Earth and Space News: Martian Satellite Deimos Has Two Craters Named Swift and Voltaire

Summary: The smooth yet cratered surface of Deimos, the second of the Martian system's two natural satellites, has only two named craters, Swift and Voltaire.

Craters Swift and Voltaire occur as the only two named geological features on the smooth yet cratered surface of Deimos, the outer and smaller of the Martian system's two natural satellites.

Swift Crater is centered at 12.50 degrees north latitude, 358.20 degrees west longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Its diameter measures 1.00 kilometers.

Voltaire Crater neighbors to the north of Swift Crater. Voltaire Crater is centered at 22.00 degrees north latitude, 3.50 degrees west longitude. Its diameter of 1.90 kilometers qualifies Voltaire as the larger of the only two named landforms on Martian moon Deimos.

Swift Crater is named for Jonathan Swift (Nov. 30, 1667-Oct. 19, 1745). The International Astronomical Union approved Swift as the crater's name in 1973. The astronomical name-approving nonprofit organization's XVth (25th) General Assembly was held from Tuesday, Aug. 21, to Thursday, Aug. 30, 1973, in Sydney, New South Wales, southeastern Australia.

The crater's name recognizes Swift's prediction of two Martian moons approximately 151 years prior to their discovery in 1877. In 1726, the Anglo-Irish author, essayist, poet and satirist published his masterpiece prose satire, Gulliver's Travels, or Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World In Four Parts under the pen name of Lemuel Gulliver, whom he identified as "First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several Ships."

The astronomers of the fictional land of Laputa have exceptionally sensitive telescopes for achieving unparalleled discoveries. "They spend the greatest part of their lives in observing the celestial bodies, which they do by the assistance of glasses far excelling ours in goodness. For although their largest telescopes do not exceed three feet, they magnify much more than those of an hundred-yards among us, and at the same time show the stars with greater clearness. This advantage hath enabled them to extend their discoveries much farther than our astronomers in Europe. They have made a catalogue of ten thousand fixed stars, whereas the largest of ours do not contain above one third part of that number."

The discovery of two Martian satellites includes a description of their distances from Mars and of their orbits. "They have likewise discovered two lesser stars, or satellites, which revolve about Mars, whereof the innermost is distant from the center of the primary planet exactly three of his diameters, and the outermost five; the former revolves in the space of ten hours, and the latter in twenty-one and an half; so that the squares of their periodical times are very near in the same proportion with the cubes of their distance from the center of Mars, which evidently shows them to be governed by the same law of gravitation that influences the other heavenly bodies" (Part III A Voyage to Laputa, Balnibari, Glubbdubdrib, Luggnagg, Japan, and [Amsterdam], Chapter Three, page 173).

Voltaire Crater derives from "M. de Voltaire," the pen name (nom de plume) of François-Marie Arouet (Nov. 21, 1694-May 30, 1778). Approval of Voltaire as the crater's name also was granted in 1973.

The crater's name acknowledges Voltaire's similar prediction of two natural satellites in the Martian system. The French Enlightenment encyclopedist, historian, philosopher, playwright, poet and satirist noted the two yet-unknown Martian moons in Le Micromégas, a seven chapter-novella published in 1752. Accompanied by a companion from the planet Saturn, Micromégas ("small-large") travels to Earth from his home planet, which orbits around Sirius (Alpha Canis Majoris, α Canis Majoris; abbreviated Alpha CMa, α CMa). The binary star system in Canis Major the Great Dog constellation shines as the brightest star in Earth's night sky.

Voltaire's Sirian solar system voyager attributes two moons to Mars a the fourth planet from the sun. Eighteenth-century astronomy recognized one moon for Earth, third planet from the sun, and four moons for the other Martian neighbor, fifth planet Jupiter.

"But to return to our travellers. When they took leave of Jupiter, they traversed a space of about one hundred millions of leagues, and coasting along the planet Mars, which is well known to be five times smaller than our little earth, they descried two moons subservient to that orb which have escaped the observation of all our astronomers. I know Father Castel will write, and that pleasantly enough, against the existence of these two moons; but I entirely refer myself to those who reason by analogy. Those worthy philosophers are very sensible that Mars, which is at such a distance from the sun, must be in a very uncomfortable situation, without the benefit of a couple of moons" (Micromégas, Chapter III, page 31; translated by William F. Fleming, 1901).

American astronomer Asaph Hall III (Oct. 15, 1829-Nov. 22, 1907) discovered the Red Planet's two natural satellites in August 1877 via the 26-inch refracting telescope in the old U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO), located in the Foggy Bottom section of Washington DC. He discovered outer, smaller moon Deimos on Sunday, Aug. 12, and inner, larger moon Phobos on Saturday, Aug. 18.

Hall credited his discoveries to the enthusiastically persuasive encouragement of his first wife, American mathematician Chloe Angeline Stickney Hall (Nov. 1, 1830-July 3, 1892). "In the spring of 1877, the approaching favorable opposition of the planet Mars attracted my attention, and the idea occurred to me of making a careful search with our large Clark refractor for a satellite of this planet. An examination of the literature of the planet showed, however, such a mass of observations of various kinds, made by the most experienced and skillful astronomers that the chance of finding a satellite appeared to be very slight, so that I might have abandoned the search had it not been for the encouragement of my wife" (pages 111-112).

Hall began his employment at the Naval Observatory as an aide in 1862. In 1864 he was promoted to Professor of Mathematics, the position that he held until his retirement from the U.S. Naval Observatory in 1891, according to Biographical Note (page 3) in Asaph Hall Papers: A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress, published in 2008 and revised in April 2010.

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) cylindrical map of Deimos, spacecraft/mission Viking, release date 26 October 2001: Copyright Free, via Views of the Solar System

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

enhanced-color image of Deimos captured Saturday, Feb. 21, 2009, by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's HiRISE (High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment) camera; inserted labels identify placements of only two Deimian moons, Voltaire (larger; upper) and Swift (smaller; lower); image credit NASA/JPL/University of Arizona: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Deimos_names.png; Public Domain, via The University of Arizona LPL (Lunary & Planetary Laboratory) HiRISE @ https://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/releases/deimos/

Mars with inner satellite Phobos and outer satellite Deimos, imaged Thursday, Aug. 1, 2013, by NASA's Mars Curiosity Rover's telephoto lens; image credit NASA/JPL-Caltech/GSFC/Univ. of Arizona; NASA JPL Photojournal image addition date 2013-08-27 : May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA17305

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) cylindrical map of Deimos, spacecraft/mission Viking, release date 26 October 2001: Copyright Free, via Views of the Solar System @ https://solarviews.com/cap/mars/deimoscyl1.htm

For further information:

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Fleming, William F., transl. "But to return to our travellers. When they took leave of Jupiter, they traversed a space of about one hundred millions of leagues, and coasting along the planet Mars, which is well known to be five times smaller than our little earth, they descried two moons subservient to that orb which have escaped the observation of all our astronomers. I know Father Castel will write, and that pleasantly enough, against the existence of these two moons; but I entirely refer myself to those who reason by analogy. Those worthy philosophers are very sensible that Mars, which is at such a distance from the sun, must be in a very uncomfortable situation, without the benefit of a couple of moons." Chapter Three: The Voyage of These Inhabitants of Other Worlds, pages 29-32. "Micromégas," pages 20-50. The Works of Voltaire: A Contemporary Version. Twenty-two volumes. [New York]: Done by the craftsmen of St. Hubert Guild, 1901.
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Gulliver, Lemuel (Jonathan Swift). "They spend the greatest part of their lives in observing the celestial bodies, which they do by the assistance of glasses far excelling ours in goodness. For although their largest telescopes do not exceed three feet, they magnify much more than those of an hundred-yards among us, and at the same time show the stars with greater clearness. This advantage hath enabled them to extend their discoveries much farther than our astronomers in Europe. They have made a catalogue of ten thousand fixed stars, whereas the largest of ours do not contain above one third part of that number. They have likewise discovered two lesser stars, or satellites, which revolve about Mars, whereof the innermost is distant from the center of the primary planet exactly three of his diameters, and the outermost five; the former revolves in the space of ten hours, and the latter in twenty-one and an half; so that the squares of their periodical times are very near in the same proportion with the cubes of their distance from the center of Mars, which evidently shows them to be governed by the same law of graviation that influences the other heavenly bodies." Part III A Voyage to Laputa, Balnibari, Glubbdubdrib, Luggnagg, Japan, and [Amsterdam], Chapter Three, page 173. Travels Into Several Remote Nations of the World In Four Parts. Second Edition. London: Printed for Benj. Motte, at the Middle Temple Gate in Fleet Street, MDCCXXVII [1735].
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Earth and Space News

Wednesday, October 23, 2024

Martian Satellite Deimos Has Two Craters Named Swift and Voltaire

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