Furtive Forktail Damselfly Habitats: Bicolor Ovipositor, Gray Female

Summary: North American furtive forktail damselfly habitats in Atlantic and Gulf states get bicolor ovipositors, gray-white females, long forktails and slim males.

furtive forktail damselfly (Ischnura prognata); Audubon's Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary, near Naples, Collier County, southwestern Florida; Monday, Feb. 3, 2014, 13:01:04: Melissa McMasters (cricketsblog), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

North American furtive forktail damselfly habitats advance shade-loving arboriculture, gardening, naturalism and tree stewardship through Atlantic and Gulf distribution ranges from New York southward through Texas and inland through Arkansas and Tennessee.

Furtive forktails bear their common names for dimmed detectability in canopy-covered, shaded wetlands and for fork-tipped abdomens and the scientific name Ischnura prognata (thin tail[ed] descendant). Common names calibrate the consensus of scientific committees convened by the Dragonfly Society of the Americas for genus and species names in English, Portuguese and Spanish. Scientific designations debut with descriptions in 1861 by Hermann August Hagen (May 30, 1817-Nov. 9, 1893), first formally titled Professor of Entomology in the United States.

Furtive forktail damselfly lifespans expect canopy cover-rich, slow-moving lakes, marshes, ponds, seeps, sloughs and swamps with dense emergent and waterside grasses and herbaceous and woody plants.

January through December function as optimal, southernmost flight seasons even though April through May furnish wildlife mapping opportunities throughout all of North America's furtive forktail niches.

Adult female and male furtive forktail damselflies gather most visibly in, and rarely go far from, dense undergrowths of shaded lizard's-tail, tall grasses and water smartweed. They never hasten to non-canopied, sunny lake-, marsh-, pond-, seep-, slough- or swamp-side vegetation or, even though long abdomens help them hover, to open, sunlit waters. Adult life cycle stages incline toward tropical damselfly-like flights from stem to stem amid lower branches and tree undergrowth and to forages at 6.56-plus-foot (two-plus-meter) heights.

Ants, assassin flies, biting midges, ducks, falcons, flycatchers, frogs, grebes, lizards, spiders, turtles and water beetles, bugs and mites jeopardize North American furtive forktail damselfly habitats.

Immature males keep dull, faded, small forms even though immature females know black abdomens and orange eyes, faces, postocular spots and, with black, thin midlines, thoraxes.

Immature females apparently lack forktail polymorphic (multi-colored) options since they always look heteromorphically like bright to dull orange, female-colored females and never andromorphically like male-colored females. Mature females move through furtive forktail habitats with males even though they manage one mating, in the morning, and non-tandem, unaccompanied ovipositing (egg-laying) unaided into emergent stems. Forktail members of the Coenagrionidae pond damsel family need aphids, beetles, borers, caddisflies, copepods, crane flies, dobsonflies, gnats, leafhoppers, mosquitoes, rotifers, scuds, water fleas and worms.

North American furtive forktail damselfly habitats offer season-coldest temperature ranges, northward to southward, from minus 5 to 35 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 20.55 to 1.66 degrees Celsius).

Beech, bellflower, birch, bladderwort, cattail, daisy, grass, greenbrier, heath, laurel, madder, maple, nettle, olive, pepperbush, pine, pondweed, rush, sedge, water-lily and willow families promote furtive forktails.

Blue, green or white thoracic sides with dark triangles at wing bases before dark midlines and metallic brown thoracic fronts quicken brown-headed, green-eyed adult female identifications. Adult males reveal blue tiny postocular spots, green eyes, black abdomens with yellow sides and thoraxes with black stripes although they retain no female-like, gray powdering. Adults show off 1.18- to 1.46-inch (30- to 37-millimeter) head-body lengths, 0.94- to 1.22-inch (24- to 31-millimeter) abdomens and 0.55- to 0.79-inch (14- to 20-millimeter) hindwings.

Overlapping North American furtive forktail damselfly habitats tolerate other females' all-dark stigmata, gray-white abdominal sides and postocular spots and males' bluer abdomens and shorter, stouter forktails.

Furtive forktail damselflies (Ischnura prognata) favor shaded areas and swamps: GFBWT @FLBirdingTrail, via Twitter May 15, 2017

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

furtive forktail damselfly (Ischnura prognata); Audubon's Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary, near Naples, Collier County, southwestern Florida; Monday, Feb. 3, 2014, 13:01:04: Melissa McMasters (cricketsblog), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/cricketsblog/20080726040/

Furtive forktail damselflies (Ischnura prognata) favor shaded areas and swamps: GFBWT @FLBirdingTrail, via Twitter May 15, 2017, @ https://twitter.com/FLBirdingTrail/status/864274223308701696

For further information:

Abbott, John C. Dragonflies and Damselflies of Texas and the South-Central United States: Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma and New Mexico. Princeton NJ; and Oxford UK: Princeton University Press, 2005.

Beaton, Giff. Dragonflies & Damselflies of Georgia and the Southeast. Athens GA; and London UK: University of Georgia Press, 2007.

Berger, Cynthia. Dragonflies. Mechanicsburg PA: Stackpole Books: Wild Guide, 2004.

Bright, Ethan. "Ischnura Charpentier, 1840 (Forktails)." Aquatic Insects of Michigan > Odonata (Dragon- and Damselflies) of Michigan > Zygoptera Selys, 1854 > Coenagrionidae, Kirby, 1890 (Pond Damselflies).
Available @ http://www.aquaticinsects.org/sp/Odonata/sp_oom.html

GFBWT ‏@FLBirdingTrail. "Of the 172 species of "odes" (dragon/damselflies) in Fla, there's only 1 Furtive Forktail! Photo from OdonataCentral." May 15, 2017.
Available @ https://twitter.com/FLBirdingTrail/status/864274223308701696

Hagen, Hermann. "17. A. prognatum! Agrion prognatum Hagen!" Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America, With a List of the South American Species: 83. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. IV, art. I. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, July 1861.
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Ellora Jain Cave 34 Appears Last and Least Ancient of Five Jain Caves

Summary: Ellora Jain Cave 34 alerts cave temple admirers to the last and the least ancient of the Ellora Caves in Maharashtra, India.

view of Ellora Jain Cave 34; Tuesday, Sep. 6, 2016: Anupamg, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Ellora Jain Cave 34 accepts architectural and artistic accolades as the least accessible and ancient of the 34 800- to 1,600-year-old Buddhist, Hindu, Jain Ellora Caves of Maharashtra state, western peninsular India.

Itinerant artisans and monks began Ellora Jain Cave 34 in the ninth and tenth centuries, 50 to 100-plus years after the four bordering Ellora Jain Caves. It contains an architectural configuration more common to the Buddhist Ajanta Caves 60 miles (96.59 kilometers) away than to Ellora Jain Caves 30, 31 and 32. It differs from Ellora Jain Caves 30, 32 and 33 in divulging no monikers and from the former two in demanding inter-cavern interior, not exterior, access.

Ellora Jain Cave 34 exhibits Hindu elements in its cave temple architecture and mythology and Jain elements in its enshrined emphases upon two eminent ascetic thinkers.

Itinerant artisans and monks furnished no direct access to Ellora Jain cave 34 along the 1.23-mile- (2-kilometer-) long scarp that features Buddhist, Hindu and Jain caves.

Only Ellora Jain Cave 33 gets exterior entry and exit onto the Ellora Jain Caves scarp and interior entry and exit with Ellora Jain Cave 34. Ellora Jain Cave 34, like Ellora Hindu Cave 25 and Ellora Jain Cave 30, has a lotus-flower ceiling design that harkens to Buddhist and Hindu mythology. The Lord of the Universe impelled from his navel a lotus -flowered (Nelumbo nucifera) initiation of Hindu creator god Brahma's (from Sanskrit ब्रह्म, "to grow") immaculate self-conception.

Siddhartha Gautama (from Sanskrit सिद्धार्थ, "successful" and गोतम, "darkness-dispelling light") journeyed within seven years from his native Sakya kingdom as a 29-year-old to the Magadha countryside.

Siddhartha Gautama (624?-544 B.C.E.?) knew enlightenment as Gautama Buddha (from Sanskrit बुद्ध, "awakened") after 28 days atop a lotus pad under a bodhi (Ficus religiosa) tree.

Two-and-one-half days under an asoka (Saraca asoca) tree led Vardhamana (599/539?-527/467? B.C.E., from Sanskrit वर्धमान, "prosperous") to live enlightened as Mahavira (from Sanskrit महावीर, "warrior"). The ever-revolving Jain universal timekeeping wheel merges every six ever-improving, upward-coursing Utsarpini (from Sanskrit उत्सर्पिणी, "ascending") with six downward-coursing, ever-worsening Avasarpini (from Sanskrit अवसर्पिणी, "descending") motions. Downward and upward-coursing navigations each net 24 Tirthankara (from Sanskrit र्थंकर, "ford-maker") thinkers, of whom Mahavira nestles as 24th into the sixth age of nowaday's down-turning navigation.

Ellora Jain Cave 34 observes Bahubali (from Sanskrit बाहुबलि, "more" and बल, "strength") as son of first Tirthankara Rishabhadeva (from Sanskrit ऋषभ, "bull" and देव, "deity").

Two flywhiskers; and yaksha and yakshini (from Sanskrit यक्ष, "male ghost," and यक्षिणी, "female ghost") present 23rd Tirthankara Parshvanatha (from Sanskrit पार्श्व, "near" and नाथ, "lord").

Ellora Jain Cave 34 queues up a bearded bearer of a pindon rice ball ladden sweetmeat offering, perhaps for the shraddhu (from Sanskrit श्रद्धा, "trust") ceremony. Hindu storm god Indra (from Sanskrit इण्ड्र, "raindrop-possessing") rules 16-heaven kalpa (from Sanskrit कल्प, "4,320,000,000-solar-sidereal-year-long [day-night]"), 14-heaven kalpathitha (from Sanskrit कल्प, "4,320,000,000-solar-sidereal-year-long" and हित, "beneficial") upperworlds. The supreme Siddha Sila (from Sanskrit सिद्ध, "accomplished" and शील, "virtue") upperworld solely sustains as omniscient, perfect freed souls Tirthankara separated from karmic births and rebirths.

Ellora Jain Cave 34 tells nothing about the legs-like lowerworld of torturer deities and demons or the trunk-like upperworld and something about eight-continent, eight-ocean, waist-like middleworld.

Ellora Jain Cave 34 depicts the 23rd Tirthankara with two female attendants; Saturday, Sep. 3, 2016: Anupamg, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

view of Ellora Jain Cave 34; Tuesday, Sep. 6, 2016: Anupamg, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ellora_Caves_95.jpg

Ellora Jain Cave 34 depicts the 23rd Tirthankara with two female attendants; Saturday, Sep. 3, 2016: Anupamg, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ellora_Caves_268.jpg

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Marriner, Derdriu. 18 December 2020. "Ellora Jain Cave 33 Awes Audiences With Awesome Pillars Inside and Out." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/ellora-jain-cave-33-awes-audiences-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 December 2020. "Ellora Jain Cave 32 Adores Indra as Hindu Deity and Jain Bodyguard." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/ellora-jain-cave-32-adores-indra-as.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 December 2020. "Ellora Jain Cave 31 Appears Adoring, Ancient, Ascetic and Unfinished." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/ellora-jain-cave-31-appears-adoring.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 November 2020. "Ellora Jain Cave 30 Applies Hindu Mythology to Meditative Asceticism." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/ellora-jain-cave-30-applies-hindu.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 November 2020. "Ellora Jain Caves 30 to 34 Appear More Hindu and Jain Than Buddhist." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-jain-caves-30-to-34-appear-more.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 November 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 12 Arranges Heaven Above and Hell Below Meru." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/ellora-buddhist-cave-12-arranges-heaven.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 November 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 11 Answers to the Name Do Taal and to Vajrapani." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/ellora-buddhist-cave-11-answers-to-name.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 October 2020. "Ashtamahabhaya Tara Averts Ellora Buddhist Cave 9 Adversity." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/ashtamahabhaya-tara-averts-ellora.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 October 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 10 Allowed Meditators, Nicknames and Stayovers." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/ellora-buddhist-cave-10-allowed.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 October 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 8 Perhaps Assuages All Poisons Through Mahamayuri." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/ellora-buddhist-cave-8-perhaps-assuages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 October 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 7 Appears Ample, Not Accomplished or Adorned as 8." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/ellora-buddhist-cave-7-appears-ample.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 October 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 4 Adds Soapberry Seeds as Buddhist Prayer Beads." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/ellora-buddhist-cave-4-adds-soapberry.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 September 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 3 Arranges Eight Perils for Bodhisattva Padmapani." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/ellora-buddhist-cave-3-arranges-eight.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 September 2020. "Vidyadhara Demigods Assure Ellora Buddhist Cave 2 of Joyful Goodness." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/vidyadhara-demigods-assure-ellora.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 September 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 1 Ages Attractively as a Cavern Temple Monastery." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/ellora-buddhist-cave-1-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 September 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 5 Adds the Most Area to Ellora Buddhist Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/ellora-buddhist-cave-5-adds-most-area.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 August 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 6 Augurs Auspiciousness With its Makara Torana." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/ellora-buddhist-cave-6-augurs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 August 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Caves Abound With Ancient Aspects of Tantric Buddhism." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/ellora-buddhist-caves-abound-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 August 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 16 Appears as Mount Kailasa But Appeals to Saraswati." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/ellora-hindu-cave-16-appears-as-mount.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 August 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 15 a Lion, a Name and Demon King Hiranyakasipu." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/ellora-hindu-cave-15-admits-lion-name.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 14 Adds up to a King, a Name and Demonic Adventures." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-14-adds-up-to-king.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 13 Perhaps Acted as Abode of Ganesha and Wayfarers." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-13-perhaps-acted-as.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 25 Artisans Adorned Its Ceiling With Sun God Surya." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-25-artisans-adorned.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 24 Aids Artists, Scientists Analyzing Water Features." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-24-aids-artists.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 23 Accepts Shiva as Fertility God and as Trimurti." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-23-accepts-shiva-as.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 22 Allows a Fertility Bull and a Fertility God." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-22-allows-fertility.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 18 Appeals to Hearth and Sacrificial Fire God Agni." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-18-appeals-to-hearth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 17 Appreciates Gandharva Celestial Spirits and Shiva." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-17-appreciates.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 26 Perhaps Asks for Auspicious Aid to Traders." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Availabled @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-26-perhaps-asks-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 20 Adds the Last Adventure of Buffalo Demon Mahisha." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-20-adds-last.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 21 Acclaims Shiva and Alludes to Jumna and Krishna." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-21-acclaims-shiva-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 29 Assumes That Parvati and Shiva Adore One Another." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-29-assumes-that.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 19 Appears Third Most Ancient Among Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-19-appears-third-most.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 27 Appears Second Most Ancient Among Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-27-appears-second.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 April 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 28 Accesses Waterfall Rainbows Over Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/ellora-hindu-cave-28-accesses-waterfall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 April 2020. "Ellora Caves Are Arranged as Buddhist, Hindu and Jain Cave Temples." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/ellora-caves-are-arranged-as-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 April 2020. "Are Indian Ring-Necked Rose-Ringed Parakeets Still at Ellora Caves?" Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/are-indian-ring-necked-rose-ringed.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 April 2020. "Indian Three-Striped Palm Squirrels Augur the Hindu Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/indian-three-striped-palm-squirrels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Accept Walking Meditations Advocated by Thich Nhat Hanh." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-accept-walking-meditations.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Ally With Ajanta Caves and Thich Nhat Hanh in Indra's Net." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-ally-with-ajanta-caves-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Are Painted, Sculpted Temples Like and Unlike Ajanta Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-are-painted-sculpted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2020. "Ailing Ellora Caves Are Among Ameliorable World Heritage Centre Sites." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ailing-ellora-caves-are-among.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2020. "Schneider's Leaf-Nosed Bats Are Artful Annihilators at Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/schneiders-leaf-nosed-bats-are-artful.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 February 2020. "Greater Indian False Vampire Bats Are Artful Assassins at Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/greater-indian-false-vampire-bats-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 February 2020. "Are Grey Junglefowl Avoiding Artful Areas Around Ellora Caves? Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/are-grey-junglefowl-avoiding-artful.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 February 2020. "Blue Indian Peafowl No Longer Prettify the Artistic Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/blue-indian-peafowl-no-longer-prettify.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 January 2020. "Ellora Caves Sanctuary Gardens Artfully Adjoin Ellora Caves Artistry." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ellora-caves-sanctuary-gardens-artfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 January 2020. "Ellora Caves Teak Forest Trees Anchor Ellora Caves Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ellora-caves-teak-forest-trees-anchor.html

Narayana, Hari. 25 November 2012. "The Ellora Caves - An Introduction." India That Was: A Legacy Unfolded.
Available @ http://indiathatwas.com/2012/11/the-ellora-caves-an-introduction/

Owen, Lisa N. 2012. Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora. Leiden, The Netherlands; and Boston MA: Brill.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=vHK2WE8xAzYC

Pereira, José. 1977. Monolithic Jinas: The Iconography of the Jain Temples of Ellora. Delhi, Varanasi and Patna, India: Motilal Banarsidass.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books/about/Monolithic_Jinas.html?id=LMTgiygj4-oC

Poduval, Jayaram. 21 November 2018. "The Architecture of Ellora Caves." Sahapedia > Article.
Available @ https://www.sahapedia.org/the-architecture-of-ellora-caves

Rawson, Philip. "Eastern Art." Pages 256-299. In: David Piper. The Illustrated History of Art. London, England: Chancellor Press (Bounty Books), 2000.

Revire, Nicolas. 2011. "Some Reconsiderations of Pendant-Legged Buddha Images in the Dvāravatī Artistic Tradition." Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 31: 37-49.
Available via Academia @ https://www.academia.edu/5735422/Some_Reconsiderations_on_Pendant-Legged_Buddha_Images_in_the_Dv%C4%81ravat%C4%AB_Artistic_Tradition

Singh, Rajesh Kumar. 26 November 2019. "Obituary: Walter M. Spink (Feb 16, 1928 - Nov 24, 2019)." Caves of India > Walter Spink.
Available @ https://cavesofindia.org/2019/11/26/prof-spink/

Spink, Walter M. 1967. Ajanta to Ellora. Mumbai, India: Marg Publications.

Spink, Walter M. 1967. "Ellora's Earliest Phase." Off Print of the Bulletin of the American Academy of Benares 1: 11-22.

"Tibetan + Sanskrit Words." Madhyamaka Introduction to the Middle Way > Study.
Available @ https://madhyamaka.com/study/tibetan-sanskrit/

Skylab 4 Imaged Comet Kohoutek During Second EVA on Christmas Day 1973

Summary: Skylab 4 imaged Comet Kohoutek during second EVA on Christmas Day, Dec. 25, 1973, three days before perihelion, the closest comet-to-sun distance.

Comet Kohoutek, at three days’ distance from perihelion; false-color reproduction of black-and-white photograph taken during Christmas Day spacewalk, Dec. 25, 1973, by Skylab 4 mission pilot William Pogue, with far-ultraviolet electrographic camera; yellow (center) is brightest area, with outward color successions indicating decreasing brightness; C.A. Lundquist, Skylab’s Astronomy and Space Sciences (1979), Figure 4-1: "Work of the US Gov. Public Use Permitted," via NASA History

Skylab 4 imaged Comet Kohoutek during the second EVA, on Christmas Day, Dec. 25, 1973, three days before the recently discovered comet reached perihelion (Ancient Greek: περί, perí, “near” + ἥλιος, hḗlios, “sun”), its closest distance to the sun.

Czech astronomer Luboš Kohoutek (born Jan. 29, 1935) discovered his namesake comet via plates obtained Wednesday, March 7, 1973, at northern Germany’s Hamburg Observatory (Hamburger Sternwarte). The long-period comet was calculated to makes its perihelion (Ancient Greek: περί, perí, “near” + ἥλιος, hḗlios, “sun”) passage between December 1973 and January 1974 and to reach perihelion on Friday, Dec. 28, 1973.

Skylab 4 launched Friday, Nov. 16, 1973, from east central Florida’s John F. Kennedy Space Center as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) third and last manned mission to Skylab, the first United States space station. Skylab had been launched into low Earth orbit six months earlier, on May 14, 1973, from Kennedy Space Center.

The three-astronaut crew of Skylab 4 made their first, and only, spaceflights via the mission. The mission’s commander was Gerald Paul Carr (born Aug. 22, 1932). Edward George Gibson (born Nov. 8, 1936) and William Reid Pogue (Jan. 23, 1930-March 3, 2014) served as the mission’s scientist pilot and pilot, respectively.

Carr and Pogue’s EVA (extravehicular activity) on Tuesday, Dec. 25, 1973, marked NASA’s first Christmas Day spacewalk and numbered as the mission’s second spacewalk. Gibson and Pogue had conducted Skylab 4 mission’s first EVA Thursday, Nov. 22, 1973, as NASA’s first Thanksgiving Day spacewalk.

EVA 2 began at 16:00 Coordinated Universal Time (11 a.m. Eastern Standard Time) and ended at 23:01 UTC (6:01 p.m. EST). Repairs and an unplanned issue with the station’s proper attitude prolonged the spacewalk from its originally scheduled length of 3 hours 50 minutes to its actual duration of 7 hours 01 minute. The record-breaking spacewalk’s length remained unsurpassed until the Aug. 31, 1985, EVA 1 of 7 hours 20 minutes conducted by James Dougal Adrianus “Ox” van Hoften (born June 11, 1944) and William Frederick Fisher (born April 1, 1946) during Space Shuttle Discovery’s sixth flight.

While Carr attended to the stuck filter wheel on the Apollo Telescope Mount’s (ATM) S056 X-ray Telescope, Pogue photographed Comet Kohoutek for the mission’s S201 experiment. Principal investigator Thornton Page designed the S201 experiment for studying Comet Kohoutek’s coma, or gaseous halo formed around the nucleus, in the far ultraviolet spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Page had arranged for use and modification of one of the backup far-ultraviolet electrographic cameras designed by his U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) colleague, George Robert Carruthers (born Oct. 1, 1939), for the Apollo 16 mission (Sunday, April 16, to Thursday, April 27, 1972).

In an interview July 17, 2000, with NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) historian Kevin M. Rusnak, Pogue recalled his outdoor photographs of Comet Kohoutek at three days’ distance from perihelion. “As a matter of fact, I took this instrument outside to take pictures and images of the comet,” Pogue related. “It was kind of tricky because I had to use one of the solar panels off of the ATM to shield the sun, because it was so close to the sun, it’s approaching the sun. So I finally got this thing into position and kind of eyeballed it so that the solar panel would be shading the sun” (pages 12-43 to 12-44).

The takeaways for Skylab 4’s images of Comet Kohoutek during the mission’s second EVA on Christmas Day 1973 are that the images capture the recently discovered comet at three days’ distance from perihelion and that over 11 years 8 months passed before Skylab 4’s record EVA length of 7 hours 1 minute was finally surpassed during Space Shuttle Discovery’s sixth flight.

(left) Figure 4-13: far-ultraviolet electrographic camera capture of Comet Kohoutek (white arrow; upper right) and stars, filtered for wavelengths from 125 to 160 nanometers (nm); Tuesday, Dec. 25, 1973; (right) Figure 4-14: false-color enhancement of Comet Kohoutek and stars from Figure 4-13 to reveal ranges of optical density (sky’s “brightness”) via corresponding color zones: C.A. Lundquist, Skylab’s Astronomy and Space Sciences (1979), Figures 4-13 to 4-14, pages 51-52: "Work of the US Gov. Public Use Permitted," via NASA History

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Comet Kohoutek, at three days’ distance from perihelion; false-color reproduction of black-and-white photograph taken during Christmas Day spacewalk, Dec. 25, 1973, by Skylab 4 mission pilot William Pogue, with far-ultraviolet electrographic camera; yellow (center) is brightest area, with outward color successions indicating decreasing brightness; C.A. Lundquist, Skylab’s Astronomy and Space Sciences (1979), Figure 4-1: "Work of the US Gov. Public Use Permitted," via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/SP-404/ch4.htm#4.18

(left) Figure 4-13: far-ultraviolet electrographic camera capture of Comet Kohoutek (white arrow; upper right) and stars, filtered for wavelengths from 125 to 160 nanometers (nm); Tuesday, Dec. 25, 1973; (right) Figure 4-14: false-color enhancement of Comet Kohoutek and stars from Figure 4-13 to reveal ranges of optical density (sky’s “brightness”) via corresponding color zones: C.A. Lundquist, Skylab’s Astronomy and Space Sciences (1979), Figures 4-13 to 4-14, pages 51-52: "Work of the US Gov. Public Use Permitted," via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/SP-404/ch4.htm#4.18

For further information:

Belew, Leland F. "Comet Kohoutek." Skylab: Our First Space Station, chapter 9: 138. Prepared by George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. NASA SP-400. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Office, 1977.
Available @ https://history.nasa.gov/SP-400/ch9.htm

Compton, W. David; and Charles D. (Dunlap) Benson. “17. The Last Mission.” Living and Working in Space: A History of Skylab, Part III. The Missions and Results, 1973-1979: 312-338. NASA History Series. NASA SP-4208. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1983.
Available @ https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4208/ch17.htm

Evans, Ben. “Five Decades of Celebrating Christmas in Space (Part 1).” AmericaSpace. Dec. 26, 2015.
Available @ https://www.americaspace.com/2015/12/26/ding-dong-merrily-on-orbit-celebrating-christmas-in-space-part-1/

Hathaway, David H. “The Skylab Missions.” NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Solar Physics > Previous Projects > Skylab. Last updated Aug. 11, 2014.
Available @ https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/Skylab.shtml

Hitt, David; Owen Garriott; and Joe Kerwin. Homesteading Space: The Skylab Story. Featuring the In-Flight Diary of Alan Bean. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books/about/Homesteading_Space.html?id=sR5Cm_zeIekC

Kramer, Herbert J. “Skylab.” ESA Earth Online > eoPortal Directory > Satellite Missions > S.
Available @ https://earth.esa.int/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/s/skylab

LePage, Andrew. “Christmas 1973 on Skylab.” Drew Ex Machina. Dec. 24, 2014.
Available @ https://www.drewexmachina.com/2014/12/24/christmas-1973-on-skylab/

Lundquist, Charles A., ed. “Chapter 4: Observations of Comet Kohoutek.” Skylab’s Astronomy and Space Sciences: 42-63. NASA SP-404. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Office, 1979.
Available @ https://history.nasa.gov/SP-404/ch4.htm

Marriner, Derdriu. “Arabella and Anita Spun First Space Webs in August 1973 at Skylab.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 31, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/07/arabella-and-anita-spun-first-space.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First Space Spiders Arabella and Anita Spun Very Fine Webs for Skylab.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 2, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/first-space-spiders-arabella-and-anita.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First Web in Space Was Spun in 1973 by Common Cross Spider Arabella.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 5, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/first-web-in-space-was-spun-in-1973-by.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Fourth Moonwalker Alan Bean Commanded Skylab 3 July to September 1973.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 22, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/fourth-moonwalker-alan-bean-commanded.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Owen Garriott and Jack Lousma Did Second EVA Aug. 24, 1973, at Skylab.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 19, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/owen-garriott-and-jack-lousma-did.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylab 3 Astronaut Wives Pranked Spouses With Unofficial Mission Patch.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 15, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/skylab-3-astronaut-wives-pranked.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylab 3 Captured Dramatic Solar Prominences in August 1973.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 26, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/skylab-3-captured-dramatic-solar.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylab 3 Mission Patch Emphasized Earth, Sun and Medical Themes.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 8, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/skylab-3-mission-patch-emphasized-earth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylab 4 Imaged Comet Kohoutek’s Hydrogen Halo November 1973 to February 1974.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 16, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/skylab-4-imaged-comet-kohouteks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylab 4 Observed Comet Kohoutek November 1973 to February 1974.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 11, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/skylab-4-began-observing-comet-kohoutek.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Skylabbers Owen Garriott and Jack Lousma First Spacewalked Aug. 6, 1973.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 12, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/skylabbers-owen-garriott-and-jack.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Space Spider Anita Died Sept. 16, 1973, During Skylab 3 Mission.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 9, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/space-spider-anita-died-sept-16-1973.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Space Spider Arabella Logged 24 Million Miles in 858 Orbits via Skylab.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 23, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/space-spider-arabella-logged-24-million.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Two Mummichog Minnows Became First Fish in Space in 1973 Via Skylab 3.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 29, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/two-mummichog-minnows-became-first-fish.html

Rusnak, Kevin M. “William R. Pogue Oral History Interviews.” NASA Johnson Space Center History Portal > NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. July 17, 2000.
Available @ https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/PogueWR/poguewr.htm

Shayler, David J.; and Colin Burgess. NASA’s Scientist-Astronauts. Springer-Praxis Books in Space Exploration. Chichester UK: Praxis Publishing Limited, 2007.

Bakerhaven Alcohol Acts as A Clue for the Puzzle Lady

Summary: Bakerhaven alcohol acts as A Clue for the Puzzle Lady, Cora Felton, who apes town acquaintances in appreciating bakery, bar, dining-out and home food.

crossword puzzle answers by Stessily; sample American-style crossword grid created from OpenOffice.org Calc by MeekMark: MeekMark, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Bakerhaven alcohol acts as A Clue for the Puzzle Lady, Cora Felton, who achieves her own drinkable drinks and inedible edibles and apes town acquaintances appreciating bakery, bar, dining-out and home food.

Chief Dale Harper breakfasts on toast at home and, if police business begins before, a Cushman’s Bake Shop muffin, both with bounteously milked and sugared coffee. Sophie Singer, Bakerhaven High music teacher, and Julia Weinstein from the Bakerhaven hairdresser’s consume Cushman’s coffee respectively after her first class and with a blueberry muffin. Cora drinks for breakfast Bloody Mary, coffee, gin, gin and tonic or gin with lime at home; coffee at Cushman’s; and orange juice at Country Kitchen.

Excessive milk and sugar excesses encourage Cora enjoying Cushman’s coffee and, excellentized at two tablespoons (28.3 grams) per small cup, housemate and niece Sherry Carter’s coffee.

Sherry favors coffee black and, when fearful, frantic or frustrated, unspecified tea even as Aaron Grant finds Cushman’s and her coffees finest when milk- and sugar-filled.

Retired Police Chief Ed Hodges gives Sherry none of his carrots, lettuce, radishes, raspberries or summer squashes and some of his sugar-free iced tea with lemon. Sherry never helps herself when private nursery school students have snack-time cookies and juice, perhaps from Cora having lime, orange and tomato juices in alcoholic drinks. Neither aunt nor niece ingests the unidentified breakfast cereal whose television commercials interest crossword-immersed individuals in the 256 newspapers that issue the syndicated Puzzle Lady column.

Cora judges Sherry’s bacon strips and blueberry pancakes breakfast with coffee, brunch with Bakerhaven alcohol in vodka with celery salt, iced tomato juice and Worcestershire sauce.

Supermarket shelves keep processed maple syrup even as Sherry somehow knows who keeps real maple syrup, perhaps from the maple tree across from the Potter residence.

Sherry likely locates balsamic vinegar before next lavishing Cora and herself with boneless chicken breasts with sliced mushrooms, long-grain rice with pine nuts and salad vinaigrette. She modified his mutinous mood so perhaps some morning Sherry may make Ed Hodges’ munchable daisy, geranium and marigold flowers and foliage into a mixed salad. Navigating nastiness, need, neglect, noxiousness perhaps necessitates a wheat (Triticum aestivum) field for scratch-cooking Sherry and a tobacco (Nicotiana rustica, N. tabacum) field for cigarette-smoking Cora.

Bakerhaven alcohol as Bloody Mary, gin mixed, gin straight up, vodka straight up versus brownies and cakes occupy Sherry versus Cora when overwhelmed by outrageous occurrences.

Sherry pairs less protruding perturbations with scratch-baked cakes and shortcakes, more persistent, more preponderant provocations with brownies scratch-baked from chocolate syrup, eggs, flour, milk and sugar.

Unspecified chewing gum perhaps queues among mood-quickening, mood-quietening quests by the restaurant cashier at Country Kitchen, whose bar, like one in Fort Lauderdale, quarters mood-questing barhoppers. Channel 8 reporter Rick Reed and, like driver Phil, like Sherry’s ex-husband Dennis Pride in Florida, cameraman Ernie respectively relish scotch and soda and draft beers. Perhaps Country Kitchen bartenders serve pizza slices or perhaps Channel 8 newsmen stop by the pizza parlor on a side street off downtown Bakerhaven’s Main Street.

Bakerhaven alcohol in beer cans transmits A Clue for the Puzzle Lady, Cora Felton, who tracks two killers through off- and on-site tipples and off-site trophies.

Non-Puzzle Lady Cora Felton considers Bloody Mary as a breakfast beverage; Bloody Mary with celery stalk and ice cubes in highball glass and pitcher; Tuesday, Oct. 12, 2010, 10:06: Evan Swigart from Chicago, USA, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

crossword puzzle answers by Stessily; sample American-style crossword grid created from OpenOffice.org Calc by MeekMark: MeekMark, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:American_crossword.png

Non-Puzzle Lady Cora Felton considers Bloody Mary as a breakfast beverage; Bloody Mary with celery stalk and ice cubes in highball glass and pitcher; Tuesday, Oct. 12, 2010, 10:06: Evan Swigart from Chicago, USA, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bloody_Mary_Coctail_with_celery_stalk_and_pitcher_-_Evan_Swigart.jpg; TheCulinaryGeek, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/preppybyday/5076313225/

For further information:

Hall, Parnell. 2019. Lights! Camera! Puzzles! New York NY; London UK: Pegasus Crime.

Hall, Parnell. 2018. The Purloined Puzzle. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2017. A Puzzle To Be Named Later. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2016. Presumed Puzzled. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2015. Puzzled Indemnity. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2014. NYPD Puzzle. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2013. Arsenic and Old Puzzles. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2012. $10,000 in Small, Unmarked Puzzles. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2011. The Kenken Killings. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2010. The Puzzle Lady vs. The Sudoku Lady. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2009. Dead Man's Puzzle. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book for Minotaur Books, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2008. The Sudoku Puzzle Murders. New York NY: Thomas Dunne Books St. Martin's Minotaur, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2006. You Have the Right to Remain Puzzled. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2005. Stalking the Puzzle Lady. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2004. And a Puzzle to Die On. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2003. With This Puzzle, I Thee Kill. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2002. A Puzzle in a Pear Tree. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2001. Puzzled to Death. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2000. Last Puzzle & Testament. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 1999. A Clue for the Puzzle Lady. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2020. "An Actual Bakerhaven Map Never Appears as A Clue for the Puzzle Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/an-actual-bakerhaven-map-never-appears.html

"Puzzle Lady." Parnell Hall.com > Books. Website by Kate Anchev/Outbox Online Design Studio.
Available @ http://parnellhall.com/puzzle-lady/