Neighborhood-Scale Urban Forest Scenarios Aid Vancouver, Canada 2050

Summary: Neighborhood-scale urban forest scenarios aid Vancouver, Canada 2050, according to an article in the January 2024 issue of Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

"God talks to human beings through many vectors: through each other, through organized religion, through the great books of those religions, through wise people, through art and music and literature and poetry, but nowhere with such detail and grace and color and joy as through creation. When we destroy a species, when we destroy a special place, we're diminishing our capacity to sense the divine, understand who God is and what our own potential is." Robert Francis Kennedy Jr., April 19, 2023, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts.

“And there’s many people out there who want us to move to the next planet already and I’m like, hang on, let’s not give up on this planet yet," William, Prince of Wales, July 31, 2023, Sorted Food food truck, London, England, United Kingdom.

Hollow Tree abides in 405-hectare (1,001-acre) Stanley Park in the northwestern half of Vancouver’s Downtown peninsula. Maybe the 136-year-old public park, with its perhaps 1,000-year-old Western red cedar (Thuja plicata), achieves for the southeasterly neighborhoods of Coal Harbour and West End the third criteria in Cecil Konijnendijk’s 3-30-300 rule for minimum green space and urban trees in urban-densifying cities. The Nature Based Solutions Institute Director minimally advises 3 trees within sight of each home, school, workplace; 30 percent tree canopy in each neighborhood; and 300 meters (984.252 feet) from each home to the nearest green space or park. Mature neighborhoods in large- and old-tree forested western Vancouver affirm higher canopy cover than poor-quality, shallow-soiled eastern Vancouver. Private land, public streets and such civic property as forested, large, select parks afford Vancouver respective tree canopy covers at 37, 35, 28 percent; ca. 1925 Gowan Sutton Company Ltd. image of elephant standing partially inside the Hollow Tree and using trunk to lift woman off the ground, entitled "A big visitor to the big tree in Stanley Park, Vancouver BC," in Fred Thirkell and Bob Scallion, Frank Gowen's Vancouver, 1914–1931 (2001; Plate 05, page 21): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Four modeled neighborhood-scale urban forest scenarios aid Vancouver, Canada 2050, according to an article co-authored by five University of British Columbia researchers for the January 2024 issue of Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

Agatha Czekajlo and Sara Barron, Zhaohua Cheng, Cynthia Girling and Lorien Nesbitt bare their city’s canopy cover at about 22 percent, of which 37 percent private-parceled. Private-parceled tree-canopy cover comprises a large land base more than extensive tree coverage even as civic-property and forested-park tree-canopy cover respectively contribute 28 and 35 percent. A 2050 city canopy-cover target of 30 percent, at 8 percent beyond the 2020 level, demands housing- and land-tailored, and priority- and underserved-neighborhood street-tree density-doubled, targets.

The current 2020 spatial-proxy model and the study-modeled neighborhood-scale urban-forest scenarios entail low-income neighborhoods with low-canopy cover, under 10 percent, and population-increase expectations of 30-plus percent.

Aged-tree replacement; coniferous-deciduous proportions; genus-and species-diversity proportions; large 15-plus-meter, medium 10- to 15-meter, small sub-10-meter size proportions; private-parcel tree locations; private-public planting rates furnished future-scenario designs.

Existing-species list and city-planting goals; the latter and climate-adapted species; the latter and building-shaded deciduous; the former building-shaded and greenspace-garnished private-parceled trees respectively guide scenarios 1-4. Baseline and four scenarios respectively heed mortality-honed tree-canopy loss by location-based mortality rates, parcel development and climate-adaptable, climate-sized species; and location policy change-adjusted tree-survival, tree-health condition. Scenarios 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively invoke street-, park/civic-, private-located annual mortality rates of 2.6, 2.1, 2.1, 1.6; 2.2, 1.7, 1.7, 1.2; 4.6, 4.1, 4.1, 3.6%.

Four neighborhood-scale urban forest scenarios respectively jubilate street-, park/civic-, private-located aged-out trees as totaling 1,389, 1,197, 1,197, 976; 203, 168, 168, 124; 853, 805, 805, 753.

Vancouver, Canada 2050 four neighborhood-scale urban forest scenarios respectively kindle 1,512, 1,512, 1,153, 3,288 street-; 340, 340, 340, 1,043 park/civic-; 4,227, 4,227, 4,227, 7,395 private-tree additions.

The dominant location of trees changed from streets in the baseline to private parcels in all future scenarios. The maximum canopy cover achieved across all future scenarios logged in at 16 percent. Mature trees being replaced by small trees made it so that substantial canopy loss manifested itself even as all the models managed to replace aged-out trees. Scenario-1 tree height at minus 39%, crown radius at minus 35% and canopy volume at minus 86% numbered as largest-decreasing volume between aged-out and replacement trees.

The Vancouver, Canada 2050 neighborhood-scale urban forest scenarios offer as takeaway the significance of community engagement to occasion street, park/civic, especially private-parceled tree planting and management.

Vancouver, Canada 2050 four neighborhood-scale urban forest scenarios possessed their most progressive model in scenario 4 even as the latter never performed to 30% neighborhood-canopy cover.

Baseline-scenario Cedrus deodora, Cuprocyparis leylandii, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Gleditsia triacanthos, Pinus nigra; Fraxinus ornus, Pyrus calleryana, Sorbus aria; Cercis canadensis, Ficus carica, Pinus mugo queue large-/medium-/small-sized climate-suitablest. The Vancouver study recognized baseline-scenario genus and species, apart 1 street-, 4 park/civic-, 34 private-apple (Malus spp), 15 street-, 126 private-plum (Prunus spp) deciduous, small-sized trees. Baseline and Vancouver, Canada 2050 scenarios 1, 2-3, 4 shelter 104/3%, 367/4%, 359/4%, 479/3% large-street; 85/2%, 266/3%, 181/2%, 394/2% large-park/civic; 207/5%, 69/1%, 75/1%, 113/1% large-private conifers.

Scenarios 1, 2-3, 4 tallied 672/6%, 786/8%, 906/6%; 1,038/10%, 970/10%, 835/5%; 2,751/27%, 2,803/27%, 4,084/26% small-existing/small-replacement/small-addition, 579/6%, 691/7%, 824/5%; 1,070/10%, 953/9%, 772/5%; 2,842/28%, 2,842/28%, 6,117/39% medium-existing/medium-replacement/medium-addition trees.

Vancouver afforested from 1967 to 1987 its main landfill, the Kerr Road dump (1944-1967), into the Everett Crowley Park. The 38.08-hectare (94.097729-acre) public park agonized under such invasives as Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus) until 2010, with the latter area alleviated of the biennial-stemmed perennials for more alluring tree plantings. The fifth-largest park, anchored in southeast Vancouver and anchoring ample forested areas alike to Stanley Park, applauds in its naming Everett Crowley (June 3, 1909-Nov. 25, 1984), first owner of Avalon Dairy, Vancouver’s last independent dairy, and Vancouver Parks Commissioner (1961-1966) even as Stanley Park applauds Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby (Jan. 15, 1841-June 14, 1908); Friday, April 6, 2007, 14:41, image of Avalon Dairy Ltd, "Vancouver & B.C.'s oldest continuously operated dairy. Home of B.C.'s first certified organic milk": Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Hollow Tree abides in 405-hectare (1,001-acre) Stanley Park in the northwestern half of Vancouver’s Downtown peninsula. Maybe the 136-year-old public park, with its perhaps 1,000-year-old Western red cedar (Thuja plicata), achieves for the southeasterly neighborhoods of Coal Harbour and West End the third criteria in Cecil Konijnendijk’s 3-30-300 rule for minimum green space and urban trees in urban-densifying cities. The Nature Based Solutions Institute Director minimally advises 3 trees within sight of each home, school, workplace; 30 percent tree canopy in each neighborhood; and 300 meters (984.252 feet) from each home to the nearest green space or park. Mature neighborhoods in large- and old-tree forested western Vancouver affirm higher canopy cover than poor-quality, shallow-soiled eastern Vancouver. Private land, public streets and such civic property as forested, large, select parks afford Vancouver respective tree canopy covers at 37, 35, 28 percent; ca. 1925 Gowan Sutton Company Ltd. image of elephant standing partially inside the Hollow Tree and using trunk to lift woman off the ground, entitled "A big visitor to the big tree in Stanley Park, Vancouver BC," in Fred Thirkell and Bob Scallion, Frank Gowen's Vancouver, 1914–1931 (2001; Plate 05, page 21): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_big_visitor_to_the_big_tree_in_Stanley_Park,_Vancouver_B.C..jpg; via Google Books @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/92KrdVvd43cC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP1

Vancouver afforested from 1967 to 1987 its main landfill, the Kerr Road dump (1944-1967), into the Everett Crowley Park. The 38.08-hectare (94.097729-acre) public park agonized under such invasives as Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus) until 2010, with the latter area alleviated of the biennial-stemmed perennials for more alluring tree plantings. The fifth-largest park, anchored in southeast Vancouver and anchoring ample forested areas alike to Stanley Park, applauds in its naming Everett Crowley (June 3, 1909-Nov. 25, 1984), first owner of Avalon Dairy, Vancouver’s last independent dairy, and Vancouver Parks Commissioner (1961-1966) even as Stanley Park applauds Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby (Jan. 15, 1841-June 14, 1908); Friday, April 6, 2007, 14:41, image of Avalon Dairy Ltd, "Vancouver & B.C.'s oldest continuously operated dairy. Home of B.C.'s first certified organic milk": Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avalondairy.jpg

For further information:

Czekajlo, Agatha; Zhaohua Cheng; Sara Barron; Cynthia Girling; and Lorien Nesbitt. January 2024. “Modelling Four Neighborhood-Scale Urban Forest Scenarios for 2050: Vancouver, Canada.” Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 50(1): 18-56.

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Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2019. "Plant Appraisal Data Collection Allies Off-Site and On-Site Research." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/plant-appraisal-data-collection-allies.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2019. "Wire Basket Removal or Wire Basket Retention: Girdling or Stable Roots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/wire-basket-removal-or-wire-basket.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2019. "Woody Plant Appraisal Data Collection for Shrubs, Trees and Vines." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2019. "Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/balancing-roadside-tree-benefits-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2019. “Plant Appraisal Estimate, Scope, Data, Analysis, Reconciliation, Report.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html