Ailing Ellora Caves Are Among Ameliorable World Heritage Centre Sites

Summary: Ailing Ellora Caves arise from activities and ambience that ironically answer to Archaeological Survey of India and World Heritage Centre recommendations.

view of Ellora Caves, with soaring bird; Maharashtra state, western peninsular India; Saturday, Sep. 1, 2012, 11:13:29: Shreyank Gupta ($hrink), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Ailing Ellora Caves, World Heritage Centre site in Maharashtra state, western peninsular India, simultaneously are affected adversely by areas not adequately altered against extreme events and areas altered aggressively against invertebrate pests.

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) brings Ajanta and Ellora Caves together as one World Heritage Centre (WHC) site since Dec. 9, 1983. The 60-mile (96.56-kilometer) commute between the 1,300 to 2,300-year-old Ajanta Caves and the 800 to 1,600-year-old Ellora Caves never caused concern for the WHC nominating committee. The ailing Ellora Caves display architectural and artistically painted and sculpted developments, that divulge Buddhist, Hindu and Jainist devotions, from the fifth through the thirteenth centuries.

The WHC division on the UNESCO website elaborates three criteria, from a 10-criteria list, that the ailing Ellora Caves epitomizes as an outstanding universal value site.

The description section of the Ellora Caves entry on the WHC list furnishes criterion (i) to fix the 100-plus-cavern site as "masterpiece of human creative genius."

Criterion (iii) gauges Ellora Caves' "unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared." Criterion (iv) heralds them as "outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history." The ailing Ellora Caves integrate two more criteria than the minimum one that impels World Heritage List inclusion and perhaps invite criteria (ii), (v) and (vi).

Twenty-first-century activities and ambience jeopardize Ellora Caves as "important interchange of human values" that join "developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design."

The "outstanding example of a traditional human settlement" kindles "human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change."

Ailing Ellora Caves "directly or tangibly" links with "events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance." Criteria (vii) and (viii) mention exceptionally, naturally aesthetic, beautiful "superlative natural phenomena or areas" and "outstanding examples" of developing "landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features." Criterion (ix), perhaps irrelevant with (vii) and (viii), numbers ongoing, "outstanding examples" that note developing, evolving coastal, freshwater, marine, terrestrial animal and plant communities and ecosystems.

Criterion (x) observes "important and significant natural habitats" with biologically diverse, "threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation."

The ailing Ellora Caves prompted persistent visits and writings that prevented the 1,100-year-long oblivion of the ailing Ajanta Caves from the eighth through the nineteenth centuries.

Perhaps 1,600 years of memoirs and reports qualify ailing Ellora Caves for all World Heritage Centre criteria, even as just three queue up anti-deterioration, on-site mitigation. Periodic Reporting in 2003 and State of Conservation Reports in 1997, 2001 and 2002 record bats, fungi, humidity, insects, roots, theft and vandalism ravaging Ellora Caves. The former shows, perhaps beyond suggested 40-visitor maximums, 516,606; 526,503; 575,045; 10,697; 442,329; 10,460; 246,714; and 4,079 visitors in 1998-1999, 1999-2000, 2000-2001, 2002-2002 and January-October 2002.

Anti-erosion, anti-landslide, anti-pest, anti-storm, anti-vegetation activities ironically threaten already ailing Ellora Caves, World Heritage Centre site perhaps tended more sustainably by replicated caves and restricted access.

Ailing Ellora Caves require protections against such threats as erosion, humidity, landslides, pests, storms, theft and vandalism: gushing waterfall at Ellora Caves, Maharashtra state, western peninsular India; Saturday, Sep. 5, 2009, 14:53:32: Sankarshan Mukhopadhyay (sankarshan), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

view of Ellora Caves, with soaring bird; Maharashtra state, western peninsular India; Saturday, Sep. 1, 2012, 11:13:29: Shreyank Gupta ($hrink), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/shreyankg/7924320516/

Ailing Ellora Caves require protections against such threats as erosion, humidity, landslides, pests, storms, theft and vandalism: gushing waterfall at Ellora Caves, Maharashtra state, western peninsular India; Saturday, Sep. 5, 2009, 14:53:32: Sankarshan Mukhopadhyay (sankarshan), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/runa-sankarshan/3927469965/

For further information:

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Robert Cutler Named Helin 1982 Asteroid Discovery 4660 Nereus in 1991

Summary: Robert Cutler named Helin 1982 asteroid discovery 4660 Nereus in a naming contest conducted by The Planetary Society through March 30, 1991.

Asteroid Nereus, created Saturday, Sep. 21, 2013, by NASA Ames SpaceShop intern Randall Ticknor from NASA JPL 3-D asteroid shape models: RTicknor, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Thingiverse

Robert Cutler named Helin 1982 asteroid discovery 4660 Nereus in a “Help Name 1982DB” contest initiated by the asteroid’s discoverer, Eleanor Helin, and hosted by The Planetary Society, a space advocacy, non-governmental, nonprofit foundation based in Pasadena, California.

American astronomer Eleanor Francis “Glo” Helin (Nov. 19, 1932-Jan. 25, 2009) made her discovery Monday, March 1, 1982. She was meticulously scanning one of 10 plates obtained from a scheduled observing session conducted Saturday, Feb. 27, evening through Sunday, Feb. 28, morning with American astrogeologist Eugene Merle “Gene” Schoemaker (April 28, 1928-July 19, 1997). Cloudy, foggy and rainy weather limited their observing time to the one marathon session.

Helin recounted her discovery in “Discovering an Asteroid,” published in the July/August issue of The Planetary Report, The Planetary Society’s quarterly magazine. Before officially reporting her discovery, Shoemaker and she approximated the asteroid’s celestial coordinates of right ascension and declination (equivalents of terrestrial longitude and latitude, respectively).

Helin then telephoned British astronomer Brian G. Marsden (Aug. 5, 1937-Nov. 18, 2010), who directed the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT). During the call, Marsden assigned a provisional designation of 1982 DB.

In a later article about her crucial recovery, or re-observing, of 1982 DB, Helin decoded the asteroid’s temporary designation. The number, 1982, represents the year of discovery. The two letters, DB, pertain to the discovery month. The letter D references discovery in the second half of February. The letter B recognizes placement as the second asteroidal discovery in the second half of February.

In “The Recovery of 1982DB,” published in The Planetary Report’s January/February 1991 issue, Helin noted that after her recovery Sunday, Sept. 16, 1990, additional observations had qualified 1982 DB for a permanent designation. The International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Minor Planet Center (MPC) announced the assignment of 4660 as the permanent numerical designation for 1982 DB in M.P.C. (Minor Planet Circular) 17416, issued Sunday, Dec. 2, 1990.

The IAU’s Working Group for Small Body Nomenclature (CSBN) accords discoverers with the privilege of proposing names for their discoveries. The IAU’s naming convention for minor planets specifies mythological names for Earth-crossing asteroids, known as Near Earth Asteroids (NEA). Names “associated with creation or underworld themes,” however, are excepted from consideration.

Helin opted for a naming contest through The Planetary Society. The contest announcement followed her recovery article in The Planetary Report’s January/February 1991 issue. Names had to be sent before Saturday, March 30, 1991.

In “Naming an Asteroid” in The Planetary Report’s November/December 1991 issue, American planetary scientist Donald K. “Don” Yeomans (born May 3, 1942) identified Robert M. Cutler of Potomac, Maryland, as the naming contest’s winner. Yeomans noted that Helin selected Cutler’s suggestion of Nereus from the hundreds of submissions.

On Thursday, Nov. 21, 1991, the Minor Planet Center published the asteroid’s official naming citation as 4660 Nereus in M.P.C. 19338. The announcement credited namer Robert M. Cutler as “a Planetary Society member interested in near-earth asteroids.”

Greek mythology genealogized Nereus as the eldest son of Greek primordial deities Pontus and Gaia. The Minor Planet Center’s official citation for 4660 Nereus referenced the asteroid’s namesake as a “benevolent Greek sea-god.” The description noted Nereus’ association “with ancient origins (mythology, if not science)” and his gift of prophecy.

The Minor Planet Center’s announcement concluded with the observation: “To English-language speakers the name seems very appropriate for such an object.” Does the appropriateness derive from a possible pronunciation of near-us in English?

The online Merriam-Webster Dictionary gives the pronunciation of the sea-god’s name as nir-ē-əs. The accent is on the first syllable. Merriam-Webster’s International Phonetics Association-based guide gives the name’s syllabic pronunciation equivalents to nir as in near, ē as in easy and əs as in the first and third a’s in banana plus s as in less.

Robert M. Cutler was employed in the Greenbelt, Maryland, office of The MITRE Corporation, a contractor and research partner with NASA. On Tuesday, Nov. 1, 1994, approximately three years after his official credit as namer of Helin’s February 1982 asteroid discovery, Cutler presented a paper, “Environmental Testing to Prevent On-Orbit TDRS Failures,” at the Institute of Environmental Sciences’ 18th Space Simulation Conference in Baltimore, Maryland. Cutler’s presentation on Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) failures reported research conducted by The Mitre Corporation for NASA Goddard Space Flight Center contract NAS5-32607.

The takeaway for Robert Cutler’s naming the Helin 1982 asteroid discovery 4660 Nereus in 1991 is that Eleanor Helin opted for a naming contest through The Planetary Society for her February 1982 asteroid discovery and that Nereus, the name of a benevolent sea-god submitted by Cutler, a member of The Planetary Society and an employee of NASA contractor The Mitre Corporation, won the contest.

west frieze of Pergamon Altar, built during the reign of King Eumenes II of northwestern Asia Minor’s Kingdom of Pergamon in the second century BCE, depicts Nereus (left), with sea nymph Doris and ocean personifier Oceanus, engaged in the Gigantomachy, battle between Olympian gods and Giants; Berlin’s Museum Island (Museumsinsel), northeastern Germany: Claus Ableiter, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Asteroid Nereus, created Saturday, Sep. 21, 2013, by NASA Ames SpaceShop intern Randall Ticknor from NASA JPL 3-D asteroid shape models: RTicknor, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Thingiverse @ https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:153956

west frieze of Pergamon Altar, built during the reign of King Eumenes II of northwestern Asia Minor’s Kingdom of Pergamon in the second century BCE, depicts Nereus (left), with sea nymph Doris and ocean personifier Oceanus, engaged in the Gigantomachy, battle between Olympian gods and Giants; Berlin’s Museum Island (Museumsinsel), northeastern Germany: Claus Ableiter, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nereus,_Doris,_Okeanos_Pergamonaltar.JPG

For further information:

Cutler, Robert M. “Environmental Testing to Prevent On-Orbit TDRS Failures.” Pages 211-221.  In: Joseph L. Stecher, comp., Institute of Environmental Sciences (IES) 18th Space Simulation Conference: Space Mission Success Through Testing. NASA Conference Publication 3280. Baltimore, MD: Oct. 31-Nov. 1, 1994.
Available via NASA NTRS @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19950007665.pdf
Available via NASA NTRS @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19950007649.pdf

Green, Daniel W.E. “1982 DB.” Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams > IAU Circular No. 5092. Sept. 18, 1990.
Available @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/05000/05092.html#Item1

Helin, Eleanor F. “Discovering an Asteroid.” The Planetary Report, vol. II, no. 4 (July/August 1982): 4-6.
Available @ https://planetary.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/tpr/pdf/tpr-1982-v02n4.pdf

Helin, Eleanor F. “Eureka! The Recovery of 1982DB.” The Planetary Report, vol. XI, no. 1 (January/February 1991): 16.
Available @ https://planetary.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/tpr/pdf/tpr-1991-v11n1.pdf

Helin, Eleanor F. “Help Name 1982DB.” The Planetary Report, vol. XI, no. 1 (January/February 1991): 17.
Available @ https://planetary.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/tpr/pdf/tpr-1991-v11n1.pdf

Helin, Eleanor F.; Neal D. Hulkower; and David F. Bender. “The Discovery of 1982 DB, the Most Accessible Asteroid Known.” Icarus, vol. 57, issue 1 (January 1984): 42-47.

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Marriner, Derdriu. “Eleanor Helin Discovered Asteroid 4660 Nereus in February 1982.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 26, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/eleanor-helin-discovered-asteroid-4660.html

Marsden, Brian G. “1982 DB.” Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams > IAU Circular No. 3675. March 5, 1982.
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Minor Planet Center. “(4660) 1982 DB.” Minor Planet Circular 17416. Dec. 2, 1990.
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Minor Planet Center. “(4660) Nereus = 1982 DB.” Minor Planet Circular 19338. Nov. 21, 1991.
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van der Hucht, Karel A. “2021, Dec 11 Asteroid 4660 Nereus.” IAU International Astronomical Union > IAU for the Public > Themes > Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs): A Chronology of Milestones -- Page 3: 2011-2880. Last updated Oct. 7, 2013.
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Yeomans, Donald K. “Naming an Asteroid.” The Planetary Report, vol. XI, no. 6 (November/December 1991): 6.
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Così fan tutte Is March 7, 2020, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast

Summary: Mozart’s Così fan tutte is the March 7, 2020, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast, airing as 14th in the season’s 23 radio matinees.

In the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Italian mezzo-soprano Serena Malfi reprises her role debut of Mozart’s Dorabella from the 2017-2018 season’s new production of Così fan tutte; before the 2017-2018 season’s ninth performance, on April 13, 2018, she had nostalgia about closing night, April 19, but looked forward to seeing her cat Mis, from whom she has been separated by touring for almost six months: Serena Malfi -- Mezzosoprano @serenamalfimezzosoprano, via Facebook April 13, 2018

Mozart’s Così fan tutte is the March 7, 2020, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast, airing at 1 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST) and numbering as the 14th of 23 scheduled Saturday radio matinees during the 2019-2020 Met Opera season.

Classical Era composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Jan. 27, 1756-Dec. 5, 1791) set his musical score for his comedy of romantic manners to an Italian libretto by Italian librettist Lorenzo Da Ponte (March 10, 1749-Aug. 17, 1838). The libretto’s literary sources included Italian Renaissance writer Giovanni Boccaccio’s Decameron (ca. 1349-1353) and Elizabethan playwright William Shakespeare’s Cymbeline (ca. 1611) and The Taming of the Shrew (ca. 1590-1592).

Mozart’s Così fan tutte premiered Jan. 26, 1790, at eastern Austria’s Burgtheater in Vienna. The theater opened March 14, 1741, as the creation of Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa (May 13, 1717-Nov. 29, 1780). Così fan tutte’s premiere took place in the theater’s first building, which adjoined the Habsburg dynasty’s imperial palace, the Hofburg, at Michaelerplatz.

The Metropolitan Opera hosted the United States premiere of Così fan tutte on March 24, 1922. In the 1921-1922 season, Così fan tutte received four performances.

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season offers nine performances of Così fan tutte. The season’s first performance happened Saturday, Feb. 15, at 12:30 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST). The month’s four additional performances took place Tuesday, Feb. 18, at 7:30 p.m.; Friday, Feb. 21, at 7:30 p.m.; Sunday, Feb. 23, at 3 p.m.; and Thursday, Feb. 27, at 7:30 p.m.

Four performances are scheduled for March. The month’s first two performances, Wednesday, March 4, and Saturday matinee broadcast, March 7, observe Eastern Standard Time, with start times of 7:30 p.m. and 1 p.m., respectively.

March’s last two performances are scheduled according to Eastern Daylight Time (EDT), which began Sunday, March 8. The month’s two EDT performances take place Wednesday, March 11, at 7:30 p.m. and closing night, Saturday, March 14, at 8 p.m.

Update: The Metropolitan Opera announced via Facebook Thursday, March 12, 2020, the cancellation of the rest of the 2019-2020 season due to the Covid-19 virus pandemic. The Metropolitan Opera Archives Database (MetOpera Database) entry of March 12, 2020, noted the cancellation of 58 performances. Operas affected by the cancellation were identified as La Bohème, La Cenerentola, Così Fan Tutte, Der Fliegende Holländer, Kát'a Kabanová, Madama Butterfly, Manon Lescaut, Maria Stuarda, Simon Boccanegra, Tosca, La Traviata, Turandot and Werther.

Update: The opera company's coronavirus-occasioned closure affected the last of the nine performances of Così fan tutte scheduled for the 2019-2020 season. The ninth performance, Saturday, March 14, originally scheduled as closing night, was cancelled.

The two-act opera has an estimated run time of 3 hours 30 minutes. Act I runs for 89 minutes. An intermission of 32 minutes follows. Act II is estimated at 89 minutes.

Harry Bicket conducts all performances of Così fan tutte. The British conductor made his Metropolitan Opera debut Dec. 2, 2004, in the Metropolitan Opera premiere of Handel’s Rodelinda. In the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Harry Bicket also conducts Agrippina by German-British baroque composer George Frideric Handel (Feb. 23, 1685-April 14, 1759).

Nicole Car was scheduled to appear as Fiordiligi, one of two sisters whose fickleness is tested, in eight performances (Tuesday, Feb. 18; Sunday, Feb. 23; Thursday, Feb. 27; Wednesday, March 4; Saturday matinee broadcast, March 7; Wednesday, March 11; Saturday, March 14). She appeared only in seven performances because the March 14 performance was cancelled. The Australian operatic soprano made her Metropolitan Opera debut Sept. 25, 2018, as Mimì in the opera company’s 1,321st performance of La Bohème by Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini (Dec. 22, 1858-Nov. 29, 1924).

Jennifer Check appears as Fiordiligi for the Friday, Feb. 21, performance. The American soprano made her Metropolitan Opera debut Oct. 11, 2001, as Clotilde in the opera company’s 133rd performance of Norma by Italian opera composer Vincenzo Bellini (Nov. 3, 1801-Sept. 23, 1835).

Serena Malfi had been scheduled to appear as Dorabella, Fiodiligi’s similarly tested fickle sister, in eight performances (Tuesday, Feb. 18; Sunday, Feb. 23; Thursday, Feb. 27; Wednesday, March 4; Saturday matinee broadcast, March 7; Wednesday, March 11; Saturday, March 14). She appeared only in seven performances because of the cancellation of the March 14th performance. The Italian mezzo-soprano reprises her role from the 2017-2018 Met Opera season. Serena Malfi made her Metropolitan Opera debut Dec. 4, 2014, as Cherubino in the opera company’s 469th performance of Mozart’s Le Nozze di Figaro.

Carolyn Sproule appears as Dorabella for the Friday, Feb. 21, performance. The Canadian mezzo-soprano made her Metropolitan Opera debut Dec. 18, 2014, in the title trouser role of Hänsel in the opera company’s 265th performance of Hänsel und Gretel by German composer Engelbert Humperdinck (Sept. 1, 1854-Sept. 27, 1921).

Heidi Stober appears in all performances as Despina, Fiordiligi and Dorabella’s trickster maid. The American operatic soprano made her Metropolitan Opera debut Dec. 29, 2011, as Gretel in the opera company’s 261st performance of Humperdinck’s Hänsel und Gretel. During the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Heidi Stober also appears as Musetta in Puccini’s La Bohème.

Ben Bliss appears in all performances as Ferrando, Dorabella’s fiancé who has a bogus wedding, disguised as an Albanian soldier, to Fiordiligi. The American tenor reprises his role from the 2017-2018 Met Opera season. Ben Bliss debuted Dec. 2, 2014, as Vogelgesang in the Metropolitan Opera’s 410th performance of Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg by 19th century German composer and librettist Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813-Feb. 13, 1883).

Luca Pisaroni appears in all performances as Guglielmo, Fiordiligi’s fiancé, who disguises himself as an Albanian soldier for a successful flirt with his fiancée’s sister. The Italian operatic bass-baritone made his Metropolitan Opera debut April 29, 2005, as Publio in the opera company’s 31st performance of Mozart’s La Clemenza di Tito. In the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Luca Pisaroni also appears in the title role of Figaro in Mozart’s Le Nozze di Figaro.

Gerald Finley appears in all performances as Don Alfonso, the trickster who instigates Guglielmo and Ferrando’s fickleness tests of their fiancées. The Canadian operatic baritone’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Jan. 24, 1998, as Papageno in the opera house’s 317th performance of Mozart’s Die Zauberflöte.

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season revives Phelim McDermott’s staging, which debuted as a new production in the 2017-2018 Met Opera season. The English stage director’s production transports the opera’s original setting from 18th century Naples, Italy, to a modern setting, in 1950s Coney Island. Phelim McDermott’s production team comprises Tom Pye, set designer; Laura Hopkins, costume designer; and Paule Constable, lighting designer.

The takeaway for Così fan tutte as the March 7, 2020, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast is that Mozart’s operatic comedy about fickleness airs at 1 p.m. Eastern Standard Time and numbers as the 14th of 23 Saturday matinees broadcast weekly through Saturday, May 9, 2020.

In the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Serena Malfi reprises Mozart’s Dorabella, a role she performed at Stockholm’s Drottninghlms Slottsteater in August 2017 (lower right), at Met Opera in March-April 2018 (upper right) and at London’s Royal Opera in February-March 2019 (left): Serena Malfi -- Mezzosoprano @serenamalfimezzosoprano, via Facebook March 24, 2019

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

In the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Italian mezzo-soprano Serena Malfi reprises her role debut of Mozart’s Dorabella from the 2017-2018 season’s new production of Così fan tutte; before the 2017-2018 season’s ninth performance, on April 13, 2018, she had nostalgia about closing night, April 19, but looked forward to seeing her cat Mis, from whom she has been separated by touring for almost six months: Serena Malfi -- Mezzosoprano @serenamalfimezzosoprano, via Facebook April 13, 2018, @ https://www.facebook.com/serenamalfimezzosoprano/posts/2378510798841442

In the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Serena Malfi reprises Mozart’s Dorabella, a role she performed at Stockholm’s Drottningholms Slottsteater in August 2017 (lower right), at Met Opera in March-April 2018 (upper right) and at London’s Royal Opera in February-March 2019 (left): Serena Malfi -- Mezzosoprano @serenamalfimezzosoprano, via Facebook March 24, 2019, @ https://www.facebook.com/serenamalfimezzosoprano/posts/3078884415470740

For further information:

“Debut: Jennifer Check.” MetOpera Database [Met Performance] CID: 350054 New Production Norma {133} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/11/2001.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=350054

“Debut: Rachel Willis-Sorensen, Serena Malfi.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 355667 Le Nozze di Figaro {469} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/04/2014.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=355667

“Debuts: Christine Rice, Carolyn Sproule.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 355695 Hänsel und Gretel {265} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/18/2014.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=355695

“Debuts: Gerald Finley, Edo de Waart.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 330372 Die Zauberflöte {317} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/24/1998.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=330372

“Debuts: James Gaffigan, Nicole Car, Etienne Dupuis.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 356999 La Bohème {1321} Metropolitan Opera House: 09/25/2018.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=356999

“Debuts: Johannes Martin Kränzle, Benjamin Bliss, Martin Gantner.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 355664 Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg {410} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/02/2014.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=355664

“Debuts: Kobie van Rensburg, Zachary Vail Elkind, Harry Bicket . . .” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 351094 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Rodelinda {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/02/2004.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=351094

“Debuts: Sarah Connolly, Luca Pisaroni.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 351250 La Clemenza di Tito {31} Metropolitan Opera House: 04/29/2005.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=351250

Marriner, Derdriu. “Così fan tutte Is March 31, 2018, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, March 26, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/cosi-fan-tutte-is-march-31-2018-met.html

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. "In light of the circumstances involving the coronavirus and in consultation with the Office of the Mayor of New York City, we regret to inform our audience that all Met performances have been canceled through March 31, including tonight’s planned performance of La Cenerentola. This Saturday’s Live in HD cinema presentation of Der Fliegende Holländer has also been canceled. Thank you for your understanding. Learn More: www.metopera.org/updates." Facebook. March 12, 2020.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/10163327604920533

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “Reimagining a Baroque classic, Sir David McVicar’s new production of Handel’s Agrippina ingeniously updates this wry satire about the abuse of power to the present moment. Here’s a first look at the striking set design by John Macfarlane and lighting design by Paule Constable, from technical rehearsals this week. Photo by Jonathan Tichler / Met Opera.” Facebook. Aug. 15, 2019.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532/10162332707945533/

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. "Sir David McVicar brings three thrilling stagings to the Met next season—revivals of Puccini’s Tosca and Donizetti’s Maria Stuarda, as well as the Met premiere production of Handel’s Agrippina—all showcasing the director’s versatility and vision. Buy tickets: bit.ly/2YDrq54 Photo by Antoni Bofill / Liceu.” Facebook. Aug. 2, 2019.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532/10162278045665533/

“New Production: Così Fan Tutte.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 356916 New Production Così fan tutte {188} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/15/2018.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=356916

"Season Cancellation." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 357448 Season Cancellation March 12-May 9, 2020. Metropolitan Opera House: 03/12/2020.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=357448

Serena Malfi -- Mezzosoprano @serenamalfimezzosoprano. “3 Dorabellas London New York Stockholm #dorabella #cosifantutte #mozart @royaloperahouse @metopera @drottningholmsslottsteater #london #newyork #stockholm #operasinger #operalife #mezzosoprano #love #music #opera #lirica #operasingersofinstagram #memories #sundaymood #sunday #three #girl #dressingroom #selfie #photooftheday @ New York, New York.” Facebook. March 24, 2019.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/serenamalfimezzosoprano/posts/3078884415470740

Serena Malfi -- Mezzosoprano @serenamalfimezzosoprano. “Stasera nona e terzultima recita di Così fan tutte al The Metropolitan Opera di New York. Siamo quasi giunti alla fine di questa lunga produzione. Un po’ mi dispiace e so già che mi mancheranno tutti ma dopo quasi 6 mesi in giro ho voglia di riabbracciare la mia Mis!!!” Facebook. April 13, 2018.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/serenamalfimezzosoprano/posts/2378510798841442

“United States Premiere: Così Fan Tutte.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 80750 United States Premiere Così Fan Tutte {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/24/1922.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=80750

Wai'anae Range Loulu Palms Adapt to Five-0's Lost in the Sea Sprays

Summary: Wai'anae Range loulu palms assuage the salty sea sprays that attack Hawaii Five-0's Nalowale I Ke 'Ehu O He Kai: Lost in the Sea Spray Feb. 28, 2020.

View of Wai'anae Range loulu palm (Pritchardia kaalae) includes Wai'anae Range as backdrop; endangered Wai'anae Range loulu palms are confined to the ridgelines above the Makua Military Reservation (MMR), western Oahu; March 16, 2010: U.S. Army Environmental Command from Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Wai'anae Range loulu palms accept salty sea sprays, unlike Hawaii Five-0 action police procedural television series episode Nalowale I Ke 'Ehu O He Kai: Lost in the Sea Spray Feb. 28, 2020.

Tenth-season 18th-episode director Tate Donovan and writers Talia Gonzalez, Bisanne Masoud and Zoe Robyn bear the 236th episode overall no Wai'anae loulu palms against sea sprays. Salt-tolerant Wai'anae Range loulu palms (from Hawaiian wai, "water" and anae, "mullet") combat salty sea sprays as seeds from fruits from flowers mid fronds and trunks. Semi-oval, semi-spherical seeds dwell within brittle endocarps (from Greek ἔνδον, "inner" and κᾰρπός, "fruit"), under 0.019-inch (0.5-millimeter-) thick, within 0.08-inch (2-millimeter) pericarps (from Greek περικάρπιον, "husk").

Wai'anae Range loulu palms entertain one-seeded, somewhat globe-shaped fruits that exhibit coconut-flavored, edible greenness before ripening black-brown; 0.79-inch (2-centimeter) diameters; and 0.98-inch (25-millimeter) lengths and widths.

Wai'anae Range loulu palms flourish insect-pollinated, self-compatible or wind-pollinated inflorescences with one to three smooth-rachilla (from same-spelled Latin, "little spine"), two-branched panicles (from Latin pānicula, "tuft").

Wai'anae Range loulu palms get yellow-flowered inflorescences give December or other-month blooms and grow almost as long as, as long as, longer than dark green fronds. As many as 60 drooping to stiff-pointed, semi-wavy, top-clustered fronds have pinnae (from same-spelled Latin, "feathers") one-third to one-half frond lengths; knobby undersides; and smoother upper-sides. Wai'anae loulu palms, identified scientifically by Joseph Rock (Jan. 13, 1884-Dec. 5, 1962), include sparse-fibered upper-sides of blade and stem-integrating petioles (from Latin petiolus, "little foot").

Salty sea spray never jeopardizes 16.4-foot (5-meter) to 24.93-foot (7.6-meter) to even 32.81-foot (10-meter-) tall mature, slow-growing Wau'anae Range loulu palms with 0.98-foot (0.3-meter) trunk diameters.

Alien pests, such as two-spotted leafhoppers (Sophonia rufofascia); foraging goats, pigs, rats; fruit-collecting commercial palm growers; invasive weeds; and soil erosion kindle reduced numbers and ranges.

Interior and lowland forests where large, now-extinct fruit-eating birds and nesting seabirds, not exotic ants, earthworms and landed mammals, lived once lodged Wai'anae Range loulu palms. Lowland moist forests and ridgeline dry to semi-dry to wet-zone forests near freshwater springs on exposed hill slopes and rocky cliffs maintain Wai'anae Range loulu palms. Wai'anae Range loulu palms nowadays nestle amid lama (Diospyros sandwicensis) and 'ōhi'a (Metrosideros polymorpha) tree-dominated drier, lowland forests and lehua 'āhihi (Metrosideros tremuloides) tree-dominated ridgeline forests.

Wai'anae Range loulu palms offer inland, northerly tolerances of O'ahu droughts and salty sea spray at 1,476.38 to 3,215.22-foot (450 to 980-meter) altitudes above sea level.

The World Conservation of Trees in 1998 put the Arecaceae (from Malayalam അടയ്ക്ക, aṭaykka, "palm" and Latin -āceae, "resembling") palm family member at under 130 specimens.

National Tropical Botanical Garden research in the June 2004 issue of Oryx queued up 170 specimens in open, windswept mesic (semi-moist, from Greek μέσος, "moderate") forests. The Makua Implementation Team revealed one specimen in Makaha, 141 Wai'anae Range loulu palms in Makaleha-Manawai, 165 in Ohikilolo and nine in Wai'anae Kai May 2003. Two hundred specimens that survive in the central and north-central Wai'anae Mountains Nov. 1, 2017, suggest an International Union for Conservation of Nature critically endangered status.

Wai'anae Range loulu palms, termed Pritchardia kaalae for William Pritchard (Oct. 13, 1829-Nov. 1, 1907) and Mount Kaala, thrive as living fences against salty sea sprays.

Hawaii Five-0 Task Force's Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) and Detective Sergeant Danny "Danno" Williams (Scott Caan) in CBS-TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 10 episode 18 Nalowale I Ke 'Ehu O He Kai (Lost in the Sea Spray): Hawaii Five-0 @HawaiiFive0CBS, via Facebook Feb. 26, 2020

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

View of Wai'anae Range loulu palm (Pritchardia kaalae) includes Wai'anae Range as backdrop; endangered Wai'anae Range loulu palms are confined to the ridgelines above the Makua Military Reservation (MMR), western Oahu; Tuesday, March 16, 2010: U.S. Army Environmental Command from Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Loulu_Palm_(4438363269).jpg; U.S. Army Environmental Command, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/armyenvironmental/4438363269/

Hawaii Five-0 Task Force's Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) and Detective Sergeant Danny "Danno" Williams (Scott Caan) in CBS-TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 10 episode 18 Nalowale I Ke 'Ehu O He Kai (Lost in the Sea Spray): Hawaii Five-0 @HawaiiFive0CBS, via Facebook Feb. 26, 2020, @ https://www.facebook.com/HawaiiFive0CBS/photos/a.135257959841022/3064961193537336/

For further information:

Bezona, Norman; David Hensley; Julie Yogi; James Tavares; Fred Rauch; Ruth Iwata; Melissa Kellison; Melvin Wong; and Patti Clifford. Jan. 2009. "Salt and Wind Tolerance of Landscape Plants for Hawai'i." Landscape L-13 (Revised). University of Hawai'i at Mānoa: College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, Cooperative Extension Service.
Available @ https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/L-13.pdf

Chapin, Melany H.; Kenneth R. Wood; Steven P. Perlman; and Mike Maunder. 30 June 2004. "A Review of the Conservation Status of the Endemic Pritchardia Palms of Hawaii." Oryx 38(3): 273-281. DOI: 10.1017/S00306053040005DX
Available @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231858695_A_review_of_the_conservation_status_of_the_endemic_Pritchardia_palms_of_Hawaii

"Chapter 16.23 Taxon Summary: Pritchardia kaalae." Final Implementation Plan for Makua Military Reservation, Island of Oahu Section 1: Background and Methodology. Prepared for: United States Army Garrison, Hawaii, Directorate of Public Works, Environmental Division, Schofield Barracks, Hawaii 96857. Prepared by: The Makua Implementation Team. Honolulu HI: Wil Chee-Planning, Inc., and Hawaii Natural Heritage Program, May 2003. Contract No. DACA83-96-D-0007/0055, Delivery Order No. 0055: 139-144.
Available @ http://manoa.hawaii.edu/hpicesu/DPW/2003_MIP/Sec_1/PriKaa.pdf

Duff, Diana. 1 April 2012. "The Incredible, Edible Pritchardia." West Hawaii Today > Features.
Available @ https://www.westhawaiitoday.com/2012/04/01/features/the-incredible-edible-pritchardia/

Gemmill, C. "Pritchardia kaalae." Page 452. In: Sara Oldfield, Charlotte Lusty and Amy MacKinven, compilers. The World List of Threatened Trees. Cambridge UK: World Conservation Press, 1998.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31558110

Hawaii Five-0 @HawaiiFive0CBS. 26 February 2020. "'Scuse me. Pardon me. New episode coming through. Friday at 9/8c." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/HawaiiFive0CBS/photos/a.135257959841022/3064961193537336/

Keir, M. 2018. "Pritchardia kaalae." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T38647A83787605. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T38647A83787605.en.
Available @ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/38647/83787605

Konakid. "Pritchardia kaalae." Palm Encyclopedia > Palms in America. Last modified 24 July 2016 by Ed Vaile.
Available @ https://www.palmpedia.net/wiki/Pritchardia_kaalae

"loulu." Ulukau Hawaiian Electronic Library > Hawaiian Dictionaries.
Available @ http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?d=D11470&l=en&e=d-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2Ctextmamaka-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-loulu--00-3-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2020. "Hawaiian Dust Mites Abide in the Dust of Five-0's Like a Whirlwind." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/hawaiian-dust-mites-abide-in-dust-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2020. "Hawaiian Veiled Lady Mushrooms Abet Or Not Five-0's Man Is a Slave of Love." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/hawaiian-veiled-lady-mushrooms-abet-or.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 February 2020. "He'e Makoko Hawaiian Octopuses Are Like Five-0's He Waha Kou O Ka He'e." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/hee-makoko-hawaiian-octopuses-are-like.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2020. "Yellow Labrador Retrievers Are Like Eddie of Five-0's I Ho'olulu." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/yellow-labrador-retrievers-are-like.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2020. "'Iole Hawaiian Rats Are Not Five-0's Loa'a Pono Ka 'Iole I Ka Punana." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/iole-hawaiian-rats-are-not-five-0s-loaa.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2020. "Hawaiian Kou Trees Actually, Not Symbolically Answer Five-0's Ihea 'Oe." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/hawaiian-kou-trees-actually-not.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2019. "Kauna'oa Hawaiian Worm Shells Affirm Five-0's Ka I Ka 'Ino, No Ka 'Ino." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/kaunaoa-hawaiian-worm-shells-affirm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 December 2019. "Ahinahina Haleakala Silversword Affirms Five-0's O 'Oe, A 'Owau." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/ahinahina-haleakala-silversword-affirms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 November 2019. "Are Pala'a Hawaiian Lace Ferns Five-0's Trunkless Tree of Kahilikolo?" Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/are-palaa-hawaiian-lace-ferns-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 November 2019. "Broadleaf Aiea Access Bomber Wreckage Unlike Hawaii Five-0's Ne'e Aku." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/broadleaf-aiea-access-bomber-wreckage.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 November 2019. "Hapu'u Pulu Hawaiian Tree Ferns Add DNA Active Before Five-0's Ka 'I'o." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/hapuu-pulu-hawaiian-tree-ferns-add-dna.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 November 2019. "Milo Pacific Rosewood Applies Five-0's All Knowledge to Magnum's Lie." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/milo-pacific-rosewood-applies-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 October 2019. "Hawaiian Hoary Bats Acquit Five-0's Ghosts, Magnum's Make It 'Til Dawn." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/hawaiian-hoary-bats-acquit-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 October 2019. "Molassesgrass Appalls Five-0's Tiny Is the Flower, Magnum's Dead Inside." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/molassesgrass-appalls-five-0s-tiny-is.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2019. "Corsair Plane Wreck for Five-0's E Uhi Ana Ka Wa I Hala I Na Mea I Hala." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/corsair-plane-wreck-for-five-0s-e-uhi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 October 2019. "Moiliili Caves Actualize Hawaii Five-0's Kuipeia E Ka Makani Apaa." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/moiliili-caves-actualize-hawaii-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 September 2019. "Kauila Trees Assure That on Five-0 Ua 'Eha Ka 'Ili I Ka Maka O Ka Ihe." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/kauila-trees-assure-that-on-five-0-ua.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 May 2019. "Five-0 Endlessly Pours the Rain of Waianae into Hawaiian Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/five-0-endlessly-pours-rain-of-waianae.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 May 2019. "Lahaina Noon: Unlike Five-0's Hewa Ka Lima Rarely the Hand Is at Fault." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/lahaina-noon-unlike-five-0s-hewa-ka.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 May 2019. "'Imiloa Sky Charts and Hawaii Five-0's Ho'okani No La O Ka Malihini." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/imiloa-sky-charts-and-hawaii-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 April 2019. "Laysan Albatrosses: Earth Day 2019, Five-0 Season 9 Episode 22 Icons." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/laysan-albatrosses-earth-day-2019-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2019. "Pueo Hawaiian Short-Eared Owls and Hawaii Five-0's He Kama Na Ka Pueo." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/pueo-hawaiian-short-eared-owls-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 April 2019. "Hau Hawaiian Sea Hibiscus, Ma'a Hawaiian Sling, Five-0's Way of the Gun." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/hau-hawaiian-sea-hibiscus-maa-hawaiian.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 March 2019. “Five-0’s Hawaiian He’e Big Blue Day Octopus of the Deep Spews Its Ink.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/five-0s-hawaiian-hee-big-blue-day.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 March 2019. “Hawaii Five-0's Ai No I Ka 'Ape He Mane'o No Ko Ka Nuku: Itchy Mouths.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/hawaii-five-0s-ai-no-i-ka-ape-he-maneo.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 February 2019. “Offer Young Taro Leaves To Hawaii Five-0 Episode E'ao Lu'au A Kualima.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/offer-young-taro-leaves-to-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 February 2019. “Kanawao Shrub Fruits for Hawaii Five-0's Hapai Ke Kuko, Hanau Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/kanawao-shrub-fruits-for-hawaii-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2019. “Five-0 Hawaiian Rain Gardens Not Made Prisoner by the Reign of the Rain.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/five-0-hawaiian-rain-gardens-not-made.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 February 2019. “Humpback Whales Depressed With the Heat in Keawalua on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/humpback-whales-depressed-with-heat-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 January 2019. “No 'Awa Or Kava Shrubs If Those Above Are Descending on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/no-awa-or-kava-shrubs-if-those-above.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2019. “Kikui Tree Leaves for Hawaii Five-0 2010's Ka Hauli O Ka Mea Hewa 'Ole.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/kikui-tree-leaves-for-hawaii-five-0.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2019. “Hawaii Five-0 Gone on the Road, Without Koa Wood Outrigger Canoes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/hawaii-five-0-gone-on-road-without-koa.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2018. “Ponderosa Pine Trees for When a Hawaii Five-0 2010 House Is Dark.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/ponderosa-pine-trees-for-when-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2018. “Hawaiian Pili Grass Houses: Hawaii Five-0 2010 When the Light Goes Out.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/hawaiian-pili-grass-houses-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 December 2018. “Ko'a Black Coral for Hawaii Five-0 2010's Truth Comes from the Night.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/koa-black-coral-for-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2018. “Hawaiian Goose Nēnē: Birds of a Feather Episode on Hawaii Five-0 2010.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/hawaiian-goose-nene-birds-of-feather.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2018. “Hawaiian Horses, Chang and McGarrett: Hawaii Five-0 2010 200th Episode.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/hawaiian-horses-chang-and-mcgarrett.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 November 2018. “Olonā Hawaiian Nettle Shrubs for Hawaii Five-0 Emergency Landings?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/olona-hawaiian-nettle-shrubs-for-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2018. “Gernika Genocide Survivor Art Before Hawaii Five-0 Prophetic Child Art.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/gernika-genocide-survivor-art-before.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2018. “Hawaiian Beach Sand: Hawaii Five-0 2010's On the Slope of the Cliff.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/hawaiian-beach-sand-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2018. “Proverbial Cowrie Sea Snails for the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/proverbial-cowrie-sea-snails-for-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 October 2018. “Lamian or Ramen Noodles: Hawaii Five-0's The Man Who Fell From the Sky.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/lamian-or-ramen-noodles-hawaii-five-os.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2018. “Gutta-Percha Trees and Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season Premiere Cocoon.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/gutta-percha-trees-and-hawaii-five-o.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 September 2018. “Ki'i Pōhaku Petroglyphs: Ancients Exposed on Five-0's Waiho Wale Kahiko.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/kii-pohaku-petroglyphs-ancients-exposed.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 May 2018. “Hawaiian Rain Gardens for Five-0's Tough Branch That Does Not Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/hawaiian-rain-gardens-for-five-0s-tough.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 May 2018. “Noni for Hawaii Five-0's Ka Hana A Ka Makua, O Ka Hana No Ia A Keiki.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/noni-for-hawaii-five-0s-ka-hana-ka.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 April 2018. “'Āliamanu Salt Lake and Five-0's Kopi Wale No I Ka I'a A 'Eu No Ka Ilo.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/aliamanu-salt-lake-and-five-0s-kopi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 April 2018. “Hawaii Five-0 Episode Ahuwale Ka Nane Hina: Uku Hawaiian Gray Snappers.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/hawaii-five-0-episde-ahuwale-ka-nane.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2018. “'Iwa Great Frigatebirds: Five-0's He Lokomaika'i Ka Manu O Kaiona.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/iwa-great-frigatebirds-five-0s-he.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 April 2018. “Chinese Juniper Shrubs on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/chinese-juniper-shrubs-on-hawaii-five-0.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 April 2018. “Bonsai Gardening on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/bonsai-gardening-on-hawaii-five-0-2010.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 March 2018. “'Ulu Hawaiian Breadfruit To Do One's Duty on Five-0's E Ho'oko Kuleana.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/ulu-hawaiian-breadfruit-to-do-ones-duty.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 March 2018. “Chlorine Gas on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Holapu Ke Ahi Koe Iho Ka Lehu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/chlorine-gas-on-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 March 2018. “Golden Plovers and Stars of Heaven Know Where Pae Is on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/golden-plovers-and-stars-of-heaven-know.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 February 2018. “A Coral Reef Strengthens Out to Land on Hawaii Five-0 with Lobe Corals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/a-coral-reef-strengthens-out-to-land-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 January 2018. “No Southern House Mosquitoes on Hawaii Five-0's Na Keikia Kalaihaohia.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/no-southern-house-mosquitoes-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 January 2018. “What Is Gone Is Not Hawaiian Bobtail Squid on Hawaii Five-0 2010.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/what-is-gone-is-not-hawaiian-bobtail.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 January 2018. “Criminals Rare as Guernsey Dairy Cattle on Hawaii Five-0 The Roundup.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/criminals-rare-as-guernsey-dairy-cattle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 January 2018. “Hawaiian Cattle Roundups and Hawaii Five-0 2010 The Roundup Criminals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/hawaiian-cattle-roundups-and-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2010. “Hawaii Shave Ice Images and Take-Outs on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ho'apono.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-shave-ice-images-and-take-outs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 November 2010. “Hawaiian Wild Boars Around Hawaii Five-0 2010's North Shore of O'ahu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-wild-boars-around-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 November 2010. “Limu Lipoa Hawaiian Seaweed on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Nalowale.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/limu-lipoa-hawaiian-seaweed-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 November 2010. “Hawaiian Blueberry Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pancakes.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-blueberry-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2010. “Hawaii Five-0 2010: Respect the Land and the Pizza Without Pineapples?” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-five-0-2010-respect-land-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 November 2010. “Pygmy Hippopotamuses for Grace of the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Family?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pygmy-hippopotamuses-for-grace-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 November 2010. “Pineappley Hala Tree Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pilot.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pineappley-hala-tree-botanical.html

"Nalowale I Ke 'Ehu O He Kai: Lost in the Sea Sprays." Hawaii Five-0: The Tenth Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Feb. 28, 2020.

"Pritchardia kaalae." Native Plants Hawai'i > Browse Plants > Listing of Native Hawaiian Plants.
Available @ http://nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Pritchardia_kaalae

"Pritchardia kaalae Rock, Mem. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus. 8: 46 (1921)." Palmweb > About Palms > Classification > Pritchardia.
Available @ http://www.palmweb.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/acc49828-6903-4f2d-9a9c-5a00d759e3a5/general

"Pritchardia kaalae Rock." LLIFLE Encyclopedias of Living Forms > Encyclopedias > The Encyclopedia of Palms & Cycads > Family > Arecaceae > Pritchardia.
Available @ http://llifle.com/Encyclopedia/PALMS_AND_CYCADS/Family/Arecaceae/28613/Pritchardia_kaalae

Rock, Joseph. 1921. "Pritchardia kaalae Rock, sp. n. (Plates VI, A, B; XXI, H)." Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History 8: 46-47. Honolulu HI: Published by the Museum, 1921-1923.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35720320

Woolliams, Keith R. February 1975. "The Propagation of Hawaiian Endangered Species." Newsletter - Hawaiian Botanical Society 14(4): 59-68. Honolulu HI: University of Hawaii Department of Botany.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47455272