Summary: Seven hills in the Columbia Hills on Mars honor seven astronauts on Space Shuttle Columbia who perished during the orbiter's re-entry in 2003.
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| Space Shuttle Columbia's STS-107 mission crewmembers assume "flying pose" in the orbiter's SPACEHAB Research Double Module (RDM) for traditional in-flight photo; Columbia's 28th mission members formed two teams, as red (left to right: Kalpana Chawla, mission specialist; Rick D. Husband, mission commander; Laurel B. Clark, mission specialist; Ilan Ramon, payload specialist and Israeli Space Agency ISA representative) and as blue (David M. Brown, mission specialist; William C. McCool, pilot; Michael P. Anderson, payload commander), for conducting round-the-clock experiments; undated image, obtained between Thursday, Jan. 16, and Saturday, Feb. 1, 2003, was on a roll of unprocessed film recovered after catastrophic disintegrating re-entry by searchers from the debris; NASA ID STS107-735-032: Public Domain, via DVIDS Defense Visual Information Distribution Service |
Seven hills in the Martian Columbia Hills honor seven astronauts who perished during Space Shuttle Columbia's catastrophic disintegrating re-entry into Earth's atmosphere in 2003.
Space Shuttle Columbia launched Thursday, Jan. 16, 2003, at 10:39 a.m. Eastern Standard Time EST (15:39 Coordinated Universal Time UTC) from the John F. Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39 (KSC LC-39) on east central coastal Florida's Merritt Island, according to the Columbia Accident Investigation Board's Report (page 33), published Aug. 26, 2003. The orbiter's launch occurred after two years of delays, entailing 13 reschedules, largely due to priority to other missions (page 27).
The seven-member crew of Space Shuttle Columbia's 28th mission comprised six American astronauts and one Israeli astronaut. American astronaut and U.S. Air Force fighter pilot Richard "Rick" Douglas Husband (July 12, 1957-Feb. 1, 2003) commanded the mission. American astronaut, U.S. Navy test pilot, posthumously promoted U.S. Navy Captain (Feb. 7, 2023) and aeronautical engineer William "Willie" Cameron McCool (born William Cameron Graham; Sep. 23, 1961-Feb. 1, 2003) served as the mission's Pilot. American astronaut and U.S. Air Force instructor pilot Michael Phillip Anderson (Dec. 25, 1959-Feb. 1, 2003) functioned as Payload Commander on Columbia's STS-107 mission. American astronaut and U.S. Navy Captain David McDowell Brown (April 16, 1956-Feb. 1, 2003), first Indian female astronaut and first Indian-American astronaut Kalpana "K.C." Chawla (March 17, 1962-Feb. 1, 2003) and American astronaut and Naval Flight Surgeon Laurel Blair Salton Clark (March 10, 1961-Feb. 1, 2003) served as Mission Specialist 1, Mission Specialist 2 and Mission Specialist 4, respectively. First Israeli astronaut and Israeli Air Force (IAF) fighter pilot Ilan Ramon (born Ilan Wolferman; June 20, 1954-Feb 1, 2003) was designated as the mission's Payload Specialist.
Space Transportation System-107 (STS-107) numbered as the second spaceflight for veterans Rick Husband, Michael Anderson and Kalpana Chawla. Columbia's 28th mission inducted William McCool, David Brown, Laurel Clark and Ilan Ramon into their first spaceflights.
Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated, while re-entering Earth's atmosphere over Texas, on Saturday, Feb. 1. The last communication from Columbia constituted a broken response, at 8:59:32 a.m., by Commander Husband: “Roger, [cut off in midword] . . .” (page 39) The orbiter's destruction occurred approximately 16 minutes before scheduled touchdown at 9:16 a.m. EST (14:16 UTC) at John F. Kennedy Space Center.
The devastating finale of mission STS-107, which included no survivors, prompted the declaration of a "Shuttle Contingency" by 10th NASA Administrator (Dec. 21, 2001-Dec. 13, 2004) Sean Charles O'Keefe (born Jan. 27, 1956). The protocol entailed implementation of the Contingency Action Plan established after Space Shuttle Challenger's fatal 10th flight. The destruction of the orbiter and deaths of all seven crewmembers had occurred Tuesday, Jan. 28, 1986, at 11:39:13 EST (16:39:13 UTC), only 73 seconds after Challenger's launch from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39B (KSC LC-39B).
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| Seven hills in Gusev Crater's Columbia Hills complex in the Martian southern hemisphere memorialize the seven astronauts who perished during the disintegrating re-entry of Space Shuttle Columbia into Earth's atmosphere on Saturday, Feb. 1, 2003: May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal |
The devastating finale of mission STS-107, which included no survivors, prompted the declaration of a "Shuttle Contingency" by 10th NASA Administrator (Dec. 21, 2001-Dec. 13, 2004) Sean Charles O'Keefe (born Jan. 27, 1956). The protocol entailed implementation of the Contingency Action Plan established after Space Shuttle Challenger's fatal 10th flight. The destruction of the orbiter and deaths of all seven crewmembers had occurred Tuesday, Jan. 28, 1986, at 11:39:13 EST (16:39:13 UTC), only 73 seconds after Challenger's launch from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39B (KSC LC-39B).
Administrator O'Keefe activated the International Space Station and Space Shuttle Mishap Interagency Investigation Board at 10:30 a.m. EST. He appointed Harold W. Gehman Jr. (born Oct. 15, 1942), retired U.S. Navy four-star admiral, as chair of the 13-member Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB).
The Board's report was released Tuesday, Aug. 26, 2003. The Board confidently determined the accident's causation after nearly seven months of investigations. "The physical cause of the loss of Columbia and its crew was a breach in the Thermal Protection System on the leading edge of the left wing, caused by a piece of insulating foam which separated from the left bipod ramp section of the External Tank at 81.7 seconds after launch, and struck the wing in the vicinity of the lower half of Reinforced Carbon-Carbon panel number 8. During re-entry this breach in the Thermal Protection System allowed superheated air to penetrate through the leading edge insulation and progressively melt the aluminum structure of the left wing, resulting in a weakening of the structure until increasing aerodynamic forces caused loss of control, failure of the wing, and breakup of the Orbiter. This breakup occurred in a flight regime in which, given the current design of the Orbiter, there was no possibility for the crew to survive" (page 9).
On Monday, Feb. 2, 2004, Sean O'Keefe announced the naming of seven hills on Mars in honor of Columbia's seven fallen astronauts. The hills peak in the low-ranging Columbia Hills in Gusev Crater, a massive impact crater in the Aolis quadrangle in the Martian southern hemisphere. The Columbia Hills, which memorialize the space shuttle, are located to the east of the site where robotic rover Spirit (MER-A; Mars Exploration Rover-A; MER-2) landed Saturday, Jan. 3, 2004, at 11:35 EST (Sunday, Jan. 4, 2004, at 04:35 UTC).
"These seven hills on Mars are named for those seven brave souls, the final crew of the Space Shuttle Columbia. The Columbia crew faced the challenge of space and made the supreme sacrifice in the name of exploration," Administrator O'Keefe stated.
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| The seven Martian hills honoring the seven astronauts who perished during Space Shuttle Columbia's STS-107 mission are located east of Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's landing site in the southern hemisphere on Saturday, Jan. 3, 2004; Spirit became stuck in soft sand on Friday, May 1, 2009, and went incommunicado on Monday, March 22, 2010. The unresponsive rover was determined as having completed its mission on Tuesday, May 24, 2011; screen shot, created 2009-11-04, from the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) team software for movement assessments of Spirit and its twin, robotic rover Opportunity (MER-B; Mars Exploration Rover-B; or MER-1), depicts Spirit's predicament of wheels embedded in a patch of soft soil known as Troy; Date Created:2009-11-04NASA ID: PIA12337; Secondary Creator Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech: Not subject to copyright, via NASA Image and Video Library |
Acknowledgment
My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.
Image credits:
Image credits:
Space Shuttle Columbia's STS-107 mission crewmembers assume "flying pose" in the orbiter's SPACEHAB Research Double Module (RDM) for traditional in-flight photo; Columbia's 28th mission members formed two teams, as red (left to right: Kalpana Chawla, mission specialist; Rick D. Husband, mission commander; Laurel B. Clark, mission specialist; Ilan Ramon, payload specialist and Israeli Space Agency ISA representative) and as blue (David M. Brown, mission specialist; William C. McCool, pilot; Michael P. Anderson, payload commander), for conducting round-the-clock experiments; undated image, obtained between Thursday, Jan. 16, and Saturday, Feb. 1, 2003, was on a roll of unprocessed film recovered after catastrophic disintegrating re-entry by searchers from the debris; NASA ID STS107-735-032: Public Domain, via DVIDS Defense Visual Information Distribution Service @ https://www.dvidshub.net/image/845216/photo-sts107-735-032; Public Domain, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/sts107-735-032
Seven hills in Gusev Crater's Columbia Hills complex in the Martian southern hemisphere memorialize the seven astronauts who perished during the disintegrating re-entry of Space Shuttle Columbia into Earth's atmosphere on Saturday, Feb. 1, 2003: May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA05200; Not in copyright, via NASA Image and Video Library @ https://images.nasa.gov/details/PIA05200; Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Columbia_Hills_from_MER-A_landing_site_PIA05200_br2.jpg
The seven Martian hills honoring the seven astronauts who perished during Space Shuttle Columbia's STS-107 mission are located east of Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's landing site in the southern hemisphere on Saturday, Jan. 3, 2004; Spirit became stuck in soft sand on Friday, May 1, 2009, and went incommunicado on Monday, March 22, 2010. The unresponsive rover was determined as having completed its mission on Tuesday, May 24, 2011; screen shot, created 2009-11-04, from the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) team software for movement assessments of Spirit and its twin, robotic rover Opportunity (MER-B; Mars Exploration Rover-B; or MER-1), depicts Spirit's predicament of wheels embedded in a patch of soft soil known as Troy; Date Created:2009-11-04NASA ID: PIA12337; Secondary Creator Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech: Not subject to copyright, via NASA Image and Video Library @ https://images.nasa.gov/details/PIA12337
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Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/ASTRON%7E1.HTM
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Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/Clark.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/Clark%20Astronaut%20Bio%20Data.htm
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Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/Anderson.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/anderson_biodata.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Biographies.html
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/Anderson.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/anderson_biodata.htm
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. "Rick D. Husband, Commander." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Biographies.html
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/Husband.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/ASTRON%7E2.HTM
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Biographies.html
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/Husband.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/ASTRON%7E2.HTM
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. "William C. McCool, Pilot." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Biographies.html
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/McCool.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/McCool%20Astronaut%20Bio%20Data.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Biographies.html
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/McCool.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/McCool%20Astronaut%20Bio%20Data.htm
Sqyures, Steven W.; Raymond E. Arvidson; Diana L. Blaney; Benton C. Clark; Larry Crumpler; William H. Farrand; Stephen Gorevan; Kenneth E. Herkenhoff; Joel Hurowitz; Alastair Kusack; Harry Y. McSween; Douglas W. Ming; Richard V. Morris; Steven W. Ruff; Alian Wang; and Albert Yen. "Rocks of the Columbia Hills." JGR Planets Journal of Geophysical Research Planets, vol. 111, issue E2 (February 2006): E02S11.
Available via Agu Pubs @ https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2005JE002562
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70030671
Available via Agu Pubs @ https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2005JE002562
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70030671
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