Earth and Space News: September 2012

Saturday, September 29, 2012

Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?

Summary: Sherlock Holmes perhaps ascertains, without asking or answering, which plants are lucky shamrocks on Elementary series episode Pilot Sept. 27, 2012.

Lesser clover (Trifolium dubium), a native European flower plant in the pea and clover family Fabaceae, is generally considered as primary plant representing the traditional Irish shamrock; village of Worowo, near Łobez County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, northwestern Poland; Saturday, July 7, 2007: I, Kenraiz (Krzysztof Ziarnek), CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Lesser clovers are perhaps behind artistic appearances of a lucky shamrock on a pale green t-shirt that argues astuteness versus auspiciousness on Elementary procedural drama television series episode Pilot Sept. 27, 2012.

Director Michael Cuesta and writer Robert Doherty brandish a Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) who believes himself born brainy and brawny beyond anything based upon fortuitousness. The first season's first episode communicates congenital cleverness through the comments "I am not lucky" above and "I am good" below a colored t-shirt's four-leaf clover. Charles Nelson of the National Botanic Gardens in Glasnevin, north Dublin, Republic of Ireland, deems four-leaf, lucky shamrocks most likely derived from one of five species.

The Nelson survey team enumerated black medic (Medicago lupulina), lesser clover (Trifolium dubium), red clover (T. pratense), white clover (T. repens) and wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella).

The 221 respondents in 30 countries furnished the Nelson survey team with sample shamrocks that respectively favored lesser and white clovers at 46 and 35 percent.

The Fabaceae (from Latin faba,"bean") bean, legume and pea family member grows by spring division of lesser clover rootballs or spring/fall germination of lesser clover seeds. Lesser clover seedhead pods each have one brown, oval, smooth 0.04-inch- (1-millimeter-) long seed that pre-last-frost temperatures below minus 13.8 degrees Celsius (7.16 degrees Fahrenheit) harms. Lesser clovers, identified scientifically as Trifolium dubium (from Greek τρίφυλλον, "three-leafed" and Latin dubium, "doubt"), include dry, globe-like, membraneous, straight, thin, 0.08-inch- (2-millimeter-) long fruit pods.

Gravelly clay, loamy or sandy soils juggle annually seeded pods within bee-pollinated flowers on three-leaf lesser clovers or lucky shamrocks (from Old Irish seamróg, "young clover").

Lesser clovers keep their indehiscent (from Latin in-, "non-" and dehiscentem, "opening") pods within their five-lobed, five-toothed, five-veined, grooved, 0.08-inch (2-millimeter) calyx (from Greek κάλυξ, "husk").

Each calyx lodges female and male reproductive parts respectively as one pollen-receiving carpel (from French carpelle, "ovary") and as 10 pollen-producing stamens (from Latin stāmen, "thread"). Every calyx, as outermost whorl discreetly two-toothed and, lower down, noticeably three-toothed, maintains one 0.12- to 0.16-inch- (3- to 4-millimeter-) long corolla (from Latin corōlla, "wreathlet"). Every corolla, on maximally 0.04-inch- (1-millimeter-) long stalks, nets one boat-shaped, unwrinkled standard amid two wing-like side petals nodding parallel to two fused, keel-forming lower petals.
Lesser clovers, observed scientifically by John Sibthorp (Oct. 28, 1759-Feb. 8, 1796), offer three- to 25-flowered, 0.24- to 0.35-inch- (6- to 9-millimeter-) long and wide clusters.

The yellow inflorescence's 0.19- to 1.6-inch- (5- to 40-millimeter-) long stalk prettifies 0.16- to 0.47-inch (4- to 12-millimeter) by 0.12- to 0.32-inch (3- to 8-millimeter) leaflets.

Every leaflet queues up fine-toothed margins, four to nine paired lateral veins and, with paired, parallel-veined, 0.16- to 0.32-inch- (4- to 8-millimeter-) long stipules, rounded bases. One-sixteenth- to 0.32-inch (4- to 8-millimeter) leaf and 1.96- to 7.89-inch (50- to 200-millimeter) main stem lengths require 12- to 15-inch (30- to 38-centimeter) spacing intervals. Soil pHs 6.6 through 7.5 in moist, sunny, well-drained sites with or without partial shade support flowering, fruiting, seeding schedules of lesser clovers April through September.

Perhaps astuteness and, mayhaps through four-leaf transformations of lesser clovers into lucky clovers, auspiciousness trigger Joan Watson's (Lucy Liu) tackling Sherlock's, not someone else's, drug recovery.

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) wears a yellow "I am not lucky I am good" t-shirt in CBS Elementary's pilot: Elementary @ ElementaryCBS, via Facebook Sept. 27, 2012

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) wears a yellow "I am not lucky I am good" t-shirt in CBS Elementary's pilot: Elementary @ ElementaryCBS, via Facebook Sept. 27, 2012, @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/posts/380681435333849

For further information:

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1892. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd.

Elementary @ElementaryCBS. 20 September 2012. "Exactly one more week to go until the series premiere! Watch this sneak peek scene from the pilot episode and 'Like' this post if you'll be tuning in Sept. 27 at 10/9c!" Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/posts/357080401043140

Elementary @ ElementaryCBS. 27 September 2012. "Only a few more hours until we meet Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson in the series premiere of Elementary at 10/9c. Are you ready to tune in?" Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/posts/380681435333849

"The Irish Shamrock Plant: All Myth and Marketing?" Irish Genealogy Toolkit > Symbols of Ireland > Shamrock.
Available @ https://www.irish-genealogy-toolkit.com/shamrock-plant.html

"Lesser Hop Trefoil." NatureGate > Plants > Flowers > L.
Available @ http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/en/kukkakasvit/lesser-hop-trefoil

Sibthrop, Joanne. 1794. "645. Trifolium dubium, fpicis fubrotundis laxe imbricatis, vexillis deflexis perfiftentibus, caulibus procumbentibus." Flora Oxoniensis, Exhibens Plantas in Agro Oxoniensi Sponte Crescentes, Secundum Systema Sexuale Distributas. Oxonii: Fletcher et Hanwell, et J. Cooke, MDCCXCIV.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50008309
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/b28039452/page/n263

"Trifolium dubium." Electronic Flora of South Australia Species Fact Sheet > Family Leguminosae.
Available @ http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Trifolium_dubium

"Trifolium dubium Sibthrop, Fl. Oxon. 231. 1794." Flora of China > Family List > FOC Vol. 10 > Fabaceae > Trifolium.
Available @ http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242352906

"Trifolium dubium Sibth. Suckling Clover." Royal Botanic Gardens of Victoria > VICFLORA Flora of Victoria > Magnoliopsida > FAbalaes > Fabaceae > Trifolium.
Available @ https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/06176248-1ee8-4717-9972-5c388e1f254c

Weston, P.H. "Trifolium dubium Sibth." PlantNet > New South Wales Flora Online > Plant Name Search.
Available @ http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Trifolium~dubium

Thursday, September 27, 2012

Stephen Hawking Book My Brief History: Short Life, Old Space and Time

Summary: The Stephen Hawking book My Brief History hones a unified story from personal and professional points of a short life in a 15-billion-year-old universe.

Stephen Hawking (back right) with first wife, Jane Wilde (back left), and their children Lucy (left) and Robert (right) in 1974: Steve Elliott (jabberwock), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

The Stephen Hawking book My Brief History, for Bantam Books Sep. 10, 2013, arranges into the theoretical physicist's autobiography 13 personal and professional adventures that afford the unified articulation of his story.

The chapter Childhood broaches his, Mary's and Philippa's births to, and Edward's adoption by, the Oxford-educated tropical medicine researcher son and grandson of bankrupt Yorkshire farmers. It clusters a two-and-a-half-year-old crying about progressive Byron House School's children and "their wonderful toys," a three-year-old collecting trains and an eight-year-old cultivating belated reading skills. The chapter St. Albans discusses a term at the cathedral city's High School for Girls before, and St. Albans School after, Bible study in Deya, Majorca.

Exasperation with wooden and store-bought clockwork and electric trains in Highgate ease into feudal, manufacturing and war game-inventing and model airplane- and boat-building in St. Albans.

The chapter Oxford fits the chemistry and mathematics graduate into University College after summer in Kashmir and Lucknow, India, and before grant-financed, post-graduation travel to Iran.

The chapter Cambridge gathers Dennis Sciama as cosmology, gravitation and general relativity research advisor, Jane Wilde as wife and Robert and Lucy as first- and second-born. The chapter Gravitational Waves heads the Caius College research fellow and student Gary Gibbons into and out of the experimental physics of gravitational wave detector designs. The chapter The Big Bang impels the Ph.D. dissertator toward a universe that, non-spherically, never intersects everything once and that involves ends to space and time.

The chapter Black Holes juggles the product of the collapsed massive star's entryway over the whole-number vibration frequencies of its atoms into radiated energy journeying outward.

The chapter Caltech keys radiation temperatures from Sun-like black holes to one-millionth of a kelvin above absolute zero (minus 273.15 degrees Celsius, minus 459.67 degrees Fahrenheit).

The chapter Marriage in the Stephen Hawking book My Brief History looks at the Lucasian Professor-elect of Mathematics' son Timothy, speech synthesization and spouse Elaine Marsh. The chapter A Brief History of Time mentions the best-selling author's first of four mass-market science books and his children's cosmic adventure series with daughter Lucy. The chapter Time Travel notes the theoretical physicist's term "particle histories that are closed" for time travel through hypothetical, tubular wormholes as space and time shortcuts.

The chapter Imaginary Time offers a horizontal, present-moment line between past and future real time and a vertical direction of Earth surface-like, finite space without boundaries.

The chapter No Boundaries presents a personally happy, professionally successful Fundamental Physics Prize winner whose motor neurone disease never prevented hot-air balloon, submarine or zero-gravity travel.

Childhood friends Howard, John and William, cousin Sarah and traveling companions John and Richard qualify as the earliest of personal interactions that each chapter queues up. Each chapter reveals non-physics activities, including coxing the Oxford Boat Club, traveling to China, Russia, Switzerland and Turkey and watching British series on California color television. Forty-six images and 126 pages in the Stephen Hawking book My Brief History show a sociable scientist whose savviness shapes theories for subsequent generations to solve.

The Stephen Hawking book My Brief History traverses personal and professional timelines to tender a unified treatment of one mortal, short life in a 15-billion-year-old universe.

44th U.S. President Barack Obama speaks with Stephen Hawking in the White House's Blue Room prior to Presidential Medal of Freedom ceremony for Stephen and 15 other honorees; Lucy Hawking is to Stephen's right; Aug. 12, 2009: Pete Souza, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Stephen Hawking (back right) with first wife, Jane Wilde (back left), and their children Lucy (left) and Robert (right) in 1974: Steve Elliott (jabberwock), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/jabberwock/8478524751/

On Aug. 12, 2009, three months after May 14 release of Stephen Hawking's second collaboration on the George cosmic adventure series with daughter Lucy, 44th U.S. President Barack Obama speaks with Stephen Hawking in the White House's Blue Room prior to Presidential Medal of Freedom ceremony for Stephen and 15 other honorees; Lucy Hawking is to Stephen's right: Pete Souza, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_speaks_to_Stephen_Hawking.jpg

For further information:

Hawking, Lucy & Stephen. 2009. George's Secret Key to the Universe. With Christophe Galfard. New York NY: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers.

Hawking, Lucy & Stephen. 2011. George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt. New York NY: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers.

Hawking, Lucy & Stephen. 2013. George and the Big Bang. New York NY: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers.

Hawking, Stephen. 1998. A Brief History of Time. Updated and Expanded Tenth Anniversary Edition. New York NY: Bantam Books.

Hawking, Stephen. 2001. The Universe in a Nutshell. New York NY: Bantam Books.

Hawking, Stephen. 2010. The Grand Design. New York NY: Bantam Books.

Hawking, Stephen. 2013. My Brief History. New York NY: Bantam Books; and London UK: Bantam Press.

Lighted Spaces Are Late in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe

Summary: Lighted spaces allow the transparent Universe that the first 300,000 years after the Big Bang avoided in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe.

Graphic presents refinements in spatial resolutions of depictions of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), ancient light left over from Big Bang; (top) simulation by CMB discoverers Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson; (middle) four-year COBE (COsmic Background Explorer) map; (bottom) three-year WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) view: NASA / WMAP Science Team, via NASA GSFC WMAP

Lighted spaces are the aftermaths of dropping temperatures and decelerating neutrons and protons in the 300,000-year-old opaque Universe that associated matter and radiation, according to Bang! The Complete History of the Universe.

Electromagnetic waves, including visible light, brandish wave-particle duality in behaving as streamed photon particles with zero mass and 186,000-mile (300,000-kilometer) speeds per second and as waves. Anti-protons and protons colliding creates photons with a certain quantum (from Latin quantum, "how much") of energy correlated with the color of light that electrons capture. Opaque, 300,000-year-old space drew electrons into heavier atomic nuclei, for the first neutral atoms and, at 3000 degrees Celsius (5432 degrees Fahrenheit), divorced matter from radiation.

The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) enshrined the transparent Universe whose opacity ended with dropping temperatures, expanding space, electrons embedded in heavy atomic nuclei and freewheeling photons.

Chapter 2 And Then There Was Light fits CMB echoes into one percent of black and white static from retuned television channels or unplugged television aerials.

CMB radiation got emitted 300,000 years, at 3000 degrees Celsius (5432 degrees Fahrenheit), after the Big Bang even though expanded spaces gives it cooler apparent temperatures. A hypothetical black body such as the dense, hot, opaque Universe harvests all the radiation that hits it and, when heated, has temperature-dependent, wavelength-specific light intensities. Its CMB radiation emission frequency indicates an average, cooler apparent, red-shifted temperature of 2.7 Kelvin (minus 270.45 degrees Celsius, minus 454.81 degrees Fahrenheit) in expanding space.

Early-Universe matter joined early-Universe regions of above-average density where gravitationally compressive heat juggled CMB radiation temperature variations of one ten-thousandth of a degree in lighted spaces.

CMB radiation temperature variations kindle sky maps of blue, colder, short-wavelength and hotter, long-wavelength, red regions one angular degree across, twice the full Moon's apparent size.

Recent effects lessen understanding the early, flat, open Universe of little matter and temperature variations and of light less bent than in closed, matter-loaded, wide-varied Universes. The solar photosphere's dense, hot, luminous interior and transparent exterior respectively manifest colliding protons like after the Big Bang and freewheeling protons like after CMB's creation. Radio waves navigate otherwise impenetrable cloud interiors to net otherwise unobtainable meteorological information whereas no electromagnetic radiation navigates the first 300,000 years after the Big Bang.

Such almost massless, exotic, tiny forms of matter as high-energy neutrinos that occur unchanged since before the CMB epoch offer opportunities for overcoming the 300,000-year obstacle.

Cosmologists (from Greek κόσμος, "world" and -λογία, "study") pursue the history of the Universe since the 300,000-year obstacle by perceiving the remotest times in remotest objects.

COsmic Background Explorer (COBE) Satellite detections and BOOMERanG, MAXIMA and Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) experiments queue up early-Universe, irregular densities of one part in 10,000. They reveal an early, near-uniform, transparent Universe and an irregular, random present with near-matterless regions and regions superclustered with honeycomb-like structures and Milky Way-like spiral galaxies. Our irregular, random Universe suggests early-universe regions of above- and below-average densities that sheltered respectively more or less matter due to greater or weaker gravitational pull.

Computer models trace for co-authors Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore the large-structured, present-day Universe's evolutionary trail to variable densities among and within lighted spaces.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Astrophysicist and Bang! co-author Brian May is lead guitarist of British rock band Queen; (left to right) John Deacon, Roger Taylor, Freddie Mercury and Brian May: Queen @Queen, via Facebook Aug. 30, 2012, @ https://www.facebook.com/Queen/photos/a.10150597833102362/10151060534162362/

For further information:

Jenner, Lynn, ed. 11 February 2003. "New Image of Infant Universe Reveals Era of First Stars, Age of Cosmos, and More." NASA > Centers > Goddard Space Flight Center > News > Story Archives > 2003 News and Features.
Available @ https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/0206mapresults.html

Komatus, E.; J. Dunkley; M. R. Nolta; C. L. Bennett; B. Gold; G. Hinshaw; N. Jarosik; D. Larson; M. Limon; and L. Page. 11 February 2009. "Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe* Observations: Cosmological Interpretation." The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 180(2): 330-376.
Available @ https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/330

Lintott, Chris; Brian May; and Sir Patrick Moore. "A Story of Astronomical Importance." New York Times Blog: Across the Universe. March 5, 2007.
Available @ https://acrosstheuniverse.blogs.nytimes.com/author/chris-lintott-brian-may-sir-patrick-moore/

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 September 2012. "Inflation Affects Space in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/inflation-affects-space-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 September 2012. "Lighted Dark Space Affirms Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-dark-space-affirms-bang.html

Masi, S.; P.A.R. Ade; J.J. Bock; J.R. Bond; J. Borrill; A. Boscaleri; K. Coble; C.R. Contaldi; B.P. Crill; P. de Bernardis; G. De Gasperis; G. De Troia; P. Farese; K. Ganga; M. Giacometti; E. Hivon; V.V. Hristov; A. Iacoangeli; A.H. Jaffe; W.C. Jones; A.E. Lange; L. Martinis; P. Mason; P.D. Mauskopf; A. Melchiorri; P. Natoli; T. Montroy; C.B. Netterfield; E. Pascale; F. Piacentini; D. Pogosyan; G. Polenta; F. Pongetti; S. Prunet; G. Romeo; J.E. Ruhl; F. Scaramuzzi; and N. Vittorio. 2002. "The BOOMERanG Experiment and the Curvature of the Universe." Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics 48: 243-261.
Available @ https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0201137

May, Brian; Patrick Moore; and Chris Lintott. 2012. Bang! The Complete History of the Universe. London UK: Carlton Books Limited.

Preuss, Paul. 9 May 2000. "MAXIMA PRojct's Imaging of Early Universe Agrees It Is Flat, But..." Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory > Science Beat.
Available @ https://www2.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/maxima-results.html

Preuss, Paul. 26 April 2000. "Strong Evidence for Flat Universe Reported by BOOMERANG Project." Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory > Research News.
Available @ https://www2.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/boomerang-flat.html

Queen @Queen. 30 August 2012. "Updated their cover photo." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/Queen/photos/a.10150597833102362/10151060534162362/

Rabii, B.; and C. D. Winant. 21 July 2006. "MAXIMA: A Balloon-Borne Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy Experiment." Review of Scientific Instruments 77(7): 071101.
Available @ https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.2219723

Wollack, Edward J., Dr. "CMB History." NASA GSFC WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) > Outreach / Media Resources > Images > CMB Images. Page updated April 16, 2010.
Available @ https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/media/081031/index.html

Wednesday, September 26, 2012

Finsen Crater Parents Two Satellites on Lunar Far Side

Summary: Finsen Crater parents two satellites on the lunar far side, in the southeastern quadrant, in proximity to the 180th meridian.

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Charts (LAC) 120 shows the Finsen Crater system’s two satellites, Finsen C and Finsen G, and their respective neighbors, Davisson Crater and Nishina T; courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Finsen Crater parents two satellites on the lunar far side as a crater system in the southeastern quadrant, in proximity to the 180th meridian, the antimeridian.

The complex lunar impact crater is centered at minus 42.29 degrees south latitude, minus 177.72 degrees west longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The southern hemisphere crater registers northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 41.09 degrees south to minus 43.49 degrees south, respectively. It records easternmost and westernmost longitudes of minus 176.1 degrees west longitude to minus 179.35 degrees west longitude, respectively. Finsen Crater’s diameter measures 72.98 kilometers.

Northwestern Finsen Crater intrudes into the southeastern rim of its west-northwestern neighbor, Leibnitz Crater. Ejecta from Finsen Crater roughen Leibnitz Crater’s southeastern floor.

Leibnitz Crater is centered at minus 38.24 degrees south latitude, 179.49 degrees east longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes reach minus 34.35 degrees south and minus 42.12 degrees south, respectively. The southern hemisphere crater, which straddles the 180th meridian, observes easternmost and westernmost longitudes of minus 175.78 degrees west and 174.79 degrees east, respectively. Leibnitz Crater has a diameter of 236.67 kilometers.

Finsen Crater parents two satellites, Finsen C and Finsen G. Both of its two satellites reside, as close neighbors, to the east of their parent.

Finsen C lies to the northeast of its parent. The satellite’s location and boundaries qualify it both as the more northerly of the Finsen Crater system’s two satellites and, indeed, as the Finsen Crater system’s most northerly crater.

Finsen C is centered at minus 40.73 degrees south latitude, minus 175.79 degrees west longitude. It obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 40.32 degrees south and minus 41.15 degrees south, respectively. The satellite’s easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at minus 175.24 degrees west and minus 176.34 degrees west, respectively. Finsen C has a diameter of 25.35 kilometers.

Finsen C is located between its parent and Davisson Crater. Both its parent and Davisson are lodged along Leibnitz Crater’s eastern rim.

Dark-floored Davisson Crater is centered at minus 37.93 degrees south latitude, minus 174.97 degrees west longitude. Davisson’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes stretch from minus 36.44 degrees south and minus 39.42 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend from minus 173.18 degrees west and minus 176.78 degrees west, respectively. Davisson Crater’s diameter spans 92.46 kilometers.

Finsen G occupies the closer position of the Finsen Crater system’s two satellites. G hovers to the east-southeast of its parent. The satellite’s location and boundaries qualify it as the more easterly and more southerly of the Finsen Crater system’s two satellites and, indeed, as the Finsen Crater system’s most easterly and most southerly crater.

Finsen G is centered at minus 43.23 degrees south latitude, minus 175.47 degrees west longitude. The satellite marks northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 42.75 degrees south and minus 43.72 degrees south, respectively. It posts easternmost and westernmost longitudes of minus 174.81 degrees west and minus 176.14 degrees west, respectively. Finsen G’s diameter of 29.44 kilometer qualifies it as the larger of the Finsen Crater system’s two satellites.

In addition its parent to the west-northwest, Finsen G has a close, named neighbor to its south, Nishina T. Finsen G’s southern neighbor participates as the only satellite in the Nishina Crater system. Nishina T’s parent lies to the east of its satellite.

Nishina T is centered at minus 44.69 degrees south latitude, minus 174.69 degrees west longitude. It finds northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 44.22 degrees south and minus 45.16 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes touch minus 174.03 degrees west and minus 175.36 degrees west, respectively. Nishina T has a diameter of 28.66 kilometers.

The takeaways for Finsen Crater’s parentage of two satellites on the lunar far side are that the two satellites fan from their parent’s eastern side; that Finsen C, the Finsen Crater system’s northeastern satellite, lies between its parent and Davisson Crater; that Finsen G, the Finsen Crater system’s southeastern satellite, resides between its parent and Nishina T, the Nishina Crater system’s only satellite; and that Finsen G claims the larger diameter of the Finsen Crater system’s two satellites.

Detail of Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Finsen Crater (center right) along Leibnitz Crater’s southeastern rim in the lunar far side’s southeastern quadrant: U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Andersson, Leif E.; and Ewen A. Whitaker. NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA Reference Publication 1097. Washington DC: NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch, October 1982.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19830003761.pdf

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Davisson.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1428

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Finsen.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1959

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Finsen C.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9072

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Finsen G.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9073

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Leibnitz.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3335

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Nishina T.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/11639

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: The Moon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Finsen Crater Honors Faroese Phototherapist Niels Ryberg Finsen.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 19, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/finsen-crater-honors-faroese.html

The Moon Wiki. “Davisson.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > D Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Davisson

The Moon Wiki. “Finsen.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > F Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Finsen

The Moon Wiki. “IAU Directions.” The Moon.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_directions

The Moon Wiki. “Leibnitz.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > L Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Leibnitz

The Moon Wiki. “Nishina.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > N Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Nishina

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Friday, September 21, 2012

Upper West Side ManhattAnt Natural History Illustrations and Images

Summary: ManhattAnt natural history illustrations and images educate guests and locals about what to expect when encountering Manhattan's Upper West Side endemic.

Manhattan ants, known popularly as ManhattAnts, were discovered in median at Manhattan's West 63rd Street and Broadway; Bank of America's Financial Center (left) anchors the intersection, across from the Empire Hotel (right); Friday, Nov. 23, 2007, 16:09:01: Chris Eason (Mister-E), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

ManhattAnt natural history illustrations and images announce a new species that appears, with a geographically accurate common name and without an appropriate scientific name, in a 10-block area of New York City.

Annie Karni broaches the Upper West Side endemic in the article New Breed of Ruffi-Ant Found in Manhattan for the New York Post Sep. 2, 2012. Rachel Nuwer likewise considers the Formicidae ant family member in the article NYC Has Its Own Ant, the ManhattAnt for Smithsonian's SmartNews section Sep. 5, 2012. They describe the Manhattan Upper West Side dwellers as day-in, day-out denizens of two Broadway traffic medians, one at 63rd Street and another at 76th Street.

The ManhattAnt species encounters food and shelter in traffic median bushes, grasses, shrubs, trees and weeds and on benches, lamp and sign posts and trash receptacles.

Daily diets favor grease or protein over sugar in terms of urbanized fire ants and of sugar over protein in terms of carpenter and pavement ants.

Robert R. Dunn, doctoral graduate of the University of Connecticut in Hartford and biologist at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, first glimpsed ManhattAnts this year. He headed out, as an applied ecologist, during breaks from teaching duties at Columbia University on Manhattan's Upper West Side to harvest specimens from Broadway medians. He indicates, "At first, we were flying to the tropics to study life," until "I thought: What if we look right in front of the building?"

Researchers in the Rob Dunn Lab judged that none of the Broadway median specimens from 63rd and 76th Streets matched any of 13,000 known ant species.

Professor Dunn knows of no scientifically described and named ant species with the same behavioral patterns, distribution ranges, life cycles and physical appearances as the ManhattAnt.

Dead and living specimens lead him to look for their closest relatives among cornfield ants, known as Lasius alienus ("hairy other") and Lasius neoniger ("hairy neo-black"). The former, mentioned in 1850 by Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster (Nov. 9, 1789-Feb. 2, 1860), maintains habitat niches from the Caucasus Mountains through the Iberian Peninsula. North American niches nurture the latter, named Labor Day, nuisance or turfgrass ant commonly and scientifically in 1893 by Carlo Emery (Oct. 25, 1848-May 11, 1925).

Dead and living ManhattAnt specimens and ManhattAnt natural history illustrations and images offer opportunities to observe behavioral, distributional and physical differences that occasion separate species status.

ManhattAnt natural history illustrations and images and their models persuade Dunn that "It's new to North America, and we believe it's new to the entire world."

ManhattAnt natural history illustrations and images queue their model up "like it's from Europe, but we can't match it up with any of the European species." The big-eyed, dark-headed, red-limbed, red-thoraxed, dark-abdomened ManhattAnt retains high carbon levels that reveal corn syrup-sweetened urban junk and street food-eating and relationships with sugar-loving cornfield ants. Urban food-foraging ManhattAnts spur Dunn's "looking to get a sense of whether the diets of urban ants are as crappy as the diets of urban humans."

ManhattAnt natural history illustrations and images team European cornfield ant-like physical appearances and sugar preferences and European pavement ant-like (Tetramorium caespitum) habitat niches and urban diets.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

ManhattAnt discoverer Rob Dunn looks to North America's cornfield ant (Lasius neoniger) as among his discovery's closest relatives; queen cornfield ant (Lasius neoniger), Pryor, Mayes County, Oklahoma; Monday. Sep. 17, 2012, 22:35: Robert Webster/xpda.com, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lasius_neoniger_P1330344a.jpg;
via Bugs Pictures From Earth @ https://xpda.com/bugs/pic.aspx?fname=P1330344a.jpg (photo URL), https://xpda.com/bugs/imagesets.aspx?tid=34743 (Lasius neoniger gallery page)

For further information:

Fisher, Brian L.; and Stefan P. Cover. 2007. Ants of North America: A Guide to the Genera. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

Hölldobler, Bert; and Edward O. Wilson 1990. The Ants. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press division of Harvard University Press.

Karni, Annie. 2 September 2012. "New Breed of Ruffi-Ant Found in Manhattan." New York Post > Metro.
Available @ https://nypost.com/2012/09/02/new-breed-of-ruffi-ant-found-in-manhattan/

Nuwer, Rachel. 5 September 2012. "NYC Has Its Own Ant, the ManhattAnt." Smithsonian > SmartNews.
Available @ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/nyc-has-its-own-ant-the-manhattant-25741340/

"Rob R. Dunn." NC State University > Faculty and Staff > Faculty > Applied Ecology.
Available @ https://appliedecology.cals.ncsu.edu/faculty/rob-r-dunn/

Thursday, September 20, 2012

Inflation Affects Space in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe

Summary: Inflation after Big Bang adventures in Planck time accounts for how space appears, according to Chapter One of Bang! The Complete History of the Universe.

Timeline of the universe begins with earliest probable moment (far left), when a period of inflation yielded a burst in the universe's exponential growth: NASA/WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) Science Team, Public Domain, via NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)

Inflation augmented hot, pin-prick-sized space one tredecillionth to one decillionth of a second after the Big Bang, according to Bang! The Complete History of the Universe Chapter One, Genesis: In the Beginning.

Greg Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore began after Plank time, for Max Planck (April 23, 1858-Oct. 4, 1947), first 0.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 seconds after the Big Bang. Matter as fundamental particles, space as finite but unbounded like a ball and time as meaningfullest, smallest measurable unit and relative coordinate commenced during Plank time. How space developed our observable universe, with an Earth-edge distance of 13.7 billion light-years and an annual expansion rate of one light-year, defies discernment without inflation.

Our observable universe perhaps embraces one quinvigintillion (10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) atoms, each elaborating one electron, one neutron and one proton of respectively negative, no and positive electric charges.

Gravity and opposite charges respectively fit planetary orbits around the solar system sun and a negatively charged electron orbiting its neutron- and proton-filled, positively charged nucleus.

Strong nuclear forces, unlike charge and gravity, gain strength with distance, generate energy into mass and give each neutron and each proton three fundamental quark particles. Quarks, elementary unbreakable particles like elementary unbreakable electron particles and unlike breakable, non-elementary neutron and proton particles, headed throughout big-banged space's temperatures above 1 trillion Kelvin. Anti-quarks and their oppositely charged but otherwise identical quark counterparts inhabited big-banged space without injuring one another until Planck time instituted temperatures below 1 trillion Kelvin.

Inflation of bigger, cooler space jostled antiparticles and particles into radiant energy or into antibaryons juggling antineutrons and antiprotons and neutron- and proton-juggling baryons; and vice-versa.

Temperatures above versus below 1 trillion Kelvin kept antiparticles from particles and kindled every billion antibaryons killing all but one of every billion and one baryons.

Inflation one-undecillionth to one-decillionth of a second after the Big Bang led to the cosmic conspiracy of leftover matter looking alike in distribution, proportion, temperature, type. The 13.7 billion years since the Big Bang never make up enough time for all locations in all directions to maintain similar arrangements, compositions and temperatures. Unilateral uniformity nestles into that timeline if it netted inflation billions of times faster than before and after one-undecillionth to one-decillionth seconds after the Big Bang.

Inflation offers monopoles, hypothesized but missing particles of single magnetic charges in standard particle physics theory, as non-occurrences locally because of occurrences beyond our observable universe.

Euclidian geometry, for Euclid (325 B.C.E.?-265 B.C.E.?), performs on flat surfaces, of which our observable universe presents one that inflation prevents Earth-like curvatures from being perceived.

Space queued up material three-quarters hydrogen and one-quarter helium and temperatures around 1 billion Kelvin two seconds after inflation and three seconds after the Big Bang. Big-banged space requires, and still realizes, one helium nucleus of one electron and one proton for every 10 hydrogen nuclei of one electron and one proton. Kelvin-scale temperatures, for William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (June 26, 1824-Dec. 17, 1907), show slow- to swift-speeding helium, hydrogen and other atoms sustaining lower to higher temperatures.

Time-lapsing Kelvin scales of particle movement and non-movement turns up antiparticles and particles transiting big-banged, hot, tiny space faster than matter during bigger, cooler, temporary inflation.

Brian May (second row, right), co-author of Bang! with Sir Patrick Moore and Greg Lintott, poses with his Queen bandmates, Roger Taylor (second row, left), Freddie Mercury (first row, left) and John Deacon (first row, right): Queen @Queen, via Facebook Aug. 14, 2012

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

May, Brian; Patrick Moore; and Chris Lintott. 2012. Bang! The Complete History of the Universe. London UK: Carlton Books Ltd.

Queen @Queen. 14 August 2012. "Posted for no other reason than they look just awesome in this shot. Queen: Just Awesome. www.queenonline.com." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/Queen/photos/a.141525617361/10151026463242362/

Wednesday, September 19, 2012

Finsen Crater Honors Faroese Phototherapist Niels Ryberg Finsen

Summary: Finsen Crater honors Faroese phototherapist Niels Ryberg Finsen, recipient of the 1903 Nobel Prize for his theory of light as a medical treatment.

Detail of oblique, facing west, obtained 1967 by Lunar Orbiter 5, shows Finsen Crater; NASA ID Frame 5065: James Stuby (Jstuby), Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons

Finsen Crater honors Faroese phototherapist Niels Ryberg Finsen, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine 1903 for his theory of phototherapy, which considers the beneficial medical effects of certain wavelengths of light.

Finsen Crater is a lunar impact crater that occupies the portions of the southern hemisphere and western hemisphere that fall on the moon’s far side. Its residence near the western edge of the far side’s southeastern quadrant places the crater in proximity to the 180th meridian, the antimeridian. Finsen’s westernmost extent misses the antimeridian by only 0.35 degrees.

Outward protrusions mangle the circularity of Finsen Crater’s rim. Short terraces line the crater’s inner wall.

The complex crater’s central peak formation brightens the crater’s midpoint. The central peak formation’s higher albedo (Latin: “whiteness”), or higher light reflectivity, contrasts with the darkness of the surrounding floor’s lower albedo, or lower light reflectance.

Finsen Crater is centered at minus 42.29 degrees south latitude, minus 177.72 degrees west longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The southern hemisphere crater’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes stretch from minus 41.09 degrees south to minus 43.49 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost extents reach from minus 176.1 degrees west longitude to minus 179.35 degrees west longitude, respectively. Finsen Crater’s diameter measures 72.98 kilometers.

The primary crater parents two satellites. Both of the Finsen Crater system’s two satellites associate with their parent’s eastern side.

Finsen Crater adjoins the southeastern exterior of its north-northwestern neighbor, Leibnitz Crater. Dark lava-floored Leibnitz Crater is centered at minus 38.24 degrees south latitude, 179.49 degrees east longitude. The southern hemisphere crater records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 34.35 degrees south and minus 42.12 degrees south, respectively. The eastern-western hemisphere straddler reports easternmost and westernmost longitudes of minus 175.78 degrees west and 174.79 degrees east, respectively. Leibnitz Crater’s diameter spans 236.67 kilometers.

Finsen Crater honors Faroese phototherapist Niels Ryberg Finsen (Dec. 15, 1860-Sept. 24, 1904). The International Astronomical Union (IAU) approved Finsen as the crater’s official name in 1979, during the organization’s XVIIth (17th) General Assembly, which was held in Montreal, Canada, from Tuesday, Aug. 14, to Thursday, Aug. 23. The letter designations of the Finsen Crater system’s two satellites were adopted in 2006.

The Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine as an annual recognition of outstanding discoveries in life sciences or medicine. Headquartered in Stockholm’s the research-led medical university, the Nobel Assembly awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physiology / Medicine to Niels Finsen. The prestigious prize recognized Finsen’s “. . . contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science.”

The Nobel Prize website notes that by the age of 23, in 1883, Finsen was suffering from Niemann-Pick disease. The metabolic disorder impairs the function of the heart, liver and spleen by progressively thickening the connective tissue of certain membranes in the afflicted organs. Finsen credited his disease as motivation for his experiments and research on the medical benefits of certain wavelengths of light.

In 1882, Finsen had begun the study of medicine at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark’s oldest university and research institution. When Finsen received his Doctor of Medicine eight years later, in 1890, he was “already a confirmed invalid” (page 100), according to the tribute read Jan. 28, 1905, at the Canadian Institute by Dr. Charles Rea Dickson (1858-?).

Finsen’s debility precluded his entrance into the active practice of medicine. Thus, his alma mater immediately appointed him as Prosector of Anatomy, an anatomist skilled in professionally prepared dissection for hospitals and medical schools.

In his spare time, when not involved in his prosection position, Finsen pursued the experiments with light that he had been conducting during his student years. The publication of his paper, Om Lysets Indvirkninger paa Huden (On the Effects of Light on the Skin), in 1893 allowed him to become a full-time researcher. His two-year research and experiments on lupus vulgaris, known popularly then as “wolf cancer,” culminated in his groundbreaking paper, “The Treatment of Lupus Vulgaris by Concentrated Chemical Rays,” in 1897.

In April 1896, the Finsen Medical Light Institute was founded in Copenhagen through the benefaction of two wealthy supporters, Danish businessmen Gustav Adolph Hagemann (May 16, 1842-April 26, 1916) and Vilhelm Jørgensen (May 2, 1844-Sept. 13, 1925). Niels Finsen served as the institute’s first director.

The takeaways for Finsen Crater, which honors Faroese phototherapist Niels Ryberg Finsen, are that the complex lunar impact crater lies in the lunar far side’s southeastern quadrant near the moon’s antimeridian, the lunar 180th meridian; that the Finsen Crater system includes two satellites; and that the Finsen Crater system’s namesake was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology / Medicine in 1903 in recognition of his pioneering achievements in effectively treating medical diseases, such as lupus vulgaris and smallpox, with certain wavelengths of light.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Detail of oblique, facing west, obtained 1967 by Lunar Orbiter 5, shows Finsen Crater; NASA ID Frame 5065: James Stuby (Jstuby), Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Finsen_crater_5065_med.jpg

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Dickson, Charles R. “Niels R. Finsen -- His Life and Work.” (Read 28th January, 1905). Transactions of the Canadian Institute, vol. VIII (1904-1905): 99-135. Toronto, Canada: Printed for The Canadian Institute by The Murray Printing Company, Limited, 1910.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14213762
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/b22408514

Finsen, Niels R., Professor. Phototherapy: (1) The Chemical Rays of Light and Small-Pox. (2) Light As a Stimulant. (3) The Treatment of Lupus Vulgaris by Concentrated Chemical Rays. Translated from the German edition and with an appendix on The Light Treatment of Lupus by James H. Sequeira, M.D. Lond., M.R.C.P. London UK: Edward Arnold, 1901.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/39002010758374.med.yale.edu/

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

Harmsworth, Alfred. “The Finsen System in England.” McClure’s Magazine, vol. XX, no. 4 (February 1903): 368-369.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044005012448?urlappend=%3Bseq=394

Hopkins, George G., Dr. “The Finsen System in America: Its Use in Combination With the X-Ray.” McClure’s Magazine, vol. XX, no. 4 (February 1903): 370-371.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044005012448?urlappend=%3Bseq=396

Lawrence, Ghislaine. “The Finsen Light.” The Lancet, vol. 359, issue 9319 (May 18, 2002): 1784.
Available @ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673602086531

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Leeuwenhoek Crater Honors Dutch Microscopist Antony van Leeuwenhoek.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 29, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/leeuwenhoek-crater-honors-dutch.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Rumford Crater Honors American-British Physicist Sir Benjamin Thompson.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 15, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/rumford-crater-honors-american-british.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Rumford Crater Parents Six Satellites on Lunar Far Side.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 22, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/rumford-crater-parents-six-satellites.html

Moffett, Cleveland. “Dr. Finsen and The Story of His Achievement.” McClure’s Magazine, vol. XX, no. 4 (February 1903): 361-368.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044005012448?urlappend=%3Bseq=387

Mogensen, Margit. “New Technology for Social Health: The Finsen Lamp at the World Exhibition in Paris 1900.” Icon, vol. 7 (2001): 35-48.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/23786022

The Moon Wiki. “Finsen.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > F Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Finsen

The Moon Wiki. “IAU Directions.” The Moon.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_directions

The Moon Wiki. “Leibnitz.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > L Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Leibnitz

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Moriarty, D.P.; C.M. Pieters; J. Nettles; P.J. Isaacson; L. Cheek; J.W. Head; S. Tompkins; and N. Petro. “Finsen and Alder: A Compositional Study of Lunar Central Peak Craters in the South Pole-Aitken Basin. 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2011).
Available @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/2564.pdf

Moriarty, D.P.; C.M. Pieters; N. Petro; and P.J. Isaacson. “Compositional Heterogeneity Within Lunar Central Peaks.” 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2012.
Available via USRA LPI @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2012/pdf/2399.pdf

Riis, Jacob A. “The Surgery of Light: Remarkable Discovery of Healing Rays by Dr. Niels Finsen of Copenhagen: A Word About the Man.” McClure’s Magazine, vol. XX, no. 4 (February 1903): 360-361.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044005012448?urlappend=%3Bseq=386

Wayman, P. (Patrick), ed. XVIIth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XVII B Proceedings of the 17th General Assembly Montreal, Canada, August 14-23, 1979. Washington DC: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Jan. 1, 1980.
Available via IAU @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/