twitter.com/ELEMENTARYStaff/status/398663538689855489

For further information:

"Arabians, Barbs & Turks." Thoroughbred Bloodlines.
Available @ http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/Bios/GodolphinArabian.htm

Cook, Theodore Andrea. "The 'Godolphin Arabian' by Roberts." A History of the English Turk. Vol. I: 146. London, England: H. Virtue and Company.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/22216552

Cook, Theodore Andrea. "The 'Godolphin Arabian' by Sartorius." A History of the English Turk. Vol. I: 171. London, England: H. Virtue and Company.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/22216579

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London England: George Newnes Ltd., 1892.

Elementary Writers @ELEMENTARYStaff. 7 November 2013. "One more photo for the road . . . @jonnyjlm." Twitter.
Available @ https://twitter.com/ELEMENTARYStaff/status/398663538689855489

Henry, Marguerite. 2006. King of the Wind: The Story of the Godolphin Arabian. Illustrated by Wesley Dennis. New York NY: Aladdin Paperbacks.

"The Marchioness." Elementary: The Second Season: Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Nov. 7, 2013.

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2013. “John Wootton Painting The Darley Arabian and Elementary's Studhorse.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/john-wootton-painting-darley-arabian.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2013. “John Wootton Painting The Byerley Turk and Elementary's Thoroughbreds.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/john-wootton-painting-byerley-turk-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2013. “Turner Fighting Temeraire Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/turner-fighting-temeraire-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 June 2013. “Paul Gauguin Painting Tahitian Women on the Beach in Elementary's The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/paul-gauguin-painting-tahitian-women-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2013. “Rubens Painting The Incredulity of St Thomas in Elementary's The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/rubens-painting-incredulity-of-st.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 May 2013. “Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Painting Rousse in Elementary Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/henri-de-toulouse-lautrec-painting.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 May 2013. “The Bruegel Painted Parable in the Elementary Series Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-bruegel-painted-parable-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2013. “Osmia Avosetta Natural History Illustrations for Elementary's Bee.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/osmia-avosetta-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2013. “Russian Tortoise Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Clyde Jan. 31, 2013.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/russian-tortoise-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 January 2013. “Costliest, World-Most Expensive Chopard Watch: 201 Carats at $25 Million.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/costliest-world-most-expensive-chopard.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2013. “Chopard Watch Worth $25 Million on Elementary Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/chopard-watch-worth-25-million-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2013. “Claude Monet Painting Nympheas 1918 in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/claude-monet-painting-nympheas-1918-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2013. “Paul Cézanne Still Life Painting Fruit in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/paul-cezanne-still-life-painting-fruit.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 December 2012. “Paul Signac Painting Women at the Well in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/paul-signac-painting-women-at-well-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 December 2012. “The Van Gogh Pietà Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-van-gogh-pieta-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2012. “Edward Hopper Painting Western Motel in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/edward-hopper-painting-western-motel-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

Sheppard, F.H.W. (Francis Henry Wollaston), ed. "No. 86 St. James's Street: Williams's coffee house." Survey of London, volumes 29 and 30 -- St. James Westminster, part 1, chapter XXV.
Available via British History Online @ http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols29-30/pt1/pp459-471#h3-0013

Whyte, James Christie. 1840. History of the British Turf. Vol. 1. London England: Henry Colburn.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/historyofbritish00whyt