Earth and Space News

Friday, November 5, 2021

Kusum Lac Trees Perhaps Anciently Aided Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi

Summary: Kusum lac trees, with branch and twig sap alluring to lac scale insects, perhaps anciently aided Buddhist monuments at Sanchi in central India.

Kusum lac trees, with their branch and twig sap alluring to lac scale insects, perhaps anciently aided Buddhist monuments at Sanchi Hill in central Raisen District, central Madhya Pradesh state, central India.

Lac scale insects (Kerria lacca) browse the sap-bearing branches and twigs of 400-plus host-plant species to brandish two times yearly the world-only resin of animal origin. Kusum lac trees, common woody plants of forested Madhya Pradesh (from Sanskrit मध्य, “middle” and प्रदेश, “region”) state, constitute one of the three commonest host-plant species. Perhaps Buddhist sangha (from Sanskrit बुद्ध, "awakened" and संघ, “multitude”) community members developed sealing lac from the lac resin of lac scale insects digesting kusum sap.

Perhaps lay and monastic, perhaps itinerant and resident members enclosed asthi avashesh (holy bone relics, from Sanskrit अस्थि, “bone”; and अवशेष, “remainder”) within lac-sealed, relic-holding vases.

Brown, disk-scarred, elliptical or irregular-shaped, semi-compressed, 0.47- by 0.39- by 0.32-inch (12- by 10- by 8-millimeter) seeds fit within brown, smooth coats and papery, yellow coverings.

Each elliptical to oval or semi-rounded, hard-crusted, semi-spiny or smooth-surfaced fruit, with a narrow base and a pointed tip, guards sometimes one germinatable seed, sometimes two. March and April, April and May harbor humble flowers and pleasant-tasting, yellow, 0.59- to 0.79-inch (1.5- to 2-centimeter) by 0.39- to 0.79-inch (1- to 2-centimeter) berries. Annual, 2.36- to 5.91-inch- (6- to 15-centimeter-) long inflorescences (from Latin inflōrēscentia, from inflōrēscō, inflōrēscēre, “I begin to flower, to begin to flower”) inhabit leafless branchlets.

Perhaps lac scale insects journeyed to Raisen (royal residence, from Sanskrit राजन्, “king” and वासिनी, “abiding”) District for kusum lac trees around Buddhist monuments at Sanchi.

The Sapindaceae (from Latin sapo indicus, “soap Indian” and -āceae, “resembling”) soapberry family member keeps 0.19- to 0.24-inch (5- to 6-millimeter) diameter, 0.19-inch- (5-millimeter-) stalked flowers.

Five-lobed calyxes lodge four to five basally-fused 0.06-inch (1.5-millimeter) sepals; two- or three-lobed stigmas; 0.06-inch (1.5-millimeter) styles; three-cell, three-ovule 0.05-inch (1.3-millimeter) ovaries; seven to nine oblong-anthered stamens on 0.06-inch (1.5-millimeter) filaments. Alternate-maintained, 2.16- to 4.53-inch- (5.5- to 11.5-centimeter-) long leaves on 0.79- to 3.15-inch- (2- to 8-centimeter-) long stems manifest two to six black-brown to gray-green leaflets. Ten to 23 paired veins on 0.04- to 0.12-inch- (1- to 3-millimeter-) long stalks nestle into elliptical to narrow-based or oval, 1.77- to 9.84-inch (4.5- to 25-centimeter) by 0.71- to 3.54-inch (2.5- to 9-centimeter), smooth-edged leaflets.

Dry, full-sun, light-shade, organic matter-rich soil pH ranges 5 or 5.5 to 6.5 or 7 optimized any kusum lac trees occurring around Buddhist monuments at Sanchi.

The woody plant, profiled by João de Loureiro (Sept. 8, 1717-Oct. 18, 1791) and Lorenz Oken (Aug. 1, 1779-Aug. 11, 1851), proliferates through 3,937-foot (1,200-meter) altitudes.

The scientifically-named Schleichera oleosa (for Johann Schleicher [Feb. 26, 1768-Aug. 27, 1834]; from Latin oleum, “olive oil” and -ōsos, “-ful”) quests gravelly, loamy, rocky well-drained soils. They relish annual daytime temperatures of 86 to 107.6 degrees Fahrenheit (30 to 42 degrees Celsius) and mean annual 47.24- to 90.55-inch (1,200- to 2,300-millimeter) rainfall. They survive subtropically, tropically mean annual 29.53- to 110.24-inch (750- to 2,800-millimeter) rainfall and temperatures of 50 to 116.6 degrees Fahrenheit (10 to 47 degrees Celsius).

Kusum lac trees, with maximum 131.23-foot (40-meter) heights and semi-buttressed, semi-crooked 6.56-foot (2-meter) trunk diameters, tended sap-sipping scale insects whose lac tended Buddhist monuments at Sanchi.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

botanical illustration of lac-hosting kusum tree (Schleichera oleosa), under synonym of Schleichera tryuga; Major R.H. (Richard Henry) Beddome, The Flora Sylvatica for Southern India, vol. I (1869) Plate CXIX, opposite page 119: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38627695; via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/florasylvaticafo01bedd/page/n512/mode/1up; via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schleichera_oleosa_Govindoo.jpg

detail of botanical illustration compares healthy (top; figure 1) and unhealthy (bottom; figure 2) common lac insects (Kerria lacca) on sticks; H. (Harold) Maxwell-Lefroy, Indian Insect Life: a Manual of the Insects of the Plains (1909) Plate LXXXIII, opposite page 758: Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/biodivlibrary/6280048728/in/set-72157627975114672; via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/24866112; via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:02-Indian-Insect-Life_-_Harold_Maxwell-Lefroy_-_Kerria-Lacca.jpg

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Marriner, Derdriu. 1 October 2021. "Lac Scale Insects Archived Bone Relics in Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/lac-scale-insects-archived-bone-relics.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 September 2021. "Kaundinya Aided Buddhist Beginnings and Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/kaundinya-aided-buddhist-beginnings-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Accommodated Kaundinyaputra Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 September 2021. "Gotiputra Relics Awed Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, Sonari and Andher." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/gotiputra-relics-awed-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 September 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sonari Accommodated Alabagira Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and-sonari.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 August 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sonari Assembled Kaushikiputra Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and-sonari_01344963409.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 August 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sonari Accommodated Madhyama Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and-sonari.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2021. "Kasyapa Gotra Relics Abided in Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sonari." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/kasyapa-gotra-relics-abided-in-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 August 2021. "Buddha Relics Awed Sonari and Bhojpur If Not Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/buddha-relics-awed-sonari-and-bhojpur.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 July 2021. "Buddha Relics Awed Bhojpur and Sonari If Not Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/buddha-relics-awed-bhojpur-and-sonari.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 July 2021. "Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Admitted No Upahitaka Relics From Bhojpur." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/sanchi-buddhist-monuments-admitted-no_0682265518.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2021. "Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Admitted No Patitya Allusions From Bhojpur." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/sanchi-buddhist-monuments-admitted-no.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 July 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Andher Archived Haritiputra Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and-andher.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 July 2021. "John Marshall Added Khirni Trees Around Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/john-marshall-added-khirni-trees-around.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 June 2021. "Mango Trees Appeal to Kakanava Koels and Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/mango-trees-appeal-to-kakanava-koels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2021. "Teak Trees Attracted Kakanava Crows to Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/teak-trees-attracted-kakanava-crows-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2021. "Kakanava Crows, Koels and Trees Antedated Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/kakanava-crows-koels-and-trees.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 June 2021. "Asian Koels, Like Crows, Actuated the Ancient Name Kakanava for Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/asian-koels-like-crows-actuated-ancient.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 May 2021. "Indian Jungle Crows Abided Amply at Sanchi, Anciently Named Kakanava." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/indian-jungle-crows-abided-amply-at.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 May 2021. "Indian Crows Abounded There So Sanchi Answered to the Name Kakanava." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/indian-crows-abounded-there-so-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 May 2021. "Kakanava Prabhasana Relics Age Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Andher." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/kakanava-prabhasana-relics-age-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 May 2021. "Vachiputra Relics Age Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and at Andher." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/vachiputra-relics-age-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 April 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Andher Age Maudgalaputra Tishya Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and-andher.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 April 2021. "Satdhara Relics Awed Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, Colombo and Yangon." Earth and Space News. Friday
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/satdhara-relics-awed-buddhist-monuments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2021. "Kaba Aye and Sanchi Hill Admit Walking Meditations of Thich Nhat Hanh." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/kaba-aye-and-sanchi-hill-admit-walking.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2021. "Sanchi and Maha Bodhi Society Admit Thich Nhat Hanh Walking Meditations." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/sanchi-and-maha-bodhi-society-admit.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 April 2021. "Indra’s Net Avails Kaba Aye Pagoda of Buddhist Monuments on Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/indras-net-avails-kaba-aye-pagoda-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 March 2021. "Indra’s Net Admits Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Maha Bodhi Society." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/indras-net-admits-buddhist-monuments-at.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 March 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sadthara Archived Disciple Bones." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2021. "Chetiyagiri Vihara Adds Auspiciousness to Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/chetiyagiri-vihara-adds-auspiciousness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 March 2021. "Maudgalyayana Aims Psychic Powers at Buddhist Monuments on Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/maudgalyayana-aims-psychic-powers-at.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 February 2021. "Shariputra Abides Auspiciously Amid Buddhist Monuments on Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/shariputra-abides-auspiciously-amid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2021. "Sanchi Hill Buddhist Monuments Are Oldest Buddhist World Heritage Site." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/sanchi-hill-buddhist-monuments-are_19.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2021. "Sanchi Hill Buddhist Monuments Are World Heritage Site 14 in India." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/sanchi-hill-buddhist-monuments-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 February 2021. "Ashoka Aided Buddha, Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Hill and Sri Lanka." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/ashoka-aided-buddha-buddhist-monuments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 January 2021. "Sanghamitra, Like Ashoka, Admired Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/sanghamitra-like-ashoka-admired.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 January 2021. "Mahendra Adored Buddha and Perhaps Buddhist monuments at Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/mahendra-adored-buddha-and-perhaps.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 January 2021. "Devi Adoring Buddha Accounts for Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, India." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/devi-adoring-buddha-accounts-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 January 2021. "Wild Animal Families Abounded Around Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/wild-animal-families-abounded-around.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 January 2021. "Raisen Teak Forests Once Angled Around Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/raisen-teak-forests-once-angled-around.html

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Wednesday, November 3, 2021

Friday, Nov. 19, Partial Lunar Eclipse Is Second 2021 Lunar Eclipse

Summary: The Friday, Nov. 19, partial lunar eclipse is the second 2021 lunar eclipse and is fully visible for most of the Pacific Ocean and North America.

Friday, Nov. 19, partial lunar eclipse details: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment: Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA's GSFC," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The Friday, Nov. 19, partial lunar eclipse is the second 2021 lunar eclipse and is a Pacific Ocean event that favors most of North America with all-eclipse visibility.

November's lunar eclipse has an expected duration of 6 hours 1 minute 29 seconds, according to NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) astrophysicist, now retired, Fred Espenak's eclipse predictions on the NASA Eclipse Web Site. The year's second of two lunar eclipses begins Friday, Nov. 19, at 06:02:09 Universal Time (1:02 a.m. Eastern Standard Time). November's lunar eclipse ends Friday, Nov. 19, at 12:03:38 UT (7:03 a.m. EST).

The moon, which is in a lunar eclipse's requisite full phase, reaches apogee 1.7 days after November's lunar eclipse, according to retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak's EclipseWise website. Apogee (Ancient Greek: ἀπόγειον, apógeion, “away from Earth” + ἀπό, apó, “away” + γῆ, gê, “Earth”) references the farthest center-to-center distance between Earth and the moon. The month's apogee takes place Sunday, Nov. 21, at 02:14 Greenwich Mean Time (Saturday, Nov. 20, at 9:14 p.m. EST), at a distance of 406,276 kilometers, according to Espenak's AstroPixels website.

All-eclipse visibility favors much of the Pacific Ocean and North America. Of the 50 states in the United States, all-eclipse visibility reaches Alaska; Hawaii; the western and central states; and most of the eastern states. Canada and Greenland mostly experience all-eclipse visibility. Mexico and Central America's Belize and Guatemala enjoy all-eclipse visibility. Moonset during the ending penumbral phase prevents complete visibility for portions of eastern Quebec and Atlantic Canada; for southern Greenland; and for portions of the Eastern Seaboard in the United States.

All-eclipse visibility also exends to the Arctic, including Norway's Svalbard archipelago and Northern Russia's Arctic islands and archipelagos. Also, all-eclipse visibility is available to northern portions of Russia's Siberian and Far Eastern federal districts.

Time and Date website indicates varying visibilities for northwestern Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and South America. Varying visibility is also available oceanically for the Atlantic and Indian oceans.

Graphic artist Larry Koehn's Shadow and Substance website details the northernmost Antarctic Peninsula as the only part of the icy continent that participates in November's lunar eclipse. Moonset's occurrence in the penumbral phase prevents visibility of the partial phase at mainland Antarctica's northernmost points.

First exterior contact between Earth's penumbra (shadow's lighter, outer region) and the lunar surface initiates the lunar event's penumbral eclipse. This first exterior penumbral contact takes place at 06:02:09 UT (1:02 a.m. EST).

The lunar event's partial eclipse commences with the first exterior contact between Earth's umbra (shadow's darker, inner region) and the lunar surface. This first exterior umbral contact occurs at 07:18:41 UT (2:18 a.m. EST).

Greatest eclipse describes the instant of the closest lunar passage to the axis of Earth's shadow cone. This instant takes place at 09:04:05.7 UT (4:04 a.m. EST).

At greatest eclipse, the moon registers geocentric coordinates of right ascension at 3 hours 40 minutes 24.8 seconds and declination at plus 19 degrees 9 arcminutes 15.5 arcseconds. The sun's geocentric coordinates are calculated at right ascension of 15 hours 39 minutes 50.9 seconds, declination of minus 19 degrees 32 arcminutes 33.1 arcseconds.

The last exterior contact between Earth's umbra and the lunar surface terminates the lunar event's partial eclipse. This last exterior umbral contact happens at 10:47:04 UT (5:47 a.m. EST).

The lunar event's penumbral eclipse stops with the last exterior contact between Earth's penumbra and the lunar surface. This last exerior penumbral contact takes place at 12:03:38 UT (7:03 a.m. EST).

The November lunar event's penumbral eclipse has a duration of 6 hours 1 minute 29 seconds. The November event's partial eclipse lasts for 3 hours 28 minutes 23 seconds.

The Friday, Nov. 19, 2021, partial lunar eclipse occurs as the second of the year's two lunar eclipses. The year's first lunar eclipse appeared Wednesday, May 26, as a total lunar eclipse. During the May eclipse the moon was in the constellation of Scorpius the Scorpion while the November partial lunar eclipse places the moon in Taurus the Bull constellation, according to Fred Espenak's EclipseWise website.

A solar eclipse characteristically intervened between the year's two lunar eclipses. The annular solar eclipse of Thursday, June 10, appeared as the year's first solar eclipse and as the 2021 lineup's second of four eclipses.

Fifteen days after November's lunar eclipse the year's second solar eclipse appears. The total solar eclipse of Saturday, Dec. 4, closes the 2021 lineup of two lunar and two solar eclipses.

The takeaways for the Friday, Nov. 19, partial lunar eclipse are that the event numbers as the second of 2021's two lunar eclipses; that the event's all-eclipse visibility panorama favors the Pacific Ocean and North America; and that, as third in 2021's lineup of four eclipses, November's partial lunar eclipse precedes the year's closing eclipse, the Saturday, Dec. 4, total solar eclipse.

partial lunar eclipse Friday, Nov. 19, 2021, as viewed from center of moon during the greatest eclipse; March 26, 2009: Tom Ruen (SockPuppetForTomruen), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

partial lunar eclipse Friday, Nov. 19, 2021, as viewed from center of moon during the greatest eclipse; March 26, 2009: Tom Ruen (SockPuppetForTomruen), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_eclipse_from_moon-2021Nov19.png

For further information:

Espenak, Fred. "Key to Figures of Lunar Eclipses." EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses.
Available @ http://www.eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEhelp/LEpingkey.html

Espenak, Fred. “Moon at Perigee and Apogee: 2001 to 2020 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).” AstroPixels > Planetary Ephemeris Data > Moon > Perigee and Apogee: 2001-2100.
Available @ http://astropixels.com/ephemeris/moon/moonperap2001.html

Espenak, Fred. "Partial Lunar Eclipse of 2021 Nov 19." EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Preview: 2018 through 2030.
Available @ http://www.eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2001-2100/LE2021Nov19Pprime.html

Espenak, Fred. "Partial Lunar Eclipse of 2021 Nov 19." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipses: Past and Future > Decade Long Tables of Past and Future Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipses: 2021 - 2030.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEplot/LEplot2001/LE2021Nov19P.pdf

Koehn, Larry. "Partial Eclipse of the Moon on November 19, 2021." Shadow and Substance. Nov. 15, 2020.
Available @ https://www.shadowandsubstance.com/2020/11/15/partial-eclipse-of-the-moon-on-november-18-19-2021/

Marriner, Derdriu. "May 26, 2021, Total Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Cycle 121." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 26, 2021.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/may-26-2021-total-lunar-eclipse-belongs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "May 26 Total Lunar Eclipse Is First of Two 2021 Lunar Eclipses." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 19, 2021.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/may-26-total-lunar-eclipse-is-first-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Thursday, June 10, Annular Solar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 147." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 9, 2021.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/thursday-june-10-annular-solar-eclipse_01795210254.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Thursday, June 10, Annular Solar Eclipse Is First 2021 Solar Eclipse." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 2, 2021.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/thursday-june-10-annular-solar-eclipse.html

Time and Date. "November 18–19, 2021 Partial Lunar Eclipse." Time and Date > Sun & Moon > Eclipses.
Available @ https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/lunar/2021-november-19

Time and Date. "Time Zone Converter – Time Difference Calculator (Classic)." Time and Date > Time Zones.
Available @ https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/converter-classic.html

Tuesday, November 2, 2021

California Buns Appease Cora More Than Cigarettes in Puzzled Indemnity

Summary: California buns appease Cora more than cigarettes in Puzzled Indemnity, 16th in the Puzzle Lady series by author Parnell Hall, and less than coffee.

California buns appease Cora more than cigarettes in Puzzled Indemnity, 16th of 20 mysteries in the Puzzle Lady series by author Parnell Hall, and perhaps less than caffeinated, decaffeinated or latte coffee.

Braving nine days without cigarettes boosts the abdominal bulges on Cora Felton, already 10 to 20 pounds beyond best weights for women her age and height. The private investigator compensated by Baldwin law office, not compensated by Bakerhaven police station, consumes niece Sherry Carter Grant’s hot coffee from caffeinated and decaffeinated brands. She downs cold and hot drinks and foods also destined by Sherry for Bakerhaven Gazette reporter and husband Aaron Grant and two-year-old daughter Jennifer Carter Grant.

Cora’s toy poodle Buddy eats dog kibble and puppy biscuits of unelucidated brands even as Jennifer expects her homebound three-meal mate to enjoy her sweet potatoes.

Cora never favors tea furnished by Sherry or fellow sudoku puzzle-solver Harvey Beerbaum even as she finds it in her favor from Brittany Wells and Stephanie.

Gallivanting around big cities and small towns grounds Cora in Mary Cushman’s Bake Shop and Starbucks coffee and scones and in Brittany’s and Stephanie’s home-brewed coffees. Mary Cushman has a folding table holding a coffee urn, cream and sugar condiments and coffee cups and lids for the six-man Bakerhaven volunteer fire department. Hot coffee inundated or not with cold cream impels barber and volunteer firefighter Kevin Greaves back to first-ever Bakerhaven arson, which involves a car-bombed Chevy Impala.

California buns join the daily Manhattan-made fare at Mary Cushman’s Bake Shop and therefore her daily diet whenever Cora journeys away from the Carter/Felton/Grant country joint.

Pepperoni scents from, and smoking alley behind, the pizza parlor below Baldwin law office kindle Cora not keeping the 10th day cigarettes-free after nine non-smoking days.

Over-milked, over-sugared hot coffee logically leads Cora to Cushman latte (from Latin lac, via Italian latte, “milk”) over the Country Kitchen bar’s scotch on the rocks. Cora maneuvers attorney Becky Baldwin into munching on a California bun with Cushman-made latte, Brittany into Cushman scone-munching and Stephanie into Cushman scone-munching with Cushman-made latte. Sergeant Crowley needs coffee black, not sweetened by sugar or sugar substitutes, and without simultaneously nibbling croissants sugar-dipped, rolled bun-like, and baked into honey-glazed California buns.

Crowley, like Becky, and Hank Wells’ office co-worker, Randy Klein, like Cora once, order Irish whiskey and scotch and, unlike all, perhaps never order California buns.

Cora and Crowley ponder Indian cuisine versus Thai cuisine as ordered-in food for delivery to the latter’s leased, owned, rented or sublet apartment in Greenwich Village.

Perhaps chive pancakes, coconut-crusted shrimp, curry puffs and pad thai delivered to Crowley quarters quicken regular-speed tailing by Cora, Crowley, Perkins and Stephanie of murder suspects. Nobody reveals accompanying drinks even though Stephanie previously relished diner coffee with Hank’s insurance client, Madeline Greer; unspecified alcohol with Randy; and Crowley coffee with Cora. Crowley and Stephanie slipping away for Aaron’s exclusive scoop steers Cora away from a cranberry muffin and from a latte like the one she already sipped.

Cora takes a California bun and tells Bakerhaven Police Chief Dale Harper to try one but not to take more than three California buns a day.

Cora appreciates Thai cuisine so much that she attempts an order twice, once with Sergeant Crowley and a second time with Crowley, Crowley's girlfriend Stephanie and Crowley's New York Police Department Officer Perkins. The second time she arranges for chive pancakes, coconut-crusted shrimp and pad thai (from Thai ผัด, "stir fry [rice noodle dish]" and ไทย, "Thai"). Perhaps they arrest two murder suspects before they are able to access their order, perhaps the worse for travel from the West Side to a New Jersey motel near Seventeen South: Andy Mitchell from Glasgow, UK (Andy_Mitchell_UK), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

Pepperoni pizza appeals to Cora perhaps every time she ascends to attorney Becky Baldwin's law office above the Bakerhaven pizza parlor. It assists her for nine days while she attempts to stop smoking cigarettes. Day 10 it attracts her less than the cigarettes she appreciates in the smoking alley behind the pizza parlor; pad thai with prawn, photo taken March 13, 2010: Nenad Stojkovic from Srbija (shixart1985), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Homemade_cheese_pizza_with_pepperoni_and_salami._Mix_pizza_in_the_restaurant._(49134398781).jpg

Cain, James M. (Mallahan). Double Indemnity. New York NY: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1943; New York NY: Vintage Books, division of Random House, Inc.; and Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Random House of Canada Limited, 1992. Copyright 1936 by James M. Cain. Copyright renewed 1964 by James M. Cain. First Vintage Crime/Black Lizard Edition, Aug. 1992.

Double Indemnity. Hollywood CA: Paramount Pictures, 1944; Universal City CA: Universal Pictures Home Entertainment, 2006.

Hall, Parnell. 2019. Lights! Camera! Puzzles! New York NY; London UK: Pegasus Crime.

Hall, Parnell. 2018. The Purloined Puzzle. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2017. A Puzzle To Be Named Later. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2016. Presumed Puzzled. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2015. Puzzled Indemnity. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2014. NYPD Puzzle. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2013. Arsenic and Old Puzzles. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2012. $10,000 in Small, Unmarked Puzzles. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2011. The Kenken Killings. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2010. The Puzzle Lady vs. The Sudoku Lady. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2009. Dead Man's Puzzle. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book for Minotaur Books, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2008. The Sudoku Puzzle Murders. New York NY: Thomas Dunne Books St. Martin's Minotaur, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2006. You Have the Right to Remain Puzzled. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2005. Stalking the Puzzle Lady. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2004. And a Puzzle to Die On. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2003. With This Puzzle, I Thee Kill. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2002. A Puzzle in a Pear Tree. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2001. Puzzled to Death. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2000. Last Puzzle & Testament. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 1999. A Clue for the Puzzle Lady. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 October 2021. "Bakerhaven Maps Perhaps Add Parking Alerts Since Puzzled Indemnity." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/bakerhaven-maps-perhaps-add-parking.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 October 2021. "Bakerhaven Acquaintances in NYPD Puzzle Are One Less for 2020 Censuses." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/bakerhaven-acquaintances-in-nypd-puzzle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2021. "A Killer Perhaps Abhors or Adores New York Coffee in NYPD Puzzle." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/a-killer-perhaps-abhors-or-adores-new.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 October 2021. "New York and Bakerhaven Maps Are Not Accessed in NYPD Puzzle." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/new-york-and-bakerhaven-maps-are-not.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 September 2021. "Alcohol, Anonymity, Assets Attract Aggression, Arsenic and Old Puzzles." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/alcohol-anonymity-assets-attract.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 September 2021. "Elderberry Wine Activates Appalling Actions in Arsenic and Old Puzzles." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/elderberry-wine-activates-appalling.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 September 2021. "Bakerhaven Maps and Floor Plans Actualize Arsenic and Old Puzzles." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/bakerhaven-maps-and-floor-plans.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 September 2021. "Three Bodies Alarm Bakerhaven in $10,000 in Small, Unmarked Puzzles."Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/three-bodies-alarm-bakerhaven-in-10000.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 August 2021. "Cora Aspires to Smaller Sizes in $10,000 in Small, Unmarked Puzzles." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/cora-aspires-to-smaller-sizes-in-10000.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 August 2021. "Maps Allow a Las Vegan Access to $10,000 in Small, Unmarked Puzzles." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/maps-allow-las-vegan-access-to-10000-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2021. "Arranging Alimony and Avoiding Alimony Activate The KenKen Killings." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/arranging-alimony-and-avoiding-alimony.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 August 2021. "Perhaps Sherry Alone Avoids Bakerhaven Eateries in The KenKen Killings." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/perhaps-sherry-alone-avoids-bakerhaven.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 August 2021. "New Yorkers Access Bakerhaven and Account for The KenKen Killings." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/new-yorkers-access-bakerhaven-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 July 2021. "One Accident Augurs Three Deaths in The Puzzle Lady vs The Sudoku Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/one-accident-augurs-three-deaths-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 July 2021. "Perhaps The Puzzle Lady vs The Sudoku Lady Argues About Latte vs Tea." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/perhaps-puzzle-lady-vs-sudoku-lady.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 July 2021. "Bakerhaven Arrivals Are by Car in The Puzzle Lady vs The Sudoku Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/bakerhaven-arrivals-are-by-car-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 July 2021. "Intestate Acts Are, Are Not Intestate Actualities in Dead Man’s Puzzle." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/intestate-acts-are-are-not-intestate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 June 2021. "Fast Food and Safari Food Are For Puzzle Ladies in Dead Man’s Puzzle." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/fast-food-and-safari-food-are-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 June 2021. "Alabama and New York Add to Bakerhaven Traffic in Dead Man’s Puzzle." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/alabama-and-new-york-add-to-bakerhaven.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2021. "All Are Aware of Private Investigators in The Sudoku Puzzle Murders." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/all-are-aware-of-private-investigators.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 June 2021. "Martini, Muffins, Pancakes and Scotch Allay The Sudoku Puzzle Murders." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/martini-muffins-pancakes-and-scotch.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 June 2021. "Bakerhaven, New York and Tokyo Are Close in The Sudoku Puzzle Murders." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/bakerhaven-new-york-and-tokyo-are-close.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 May 2021. "Betting, Puzzling, Suing Are Why You Have the Right to Remain Puzzled." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/betting-puzzling-suing-are-why-you-have.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 May 2021. "Starbucks Caramel Adds Acuity in You Have the Right to Remain Puzzled." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/starbucks-caramel-adds-acuity-in-you.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 May 2021. "You Have the Right to Remain Puzzled Alerts Us About Bakerhaven Trains." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/you-have-right-to-remain-puzzled-alerts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 May 2021. "One Knife, Two Deaths, Four Puzzles Aid in Stalking the Puzzle Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/granville-grains-corn-toasties-appall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 April 2021. "Granville Grains Corn Toasties Appall Cora in Stalking the Puzzle Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/granville-grains-corn-toasties-appall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 April 2021. "Coastal Connecticut Attracts Reality Ads in Stalking the Puzzle Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/coastal-connecticut-attracts-reality.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2021. "And a Puzzle to Die On Augments Bakerhaven Acquaintances by One." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/and-puzzle-to-die-on-augments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 April 2021. "A Birthday Bash And a Puzzle to Die On Await Cora and an Outsider." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/a-birthday-bash-and-puzzle-to-die-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2021. "Bakerhaven Maps Aim a Victim at a Birthday Bash And a Puzzle to Die On." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/bakerhaven-maps-aim-victim-at-birthday.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 March 2021. "Four Cryptograms Assure Two Deaths in With This Puzzle, I Thee Kill." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/four-cryptograms-assure-two-deaths-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 March 2021. "Honeyed Lemoned Teas Are For Fiancees in With This Puzzle, I Thee Kill." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/honeyed-lemoned-teas-are-for-fiancees.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 March 2021. "Manhattan and San Diego Account For Why With This Puzzle, I Thee Kill." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/manhattan-and-san-diego-account-for-why.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 March 2021. "Christmas Carolers Are Three Voices Short in A Puzzle in a Pear Tree." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/christmas-carolers-are-three-voices.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 February 2021. "A Puzzle in a Pear Tree Alters a Christmas Pageant and a Live Nativity." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/a-puzzle-in-pear-tree-alters-christmas.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2021. "Tristate Access Adds a Broadway Director to A Puzzle in a Pear Tree." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/tristate-access-adds-broadway-director.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 February 2021. "Attorney Becky Baldwin Maybe Aces New York Lawyers in Puzzled to Death." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/attorney-becky-baldwin-maybe-aces-new.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 February 2021. "Perhaps Fun Night Attendees Ate All Free Desserts in Puzzled to Death." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/perhaps-fun-night-attendees-ate-all.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 January 2021. "New Yorkers Adapt to Less Light and More Parking in Puzzled to Death." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/new-yorkers-adapt-to-less-light-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 January 2021. "Fifteen Million Dollars Avenge Old Wrongs in Last Puzzle and Testament." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/fifteen-million-dollars-avenge-old.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2021. "Chicken Soup Awes All But Appears Nowhere in Last Puzzle and Testament." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/chicken-soup-awes-all-but-appears.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2021. "Interstate Highways Add More Hurley Heirs to Last Puzzle and Testament." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/interstate-highways-add-more-hurley.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 December 2020. "Bakerhaven Acquaintances Afford A Clue for the Puzzle Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/bakerhaven-acquaintances-afford-clue.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2020. "Bakerhaven Alcohol Acts as A Clue for the Puzzle Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/bakerhaven-alcohol-acts-as-clue-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2020. "An Actual Bakerhaven Map Never Appears as A Clue for the Puzzle Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/an-actual-bakerhaven-map-never-appears.htmlFour Cryptograms Assure Two Deaths in With This Puzzle, I Thee Kill

"Puzzle Lady." Parnell Hall.com > Books. Website by Kate Anchev/Outbox Online Design Studio.
Available @ http://parnellhall.com/puzzle-lady/

Monday, November 1, 2021

Met Opera Staged L'Orfeo April 1912 as Second Orfeo and Euridice Opera

Summary: Met Opera staged L'Orfeo April 1912 as the second Orfeo and Euridice opera in the opera company's repertoire, 27 years 3 days after Orfeo ed Euridice

ca. 1508 oil on canvas of Orpheus and Euridice created by Venetian Renaissance painter Tiziano "Titan" Vecellio (1488/1490-Aug. 27, 1576) almost a century before Monteverdi's L'Orfeo (1607), shows Euridice's two deaths, first by snakebite (left) and second by Orpheus's backward glance during his Underworld rescue attempt (right); Accademia Carrara (Accademia Carrara di Belle Arti di Bergamo), Lombardy, northwestern Italy: Web Gallery of Art, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Met Opera staged L'Orfeo April 1912 as the second Orfeo ed Euridice opera in the opera company's repertoire, 27 years 3 days after the Met's premiere of Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice.

The United States premiere of L'Orfeo by Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi (May 9, 1567-Nov. 29, 1643) took place Sunday, April 14, 1912. The Greek myth-themed opera was performed in concert form and was sung in English instead of the opera's original Italian. L'Orfeo received one performance in the 1911-1912 season. After its premiere, the opera disappeared from Met Opera's repertoire. L'Orfeo's solitary performance stands as Met Opera's only representative of an opera by Monteverdi.

L'Orfeo's United States premiere occurred nine days after Met Opera's 29th performance, Friday, April 5, of the opera company's first opera about Orpheus and Euridice, Orfeo ed Euridice by German classical composer Christoph von Gluck (July 2, 1714-Nov. 15, 1787). The Metropolitan Opera premiere of Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice, which had taken place Saturday, April 11, 1885, preceded the opera company's premiere of L'Orfeo by 27 years 3 days.

Josef Pasternack (July 7, 1881-April 29, 1940) conducted L'Orfeo's United States premiere. The Polish conductor had made his Met Opera debut Monday, March 13, 1911, in the Ballet Divertissement in the opera company's 89th performance of Il Trovatore by Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901). The Metropolitan Opera Archives Database (MetOpera Database) notes Josef Pasternack's conductorship of L'Orfeo as the maestro's last Met Opera performance.

Hermann Weil (Sept. 25, 1876-July 6, 1949) sang the male title role of Orfeo, whose wedding day precipitates the opera's plot. The German operatic baritone had made his Met Opera debut Friday, Nov. 17, 1911, as Kurwenal in the opera house's 110th performance of Wagner's Tristan und Isolde.

Rita Fornia (July 17, 1878-Oct 27, 1922) sang the female title role of Euridice, whose failed rescue by Orpheus strands her in the Underworld. The American mezzo-soprano and coloratura soprano had made her Met Opera debut Friday, Dec. 6, 1907, as a Geisha in the Metropolitan Opera premiere of Iris by Italian opera composer Pietro Mascagni (Dec. 7, 1863-Aug. 2, 1945).

Maria Duchène (Dec. 5, 1883-April 2, 1947) sang triple roles as Proserpina, the Underworld's Queen who favors Euridice's rescue by Orpheus; as the Messenger, who informs Orfeo of Euridice's fatal snakebite; and as the spirit of Music. The French mezzo-soprano had made her Met Opera debut Saturday, March 16, 1912, as La Cieca in the opera company's 52nd performance of La Gioconda by 19th-century Italian opera composer Amilcare Ponchielli (Aug. 31, 1834-Jan. 16, 1886).

Basil Ruysdael, stage name of Basil Spaulding Millspaugh (July 24, 1878-Oct. 10, 1960), sang Caronte, the Underworld's ferryman. The American film actor and operatic bass-baritone had made his Met Opera debut Friday, Nov. 18, 1910, as Hunding in the opera company's 141st performance of Die Walküre by German Romantic era composer-librettist Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813-Feb. 13, 1883).

Herbert Witherspoon (July 21, 1873-May 10, 1935) sang Plutone, who conditions Orfeo's rescue of Euridice upon no backward glances. The American operatic bass had made his Met Opera debut Thursday, Nov. 26, 1908, as Titurel in the opera company's 46th performance of Wagner's Parsifal.

Anna Case (Oct. 29, 1887-Jan. 7, 1984) sang dual roles as a Nymph and as a Shepherd. The American operatic soprano had made her Met Opera debut Monday, Nov. 15, 1909, as a Page in the opera company's 169th performance of Wagner's Tannhäuser.

Monteverdi's L'Orfeo contrasts with the happy ending offered by its predecessor, Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice, in Met Opera's repertoire of operas about Orpheus and Euridice. After Orfeo's failed rescue of Euridice from the Underworld, Monteverdi's Orfeo accepts the invitation of his father, the god Apollo, to join him in the heavens for appreciation of Euridice's starry likenesses. Contrastingly, Orfeo and Euridice enjoy an Earthly reunion via Amore the Cupid's restoration of Euridice to life.

The takeaways for Met Opera's April 1912 staging of L'Orfeo as the opera company's second Orfeo and Euridice opera are that the Metropolitan Opera's United States premiere of Monteverdi's L'Orfeo occurred nine days after the 29th performance of Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice, the opera company's first Orfeo and Euridice opera; that Monteverdi's L'Orfeo has not survived the solitary performance of its premiere season, 1911-1912; that L'Orfeo's solitary performance represents the only instance of a Monteverdi opera in the opera company's repertoire; and that Monteverdi's Orfeo finds solace in discerning Euridice's starry likenesses whereas Gluck's happy Orfeo ed Euridice reunites the couple in the land of the living.

ca. 1630 oil on canvas of Claudio Monteverdi, created ca. 1630 (23 years after Monteverdi's L'Orfeo) by Italian Baroque painter Bernardo Strozzi (c. 1581-Aug. 2, 1644); Tiroler Landesmuseum (Tyrolean State Museum), Kunstgeschichtliche Sammlungen, Innsbruck, Tyrol, western Austria: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Arakelyan, Ashot. "Hermann Weil (Baritone) (Mühlburg 1876-New York 1949)." Forgotten Opera Singers. March 24, 2014.
Available @ http://forgottenoperasingers.blogspot.com/2014/03/hermann-weil-baritone-muhlburg-1876-new.html

"Debut: Herbert Witherspoon." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 42130 Parsifal {46} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 11/26/1908.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=42130

"Debut: Hermann Weil." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 52040 Tristan und Isolde {110} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/17/1911.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=52040

"Debut: Josef Pasternack." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 50470 Il Trovatore {89} Ballet Divertissement. Metropolitan Opera House: 03/13/1911.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=50470

"Debut: Maria Duchène." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 53590 La Gioconda {52} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 03/16/1912.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=53590

"Debut: Rita Fornia, Miss Jirasek." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 40190 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Iris {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/6/1907.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=40190

"Debuts: Anna Case, Clarence Whitehill." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 45050 Tannhäuser {169} Academy of Music, Brooklyn, New York: 11/15/1909.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=45050

"Debuts: Lucie Weidt, Basil Ruysdael." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 49040 Die Walküre {141} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/18/1910.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=49040

Marriner, Derdriu. "Met Opera First Staged Greek Myth of Orfeo ed Euridice in April 1885." Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 18, 2021.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/met-opera-first-staged-greek-myth-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Met Opera Most Recently Staged Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice in 2019-2020." Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 25, 2021.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/met-opera-most-recently-staged-glucks.html

“Metropolitan Opera Premiere: Orfeo ed Euridice.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 3930 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Orfeo ed Euridice {1} Boston Theatre, Boston, Massachusetts: 04/11/1885.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=3930

"United States Premiere: L'Orfeo." MetOpera Database > [Met Concert/Gala] CID: 53970 United States Premiere Twenty-second And Last Sunday Night Concert / L'Orfeo {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 04/14/1912.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=53970