Earth and Space News: November 2014

Friday, November 28, 2014

Gold Cap Mushroom Botanical Illustrations and Images: American Native

Summary: Gold cap mushroom botanical illustrations give distribution ranges and physical appearances of starchy-smelling, starchy-tasting hallucinogenic fungi.

first description's images of gold cap mushroom (Psilocybe cubensis), under original binomical name Stropharia cubensis (upper), with another new species, Stropharia floccosa (lower); F.S. Earle, "Algunos Hongos Cubanos," pages 225-242, Primer informe anual de la Estación Central Agronómica de Cuba, 1o. de abril, 1904-30 de junio, 1905 (1906), Lámina XL: Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized, via HathiTrust

Gold cap mushroom botanical illustrations and images allow appreciation of distribution ranges, life cycles and physical appearances for ancient native hallucinogenic fungi from southeastern North America through Caribbean, Central and South America.

Gold cap mushrooms bear the additional common names gold top, golden cap and golden top because of above-ground surfaces yellowed and yellowing to brown and red-brown. They carry the scientific name Psilocybe cubensis (from the Greek ψῑλός [psīlós, "thin"] κύβη [kubē, "head"]) and the Latin cubensis ("from Cuba") for the Cuba-collected specimen. The Psilocybe genus within the puffball-shaped Hymenogastraceae (from the Greek ὑμήν [humén, "membrane"] and γαστήρ [gastér, "belly"]) family always displays bald, short caps and long stems.

Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia experience the little brown mushrooms every early to ending autumn, September through November.

Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Venezuela likewise furnish gold caps.

Gold caps, grouped scientifically in 1906 by Franklin Sumner Earle (Sep. 4, 1856-Jan. 31, 1929) and Rolf Singer (June 23, 1906-Jan. 18, 1994), grow from spores. The 0.0000055- to 0.000016-inch- (0.14- to 0.42-micron-) long, 0.000014- to 0.000051-inch- (0.37- to 1.3-micron-) thick, wind-dispersed gold cap mushroom spores have elliptical shapes and purple-brown colors. They increase to maximum above-ground fruiting- and below-ground vegetative-bodied dimensions within two months of winds impelling them from parental gill cells throughout their grassland habitat niches.

Gold cap mushroom botanical illustrations and images juggle spore journeys at subtropical to tropical temperatures of 70 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit (21.11 to 26.66 degrees Celsius).

Gold cap mushroom spores, germinatable year-round, know their fastest, healthiest, most natural growth in humid grassland habitat niches with dung from large grazers such as cows.

The gold cap pileus (from the Greek πῖλος [pîlos, "felt"]) looks like a bell-shaped, convex (outward-curved) cap with a 0.79- to 3.15-inch (2 to 8-centimeter) diameter. Its color-changing, contact-, moisture-, temperature-sensitive surface matures into an umbrella-like shape within one pointed, tiny umbo (from the Latin umbō, "protrusion") or more at the center. A noticeable ring nudges the cinnamon, gold-brown, red-cinnamon cap, at its gilled, spore-producing underside, from the upper long-stalked, thin-stemmed stipe (from the Greek στέφω [stéphō, "encircle"]).

Gold cap mushroom botanical illustrations and images offer 1.58- to 5.91-inch- (4- to 15-centimeter-) long, 0.19- to 5.91-inch- (0.5- to 15-centimeter-) thick, stringy, tough, white stipes.

White tufts sometimes protect stem bases from the underground network-like mycelia (from the Greek μύκης [múkēs, "mushroom"]) of thread-like hyphae (from the Greek ὑφή [huphé, "web"]).

All gold cap mushroom mycelia, pilei and stipes queue up blue-black pitting from contact and injury, opaqueness from dryness, translucence from overwatering and yellowing with age. Darker blue-black bruising reveals higher retentions of baeocystin, norbaeocystin, psilocin and psilocybe compounds, whose hallucinogenic properties result in government restrictions on gold cap cultivation and use. Subtropical and tropical grasslands that support cows and other grazing, large herbivores (plant-eaters) sustain gold cap mushrooms and their spread into northern Australia and southern Asia.

Gold cap mushroom botanical illustrations and images teem with all the portrayable facts about gold cap mushrooms, American hallucnogenic fungus with starchy scents, tastes and textures.

native and introduced range map for gold cap mushroom (Psilocybe cubensis): Photohound, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

first description's images of gold cap mushroom (Psilocybe cubensis), under original binomial name Stropharia cubensis (upper), with another new species, Stropharia floccosa (lower); F.S. Earle, "Algunos Hongos Cubanos," pages 225-242, Primer informe anual de la Estación Central Agronómica de Cuba, 1o. de abril, 1904-30 de junio, 1905 (1906), Lámina XL: Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized, via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044106392509?urlappend=%3Bseq=523;
Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized, via HathiTrust @ https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044106392509&seq=523&view=1up

native and introduced range map for gold cap mushroom (Psilocybe cubensis): Photohound, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Psilocybe-cubensis-range-map.png

For further information:

Earle, F.S. (Franklin Sumner). 1906. "Algunos Hongos Cubanos: Stropharia Cubensis sp. nov. (Fig. 1 Lam. 40)." Primer Informe Anual de la Estación Central Agronómica de Cuba. 1o de Abril, 1904-30 de Junio, 1905. 1: 225-242. Habana, Cuba: Papeleria "la Universal" de Ruiz y Hermano, el 1o de Junio de 1906.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044106392509?urlappend=%3Bseq=252

Stamets, Paul. 1996. Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World: An Identification Guide. Berkeley CA: Ten Speed Press.

Wednesday, November 26, 2014

Gutenberg Crater Parents Nine Satellites on Southwest Mare Fecunditatis

Summary: Gutenberg Crater parents nine satellites on southwest Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fecundity), an equator-straddling lava plain on the moon’s near side.

Detail shows part of Gutenberg Crater system (center left) along southwestern Mare Fecunditatis; Gutenberg (40-42 degrees S, 8-10 degrees E), Gutenberg A (40 S, 9 E), Gutenberg South (41 S, 10 E), Gutenberg E (42-43 S, 8 E), Gutenberg D (43 S, 11 E), Gutenberg G (40 S, 6.5 W), Gutenberg H (39 S, 7 E), Gutenberg K (41 S, 7 E); D.P. Elston’s Geologic Map of the Colombo Quadrangle (1972): Dept. of Interior-US Geological Survey/NASA/USAF ACIC, via USGS Publications Warehouse

Gutenberg Crater parents nine satellites on southwest Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fecundity), a dark, equator-straddling lava plain occupying the lunar near side’s eastern hemisphere.

Primary crater Gutenberg is centered at minus 8.61 degrees south latitude, 41.25 east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The southern hemisphere crater marks northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 7.45 degrees south and minus 9.78 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to 42.43 degrees east and 40.07 degrees east, respectively. Gutenberg’s diameter spans 70.65 kilometers.

Three satellites nestle on their parent’s rim. Gutenberg A, C and E make western, southern and eastern intrusions, respectively.

A is centered at minus 9.03 degrees south latitude, 39.91 degrees east longitude. Northernmost and southernmost latitudes reach minus 8.78 degrees south and minus 9.27 degrees south, respectively. A registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 40.16 degrees east and 39.66 degrees east, respectively. A has a diameter of 14.8 kilometers.

C, also known as Gutenberg South, is centered at minus 10.04 degrees south latitude, 41.13 degrees east longitude. C obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 9.29 degrees south and minus 10.78 degrees south, respectively. C marks easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 41.89 degrees east and 40.37 degrees east, respectively. C’s diameter measures 45.21 kilometers.

E is centered at minus 8.22 degrees south latitude, 42.42 degrees east longitude. Northernmost and southernmost latitudes reach minus 7.75 degrees south and minus 8.68 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to 42.89 degrees east and 41.95 degrees east, respectively. E’s diameter measures 28.19 kilometers.

As the Gutenberg Crater system’s only western outlier, B resides to the west of Gutenberg rim satellite A. B is centered at minus 9.12 degrees south latitude, 38.32 degrees east longitude. B marks northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 8.89 degrees south and minus 9.35 degrees south, respectively. B registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 38.56 degrees east and 38.08 degrees east, respectively. The satellite has a diameter of 14.19 kilometers.

Three Gutenberg satellites lie north of their parent. K occupies the near north. Outliers G and H reside to the north-northwest and northwest, respectively.

K is centered at minus 7.3 degrees south latitude, 40.82 degrees east longitude. Northernmost and southernmost latitudes thin to minus 7.2 degrees south and minus 7.39 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes narrow to 40.91 degrees east and 40.72 degrees east, respectively. K has a diameter of 5.64 kilometers.

G is centered at minus 6.05 degrees south latitude, 40.04 degrees east longitude. G obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 5.54 degrees south and minus 6.55 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to 40.55 degrees east and 39.53 degrees east, respectively. G’s diameter measures 30.64 kilometers.

H is centered at minus 6.75 degrees south latitude, 39.06 degrees east longitude. H trims northernmost and southernmost latitudes to minus 6.67 degrees south and minus 6.83 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes narrow to 39.14 degrees east and 38.98 degrees east, respectively. H has a diameter of 4.77 kilometers.

Two Gutenberg satellites lie south-southeast of their parent. Satellite F hunkers to the north of larger neighbor D.

F is centered at minus 10.23 degrees south latitude, 42.61 degrees east longitude. The satellite trims its northernmost and southernmost latitudes to minus 10.11 degrees south and minus 10.35 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes narrow to 42.73 degrees east and 42.49 degrees east, respectively. F has a diameter of 7.17 kilometers.

D is centered at minus 10.99 degrees south latitude, 42.84 degrees east longitude. D obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 10.66 degrees south and minus 11.32 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach 43.17 degrees east and 42.5 degrees east, respectively. D’s diameter measures 20.07 kilometers.

The Gutenberg Crater system honors German inventor Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (ca. 1390/1400-Feb. 3, 1468). The IAU approved the parent crater’s name in 1935 and satellite designations in 2006.

The takeaways for Gutenberg Crater’s parentage of nine satellites on the southwestern Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fecundity) are that three satellites cling to their parent’s rim, that smallest satellite H’s diameter measures only 4.77 kilometers and that, at 45.21 kilometers, largest satellite C’s diameter equates to almost two-thirds of its parent’s 70.65-kilometer diameter.

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 79 shows Gutenberg Crater with nine satellites; scale 1:1,000,000; Mercator Projection: United States Air Force (USAF) Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (ACIC) via USGS/Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Elger, Thomas Gwyn. “Gutenberg.” The Moon, A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features: 128-129. London UK: George Philip & Son, 1895.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonfulldescript00elgerich/page/128

Elston, Donald P. “Geologic Map of the Colombo Quadrangle of the Moon.” Geologic Atlas of the Moon. IMAP-714 (LAC-79). Prepared in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Department of the Interior United States Geological Survey, 1972.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i714

Hodges, Carroll Ann. “Geologic Map of the Langrenus Quadrangle of the Moon.” Geologic Atlas of the Moon. IMAP-739 (LAC-80). Prepared in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Department of the Interior United States Geological Survey, 1973.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i739

International Astronomical Union. “Gutenberg.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2290

International Astronomical Union. “Gutenberg A.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9613

International Astronomical Union. “Gutenberg B.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9614

International Astronomical Union. “Gutenberg C.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9615

International Astronomical Union. “Gutenberg D.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9616

International Astronomical Union. “Gutenberg E.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9617

International Astronomical Union. “Gutenberg F.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9618

International Astronomical Union. “Gutenberg G.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9619

International Astronomical Union. “Gutenberg H.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9620

International Astronomical Union. “Gutenberg K.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9621

International Astronomical Union. “Mare Fecunditatis.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3673

International Astronomical Union. “Montes Pyrenaeus.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4012

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Colombo Crater Parents 10 Satellites in Southeastern Lunar Near Side.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 19, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/11/colombo-crater-parents-10-satellites-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Goclenius Crater Parents Two Satellites in Southwest Mare Fecunditatis.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 10, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/goclenius-crater-parents-two-satellites.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Taruntius Crater Parents 15 Satellites on Northwest Mare Fecunditatis.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 4, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/05/taruntius-crater-parents-15-satellites.html

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Stuart-Alexander, Desiree E.; and Rowland W. Tabor. “Geologic Map of the Fracastorius Quadrangle of the Moon.” Geologic Atlas of the Moon. IMAP-720 (LAC-97). Prepared in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Department of the Interior United States Geological Survey, 1972.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i720

U.S. Geological Survey. Color-Coded Topography and Shaded Relief Map of the Lunar Near Side and Far Side Hemispheres. U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series I-2769. Page last modified Nov. 30, 2016. Flagstaff AZ: U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Science Center, 2003.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2769/

Friday, November 21, 2014

Spotted Lanternfly Natural History Illustrations and Photographs

Summary: Spotted lanternfly natural history illustrations and photographs show pretty-winged pests that Chinese medicine and wasps seek against pain and as prey.

spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) specimen: Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Insect Images

Spotted lanternfly natural history illustrations and photographs accentuate the aesthetic attractiveness of aggressive, alien antagonists of fruit-bearing and ornamental woody plants and of street bushes, shrubs, trees and vines outside Asian homelands.

Spotted lanternflies bear the common names Chinese blistering cicada and spot clothing wax cicada in English; ban-yi-la-chan, chu-ki, hong-liang-zi and hua-gu-liang in Chinese; ggot-mae-mi in Korean. The scientific name Lycorma delicatula communicates delicateness even though the lanthorn fly member of the Fulgoridae ("lightning") insect family clusters big-headed, large-winged, moth-like, plant-hopping pest-like characteristics. It derives from descriptions in 1945 by Adam White (April 29, 1817-Dec. 30, 1878), zoologist from Edinburgh, Scotland, at the Zoology Department of the British Museum.

Spotted lanternfly natural history illustrations and photographs exhibit Hemiptera ("half-winged") order members with base-hardened, black-spotted, brown-and-white, membrane-edged forewings and black-spotted, black, red and white membranous hindwings.

August through mid-November, mid-November through April and May through July function as respective breeding and egg-laying, overwintering and nymph emergence months in spotted lanternfly life cycles.

First through fourth nymphal instars of May, early and late June and early July and then mature spotted lanternflies of late July go for nutrient-rich sap. They harvest so much of the downward-flowing, sugar-filled phloem from young bark and stem vascular tissues that they heave large, liquid, sugary excesses out as honeydew. The sweet waste products inundate, and invite ants, bees, hornets, sooty mold fungi (Ascomycete spp) and wasps to, honeydew-inundated, sticky leaves and wounded branches and trunks.

Rough human-made and natural surfaces jeopardize spotted lanternfly eggs and hatchlings whose sustainability respectively juxtaposes sticky, waxy yellow-brown cases and climbing-friendly arolia (specialized tarsal adhesive pads).

Spotted lanternflies know 70-plus woody host plant species in China, India, Taiwan and Vietnam; Japan since the 1930s; Korea since 2004-2006; the United States since 2012-2014.

Smooth-barked trees lodge each mother-to-be's 30 to 50 brown, seed-like eggs in four to seven columns and then 3.6- to 4.4-millimeter (0.14- to 0.1-inch) first instars. Spotted lanternfly natural history illustrations and photographs move through 5.1- to 6.4-millimeter (0.20- to 0.25-inch) and 6.9- to 9.4-millimeter (0.27- to 0.3-inch) second and third instars. One-year life cycles need eggs; black-bodied, white-spotted first through third instars; black- and red-bodied, white-spotted, 10.9- to 14.8-millimeter (0.43- to 0.58-inch) fourth instars; and pretty-winged adults.

Spotted lanternfly natural history illustrations and photographs observe big-bodied, brown-headed, 21- to 22-millimeter (0.83 to 0.87-inch) males with black, 15- to 18-millimeter (0.59- to 0.71-inch) legs.

Adult females possess 24- to 27-millimeter (0.95- to 1.1-inch) bodies with red-ended, not male-specific black-ended, black-barred yellow abdomens and 18- to 22-millimeter (0.71- to 0.87-inch) legs.

Eggs, nymphs and adults queue up on alder, angelica, apple, apricot, bee-bee tree, birch, burdock, cedar, cherry, corktree, cottonwood, false-spiraea, grape, lilac, locust, maackia and magnolia. They likewise reside on mahogany, maple, mulberry, oak, parasol-tree, peach, plane, plum, poplar, quassia, rose, sumac, sycamore, tree-of-heaven, tulip-tree, Virginia creeper, walnut, willow, wingnut and zelkova. Spotted lanternfly nymphs and adults seek host trees with sugary sap or, to sabotage all predators but parasitic wasps, sickening toxins, such as their special tree-of-heaven.

Spotted lanternfly natural history illustrations and photographs track pretty pests whose overpopulation Chinese medicine and wasps thwart by turning spotted lanternflies respectively into anti-inflammants and prey.

spotted lanternfly feeding damage to tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima (P. Mill (Swingle): Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) specimen: Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Insect Images @ https://www.insectimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5524068

spotted lanternfly feeding damage to tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima (P. Mill (Swingle): Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5522656

For further information:

Chou, Io. 1946. "A Study on Lycorma delicatula White." Entomologia et Ars, vol. 1, nos. 2-4 (Augustus 1946): 31-54. Chang-Chia-Kong, Shensi, China: Institutum Entomologicum.
Available @ http://ag.udel.edu/research/planthoppers/families/species/documents/chou1946369618.pdf

Chu, H.J. 1931. "Notes on the Life-History of Lycorma delicatula White in Nanking." Peking Natural History Bulletin, vol. 5, part II: 33-35.
Available @ https://cdn.canr.udel.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/30155534/Chu-1931-Notes-on-the-life-history-of-Lycorma-delicatula-White-in-Nanking.pdf

Ding, Jianqing; Yun Wu; Hao Zheng; Weidong Fu; Richard Reardon; Min Liu. 2006. "Assessing Potential Biological Control of the Invasive Plant, Tree-of-Heaven, Ailanthus altissima." Biocontrol Science and Technology, vol. 16, nos. 5/6: 547-566.
Available @ http://ag.udel.edu/research/planthoppers/families/species/documents/dingetal.2006.pdf

Frantsevich, Leonid; Aihong Ji; Zhendong Dai; Jintong Wang; Ludmila Frantsevich; and Stanislav N. Gorb. 2008. "Adhesive Properties of the Arolium of a Lantern-fly, Lycorma delicatula (Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoridae)." Journal of Insect Physiology, vol. 54, issue 5 (May 2008): 818-827.
Available @ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022191008000462

Jang, Yikweon.; Hyon-Gyong An; Hyojoong Kim; and Kwang-Ho Kim. 2013. "Spectral Preferences of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)." Entomological Research, vol. 43, issue 2 (March 2013): 115-122.
Available @ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1748-5967.12012

Kim, Hyojoong; Minyoung Kim; Deok Ho Kwon; Sangwook Park; Yerim Lee; Junhao Huang; Shi Kai; Heung-Sik Lee; Ki-Jeong Hong; Yikweon Jang; and Seunghwan Lee. 2013. "Molecular Comparison of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Isolates in Korea, China, and Japan." Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, vol. 16, issue 4 (December 2013): 503-506.
Available @ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226861513000745

Kim, Il-Kwon; Sang-Hyun Koh; Jung-Su Lee; Won-Il Choi; Sang-Chul Shin. 4 February 2011. "Discovery of an Egg Parasitoid of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae an Invasive Species in South Korea." Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, vol. 14, issue 2 (2011): 213-215.
Available @ http://www.academia.edu/7959000/Discovery_of_an_egg_parasitoid_of_Lycorma_delicatula_Hemiptera_Fulgoridae_an_invasive_species_in_South_Korea

Kim, Jae Geun; Eun-Hyuk Lee; Yeo-Min Seo; and Na-Yeon Kim. 2011. "Cyclic Behavior of Lycorma delicatula (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) on Host Plants." Journal of Insect Behavior, vol. 24, issue 6: 423-435.
Available @ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10905-011-9266-8

Kim, Sun-Kook; Gi-Yeul Lee; Yun-Ho Shin; and Gil-Hah Kim. 2010. "Chemical Control Effect against Spot Clothing Wax Cicada, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Nymphs and Adults." Korean Journal of Pesticide Science, vol. 14, no. 4: 440-445.
Available @ http://ag.udel.edu/research/planthoppers/families/species/documents/Kimetal2010Chemicalcontroleffectagainstspotclothingwaxcicadanymphsandadults.pdf
Available in English @ https://cdn.canr.udel.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/12205644/Kimetal.2010.KoreanJournalPesticideScience.SLFChemicalcontrol.TRANS_.pdf

Lee, Jung-Su; Il-Kwon Kim; Sang-Hyun Koh; Sung Jong Cho; Suk-Jun Jang; Seung-Hyeon Pyo; and Won Il Choi. 2011. "Impact of Minimum Winter Temperature on Lycorma delicatula (Hemptera: Fulgoridae) Egg Morality." Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, vol. 14, issue 1 (March 2011): 123-125.
Available @ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226861510001044

Lieu, K.O.Victoria. 1934. "External Morphology and Internal Anatomy of the Lantern-fly, Lycorma delicatula White." 1933 Yearbook of the Bureau of Entomology, Hangchow, China, no. 3: 2-25.
Available @ http://ag.udel.edu/research/planthoppers/families/species/documents/Lieu1934.pdf

Maher, Kris. 18 November 2014. "New Invasive Pest Has Pennsylvania Towns on Alert." Wall Street Journal > U.S.
Available @ https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-invasive-pest-has-pennsylvania-towns-on-alert-1416335733

Mita, Toshiharu. 2009. "A Taxonomic Study of the Dryininae (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae) of Japan, With Description of a New Species of Pseudodryinus." Zootaxa 2168 (July 27, 2009): 45-56.
Available @ https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8eb4/0f790732b215b35b6219700a0184678263de.pdf

NPDN First Detector ‏@NPDN. 4 November 2014. "Invasive treehopper-SPOTTED LANTERNFLY confirmed in Pennsylvania. First in US!" Twitter.
Available @ https://twitter.com/NPDN/status/529662149631934464

Penn State Ag Sci ‏@agsciences. 6 November 2014. "Help stop spread of Spotted Lanternfly. Learn how to ID & rpt." Twitter.
Available @ https://twitter.com/agsciences/status/530453968414339072

Tomisawa, Akira; Shotarou Ohmiya; Hirokazu Fukutomi; Kazumi Hayashi; and Takuya Ishikawa. 2013. "Biological Notes on Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera, Fulgoridae) in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan." Japanese Journal of Entomology (new series), vol. 16, no. 1: 3-14.
Available @ http://ag.udel.edu/research/planthoppers/families/species/documents/Tomisawaetal.2013.pdf

White, Adam. "Descriptions of a New Genus and Some New Species of Homopterous Insects From the East in the Collection of the British Museum." The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology, vol. XV, no. XCV: 34-37. London, England: R. and J.E. Taylor.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2248355#page/58/mode/1up

Yan, Jiahe; Shimin Ding; Xubing Qin; Zuorong Wang; and Lulin Bai. 2008. "Study on the Biology of Dryinus browni." Journal of Shandong Forestry Science and Technology, vol. 38, issue 5 (2008): 16-18.

Yoon, Changmann; Sang-Rae Moon; Ji-Won Jeong; Youn-Ho Shin; Sun-Ran Cho; Ki-Su Ahn; Jeong-Oh Yang; and Gil-Hah Kim. 2011. "Repellency of Lavender Oil and Linalool against Clothing Wax Cicada, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) and Their Electrophysical Responses. " Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, vol. 14, issue 4 (December 2011): 411.-416.
Available @ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226861511000781?via%3Dihub

Wednesday, November 19, 2014

Colombo Crater Parents 10 Satellites in Southeastern Lunar Near Side

Summary: Colombo Crater parents 10 satellites in the southeastern lunar near side, between southwestern Mare Fecunditatis and eastern Mare Nectaris.

Detail shows part of Colombo Crater system (center bottom) along southwestern Mare Fecunditatis; Colombo (45 degrees south, 14-16 degrees east), Colombo A (44 S, 14 E), Colombo E (42.5 S, 15.5 E), Colombo G (43 S, 14 E); Colombo H (43.5 S, 14.5 E), Colombo K (46.5 S, 16 E), Colombo M (48 S, 14.5 E), Colombo P (48 S, 15 E); D.P. Elston’s Geologic Map of the Colombo Quadrangle (1972): Dept. of Interior-US Geological Survey/NASA/USAF ACIC, via USGS Publications Warehouse

Colombo Crater parents 10 satellites in the southeastern lunar near side, with the system occupying the rough terrain between southwestern Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fecundity) and eastern Mare Nectaris (Sea of Nectar).

Occupancy of Colombo’s rim by two satellites disturbs the parent crater’s circularity. Tiny craterlets swarm across Colombo’s pockmarked floor.

Primary crater Colombo edges Mare Fecunditatis. The lunar impact crater is centered at minus 15.26 degrees south latitude, 46.02 degrees east longitude. The southern hemisphere crater registers northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 13.95 degrees south and minus 16.56 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to 47.37 degrees east and 44.67 degrees east, respectively. Colombo’s diameter spans 79.02 kilometers.

Satellite A indents its parent’s northwestern rim. A is centered at minus 14.18 degrees south latitude, 44.46 degrees east longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes reach minus 13.5 degrees south and minus 14.85 degrees south, respectively. A’s diameter measures 40.78 kilometers.

Satellite B perches along its parent’s south-southwestern rim. B is centered at minus 16.41 degrees south latitude, 45.16 degrees east longitude, respectively. It obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 16.19 degrees south and minus 16.63 degrees south, respectively. B marks easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 45.4 degrees east and 44.93 degrees east, respectively. Its diameter measures 13.48 kilometers.

Satellite K gouges its parent’s southern wall. K is centered at minus 15.83 degrees east latitude, 46.44 degrees east longitude. It claims northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 15.75 degrees south and minus 15.91 degrees south, respectively. K registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 46.52 degrees east and 46.35 degrees east, respectively. Its diameter measures 5 kilometers.

Mare Fecunditatis claims two additional satellites. M and P lie to their parent’s east.

M is centered at minus 14.64 degrees south latitude, 47.8 degrees east longitude. M marks northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 14.38 degrees south and minus 14.89 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to 48.06 degrees east and 47.53 degrees east, respectively. K has a diameter of 15.65 kilometers.

P, M’s smaller, southern neighbor, is centered at minus 15.11 degrees south latitude, 47.9 degrees east longitude. M trims its northernmost and southernmost latitudes to minus 15.02 degrees south and minus 15.21 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes narrow to 48 degrees east and 47.8 degrees east, respectively. M’s diameter measures 5.9 kilometers.

Montes Pyrenaeus (Pyrenees Mountains) hugs the eastern arc of circular Mare Nectaris. Five Colombo satellites (E, G, H, J, T) shelter to the east of the lunar mountain range.

Satellites G and J neighbor west of Colombo A. Larger G lies north-northwest of J.

G is centered at minus 14.01 degrees south latitude, 43.44 degrees east longitude. Northernmost and southernmost latitudes occur at minus 13.87 degrees south and minus 14.16 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes thin to 43.6 degrees east and 43.29 degrees east, respectively. Its diameter measures 8.95 kilometers.

J is centered at minus 14.3 degrees south latitude, 43.62 degrees east longitude. Northernmost and southernmost latitudes narrow to minus 14.2 degrees south and minus 14.4 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes thin to 43.72 degrees east and 43.52 degrees east, respectively. J’s diameter measures 5.96 kilometers.

Colombo E lies to its parent’s west. The satellite is centered at minus 15.82 degrees south latitude, 42.38 degrees east longitude. E obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 15.57 degrees south and minus 16.06 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes narrow to 42.62 degrees east and 42.15 degrees east, respectively. E has a diameter of 14.93 kilometers.

Lying to the southeast, satellite H is centered at minus 17.45 degrees south latitude, 44.13 degrees east longitude. H trims northernmost and southernmost latitudes to minus 17.21 degrees south and minus 17.68 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes slim to 44.37 degrees east and 43.88 degrees east, respectively. H’s diameter measures 14.14 kilometers.

Outlier Colombo T is sited to the south-southeast of its parent. T is centered at minus 18.97 degrees south latitude, 45.46 degrees east longitude. T obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 18.85 degrees south and minus 19.08 degrees south, respectively. The satellite registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 45.63 degrees east and 45.29 degrees east, respectively. T’s diameter measures 9.96 kilometers.

The Colombo Crater system honors Spanish explorer Cristóbal Colón (Christopher Columbus; ca. Aug. 26/Oct. 31, 1451-May 20, 1506). The IAU approved the parent crater’s name in 1935. The 10 Colombo satellite designations received approval in 2006.

The takeaways for Colombo Crater’s parentage of 10 satellites in the southeastern lunar near side are that the system occupies the rough strip between Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fecundity) and Mare Nectaris (Sea of Nectar), that smallest satellite K’s diameter measures only 5 kilometers and that, at 40.78 kilometers, largest satellite A’s diameter halves its parent’s diameter of 79.02 kilometers.

Detail shows part of Colombo Crater system (top center) along eastern Mare Nectaris; Colombo (45-47 S, 16 E), Colombo B (45 S, 16 E), Colombo E (42-43 degrees S, 16 degrees E), Colombo H (44 S, 17 E), Colombo T (45 S, 19 E); D.E. Stuart-Alexander and R.W. Tabor’s Geologic Map of the Fracastorius Quadrangle (1972): Dept. of Interior-US Geological Survey/NASA/USAF ACIC, via USGS Publications Warehouse

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Elger, Thomas Gwyn. “Colombo.” The Moon, A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features: 130. London UK: George Philip & Son, 1895.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonfulldescript00elgeuoft/page/130/mode/1up

International Astronomical Union. “Colombo.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1273

International Astronomical Union. “Colombo A.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8365

International Astronomical Union. “Colombo B.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8366

International Astronomical Union. “Colombo E.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8367

International Astronomical Union. “Colombo G.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8368

International Astronomical Union. “Colombo H.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8369

International Astronomical Union. “Colombo J.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8370

International Astronomical Union. “Colombo K.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8371

International Astronomical Union. “Colombo M.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8372

International Astronomical Union. “Colombo P.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8373

International Astronomical Union. “Colombo T.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8374

International Astronomical Union. “Mare Nectaris.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3683

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Friday, November 14, 2014

Deadly Delicious Death Cap Mushroom Botanical Illustrations and Images

Summary: Death cap mushroom botanical illustrations depict distribution ranges and physical appearances of delicious-smelling, delicious-tasting deadly fungi.

death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides), illustrated by A. Bessin; P. Dumée, Nouvel Atlas de Poche des Champignons (1912), opposite page 3: Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Death cap mushroom illustrations and images address the artistic aspects of distribution ranges, life cycles and physical appearances of a non-native, poisonous fungus introduced into the coastal United States in the 1890s.

Death cap mushrooms bear the scientific name Amanita phalloides ("fungus phallus-like"), with the genus name from the Greek word αμανίται (amānītai) for "[a kind of] fungus." The species name (from the Greek φαλλός [phallós] -ειδής [-eidés, "-like"]) perhaps compares death cap mushroom sheath-like configurations to the superficially similar stinkhhorn mushroom genus Phallus. The Amanitaceae family member of the Agaricales (from the Greek ἀγαρικόν [agarikón, "tree-fungus"]) gilled mushroom order demonstrates a distinct display of white caps, cups and spores.

Native homelands in Europe, North Africa and western Asia and naturalized homelands in North America experience the delicious-smelling, delicious-tasting, deadly white mushrooms September through November.

Death cap mushrooms furnish fatal food to predators of dried, fresh, frozen and heated fungi and root protection for certain coniferous, deciduous and evergreen woody plants.

Death cap mushrooms, given the common names deadly and stinking amanita and grouped scientifically by Sébastien Vaillant (May 26, 1669-May 20, 1722), grow from wind-dispersed spores. The 0.00032- to 0.00039-inch- (8- to 10-micron-) long and thick white to transparent spores have egg-like, globe-like, rounded shapes and white spore prints against white paper. The life cycles of death cap mushrooms, investigated scientifically by Elias Magnus Fries (Aug. 15, 1794-Feb. 8, 1878), involve germination into above-ground fruiting, below-ground vegetative parts.

Death cap botanical illustrations jumble below-ground mycelia (from the Greek μύκης [múkēs, "mushroom"]) ectomycorrhizally (from the Greek ἐκτός [ektós, "outside"] μύκης [múkēs, "fungus"] ῥίζα [rhíza, "root"]).

The myceliar, thread-like, white hyphae (from the Greek ὑφή [huphé, "web"]) know the mutual benefits of keeping tree roots sheathed in exchange for nutrient-rich, sugar-filled excretions.

Exudates (waste products) of beech, birch, chestnut, eucalyptus, filbert, hemlock, hornbeam, horse-chestnut, oak, pine and spruce roots let death cap mushroom parts live above and below-ground. The brown-olive, green-yellow, cap-like, pale-margined pileus (from the Greek πῖλος [pîlos, "felt"]) manages 1.97- to 5.91-inch (5- to 15-centimeter) diameters and earlier hemispheric, later flattened shapes. A floppy 0.39- to 0.59-inch (1- to 1.5-centimeter) ring nudges the white-gilled undersides of death caps, noted scientifically by Johann Link (Feb. 2, 1767-Jan. 1, 1851).

Death cap mushroom botanical illustrations and images observe the fragile white ring just below the cap's lamellae (gills, from the Latin lāmellae, "small, thin metal piece").

Long-stemmed, 3.15- to 5.91-inch- (8- to 15-centimeter) long, 0.39- to 0.79-inch- (1- to 2-centimeter-) thick stipes (from the Greek στέφω [stéphō, "encircle"] possess scattered gray-olive scales.

The ragged, sac-like, swollen base of the white stipe queues up a maximum 1.58-inch (4-centimeter) diameter within a 1.18- to 1.97-inch (3- to 5-centimeter) diameter cup. Edible coccora (Amanita calyptroderma), puffball and straw (Volvariella volacea) mushrooms resemble all-white younger death caps more than brown-green-capped older counterparts with age-yellowed, drought-clouded or moisture-paled stems. Ingestion of 1.06 ounces (30 grams) of the amatoxins, antamides, phallolysins and phallotoxins that death caps shelter stops human life-sustaining activities within 6 to 16 days.

Death cap mushroom illustrations and images tackle temperate grassland-loving fungi with brown-green-yellow caps, pale sheaths for tree roots and terminal fresh and processed treats for mushroom-eaters.

death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides), illustrated by Giacomo Bresadola, I Funghi Mangerecci e Velenosi (1906), Tav. III: Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides), illustrated by A. Bessin; P. Dumée, Nouvel Atlas de Poche des Champignons (1912), opposite page 3: Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3894919; Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/61021753@N02/6459622393/

death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides), illustrated by Giacomo Bresadola, I Funghi Mangerecci e Velenosi (1906), Tav. III: Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3900817; Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/61021753@N02/8574864620/

For further information:

Bresadola, Sac. G. (Giacomo). 1906.”Amanita phalloides Fr. -- Tav. III.” I Funghi Mangerecci e Velenosi dell’Europa Media, Con Speciale Riguardo a Quelli Che Crescono nel Trentino: 35. II edizione riveduta ed aumentata. Trento, Italy: Giovanni Zippel.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3900703

Dumée, Paul. 1912. "Amanite phalloïde. -- Amanita phalloides." Nouvel Atlas de Poche des Champignons Comestibles et Vénéneux les Plus Repandus: 3. Peintures par A. Bessin. Troisième Édition. Bibliothèque de Poche du Naturaliste. Paris, France: Léon Lhomme.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3894918

Fries, Elias Magnus. 1821. "2. A. Phalloides." Systema Mycologicum. Greifswald, Gryphiswaldiae: Sumtibus Ernesti Mauritii, volumen I: 13-14. Gryphiswaldiae [Greifswald, Germany]: Ernesti Mauritii [Ernst Mauritius], MDCCCXXI.
Available via Biblioteca Digital @ http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/spa/Libro.php?Libro=957&Pagina=71

Link, H.F. (Heinrich Friedrich). 1833. "1. Amanita phalloides." Handbuck zur Erkennung der Nutzbarsten und am Häufigsten Vorkommenden Gewächse. Dritter Theil: 272. Berlin, Germany: In der Haude und Spenerschen Buchhandlung (S.J. Joseephy).
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53338886

Vaillant, Sébastien. 1727. "3. Fungus phalloides, annulatus, sordide virescens, et patulus." Botanicon Parisiense ou Dénombrement par Ordre Alphabétique des Plantes, Qui Se Trouvent aux Environs de Paris Compris dans la Carte de la Prevoté & de l'Élection de la Dite Ville par le Sieur Danet Gendre année MDXXXXII: 74. Leide and Amsterdam: Jean & Herman Verbeek and Balthazar Lakeman, MDCCXXVII.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/628546
Available via Gallica @ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k981001/f129

Wednesday, November 12, 2014

Chevallier Crater Parents Four Satellites on Lunar Northeast Near Side

Summary: Chevallier Crater parents four satellites on the lunar northeast near side in the lava-flooded terrain southwest of Lacus Temporis (Lake of Time).

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 27 shows the Chevallier Crater system, comprising the parental crater, interior satellite Chevallier B, attached northern satellite Chevallier M, south-southwestern satellite Chevallier K and Lacus Temporis-residing Chevallier F, and neighborly Atlas and Shuckburgh crater systems; scale 1:1,000,000; Mercator Projection: United States Air Force (USAF) Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (ACIC) via USGS/Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Chevallier Crater parents four satellites on the lunar northeast near side in proximity to middle-latitude lunar mare Lacus Temporis (Lake of Time).

The Chevallier crater system's parent is centered at 45.01 degrees north latitude, 51.57 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The lava flooded lunar impact crater's northernmost and southernmost latitudes reach 45.86 degrees north and 44.15 degrees north, respectively. The middle-latitude crater's easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to 52.78 degrees east and 50.36 degrees east, respectively. Chevallier Crater's diameter spans 51.83 kilometers.

The Chevallier crater system of parent and four satellites claims Lacus Temporis as nearest lunar mare. Chevallier Crater neighbors to the near southwest of the double-lobed, dark, basaltic plain.

One of the crater system's four satellites, Chevallier B, occurs as an internal satellite, lying within its parent's borders. Chevallier K and Chevallier M reside to the south-southwest and near north, respectively, of their parent. Chevallier F lies to the east as a resident of Lacus Temporis.

Chevallier B lies off-center, to the east of the midpoint of its parent's lava-flooded interior floor. The internal satellite is centered at 45.15 degrees north latitude, 51.96 degrees east longitude. It obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 45.35 degrees north and 44.96 degrees north, respectively. Its easternment and westernmost longitudes are found at 52.24 degrees east and 51.68 degrees east, respectively. Chevallier B's diameter measures 12.05 kilometers.

Chevallier M has merged with projections of its parent's northern rim. The double crater is centered at 46.04 degrees north latitude, 51.16 degrees east longitude. Chevallier M posts northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 46.31 degrees north and 45.77 degrees north, respectively. It marks its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 51.55 degrees east and 50.78 degrees east, respectively. Chevallier M's diameter of 16.27 kilometers qualifies it as the largest of the Chevallier crater system's four satellites.

Atlas A's location as the most easterly of the Atlas crater system's eight satellites places it in proximity to Chevallier Crater and Chevallier M. Atlas A is centered at 45.34 degrees north latitude, 49.56 degrees east longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes occur at 45.71 degrees north and 44.97 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes register at 50.08 degrees east and 49.04 degrees east, respectively. Atlas A's diameter measures 22.22 kilometers.

Chevallier K is located to the south-southwest of its parent. It finds its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 43.61 degrees north and 43.42 degrees north, respectively. It obtains easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 50.99 degrees east and 50.74 degrees east, respectively. Chevallier K's diameter of 5.56 kilometers qualifies it as the smallest of the Chevallier crater system's four satellites.

Chevallier K resides in proximity to Shuckburgh Crater and its attached satellite, Shuckburgh C. Shuckburgh Crater lies to the east-southeast of Chevallier K. Shuckburgh C's connection to an outward projection in its parent's northern rim positions it to the east of Chevallier K.

Shuckburgh Crater is centered at 42.65 degrees north latitude, 52.71 degrees east longitude. The worn, lava-flooded lunar impact crater marks northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 43.27 degrees north and 42.03 degrees north, respectively. It lists easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 53.56 degrees east and 51.87 degrees east, respectively. Shuckburgh Crater's diameter spans 37.73 kilometers.

Shuckburgh C, the only parentally-attached satellite of the Shuckburgh crater system's three satellites, is centered at 43.54 degrees north latitude, 52.72 degrees east longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes occur at 43.73 degrees north and 43.35 degrees north, respectively. It achieves easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 52.98 degrees east and 52.46 degrees east, respectively. Shuckburgh C's diameter measures 11.58 kilometers.

Chevallier F's location in the northern lobe of Lacus Temporis qualifies it as the most easterly of the Chevallier crater system's four satellites and also as the most distanced satellite from the system's parent. Chevallier F claims northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 46.34 degrees north and 46.06 degrees north, respectively. It gives easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 56.8 degrees east and 56.39 degrees east, respectively. Chevallier F has a diameter of 8.53 kilometers.

Chevallier F pairs with a small, cup-shaped crater to its north-northeast as conspicuous landmarks at the intersection of the Lake of Time's two lobes. Lacus Temporis is centered at at 46.77 degrees north latitude, 56.21 degrees east longitude. The small lunar mare's northernmost and southernmost latitudes span 49.36 degrees north to 43.81 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to 60.56 degrees east and 52.13 degrees east, respectively. Lacus Temporis measures 205.3 kilometers.

The takeaways for Chevallier Crater's parentage of four satellites on the lunar northeast near side are that Chevallier Crater resides as a near southwestern neighbor of Lacus Temporis (Lake of Time); that Chevallier B occurs as the Chevallier crater system's only parental occupant; that Chevallier M, attached to its parent's northern rim, qualifies as the largest of the crater system's four satellites; that Chevallier K, positioned to its parent's south-southwest, qualifies as the smallest of the crater system's four satellites; and that the Chevallier crater system's most distant satellite, Chevallier F, lies in the Lake of Time's northern lobe and pairs with a small crater to its north-northeast as markers of the juncture of the small lunar mare's two lobes.

1994 Clementine spacecraft's high sun mosaic shows Lacus Temporis, with Chevallier F (center) as one of two bright markers in juncture of northern and southern lobes of lunar northeastern near side's Lacus Temporis (Lake of Time), and the Lake of Time's neighbors, Chevallier Crater, with internal satellite Chevallier B, northern attached satellite Chevallier M and southwestern satellite Chevallier K (lower left): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

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Bowker, David E.; J. Kenrick Hughes; Lunar and Planetary Institute. “Digital Lunar Orbiter Atlas of the Moon.” USRA LPI (Universities Space Research Association’s Lunar and Planetary Institute) > Resources.
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Available via Universities Space Research Association’s (USRA) Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI) @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/lunarorbiter/images/print/4120_h1.jpg

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Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=GFpBAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA250
Available from Princeton University via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101081655407?urlappend=%3Bseq=270

Cobbold, Anthony. "Alicia Chevallier." The Cobbold Family History Trust > Interactive Family Tree > Surname Index > C > CH.
Available @ https://family-tree.cobboldfht.com/people/view/3350

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Elger, Thomas Gwyn. “Baily.” The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features: 54. London [England]: George Philip & Son, 1895.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonfulldescript00elgerich/page/54/

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Atlas.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/458

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Available @ https://www.vaticanobservatory.org/sacred-space-astronomy/the-eastern-trio/

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Atlas A.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/7417

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Chevallier.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1176

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Chevallier B.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8276

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Chevallier F.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8277

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Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8278

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