Cost Approach Approximates Plant Repair, Replacement or Restoration

Summary: An article in Arborist News August 2019 applies the cost approach to appraising repairing, replacing or restoring plant usefulness.

The cost approach gives dead trees a rating of zero percent for maximum landscape benefit and feature uselessness and maximum physical deterioration even though research by Merlin K.-F. Bader and Sebastian Leuzinger indicates continued interactions of stump roots with the soil food web; beech tree (Fagus spp.), Baker's Hill, Mickleton, Gloucestershire, South West England; Saturday, Feb. 2, 2008: Philip Halling, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

The article The Cost Approach: Methods, Techniques, and Depreciation by The Council of Tree & Landscape Appraisers in Arborist News August 2019 alludes to plant appraisal for repaired, replaced or restored usefulness.

The cost approach broaches direct costs as actual or estimated equipment, labor, material and supply costs and extrapolated costs as largest commonly available nursery-grown tree costs. Three cost approach methods consider repair costs for correcting damages and controlling coming losses; replacement costs for restoring benefits; and reproduction costs for choosing exact replicas. Damage and destruction appraisals, preconstruction bonding, some insurance claims and tree inventories demand the reproduction cost method duplicating landscape features more than functional replacement restoring benefits.

Direct cost (DCT) and extrapolated trunk formula (TFT) and cost compounding (CCT) techniques respectively express direct damage-related treatments and large-plant costs from proportionally expanded nursery-plant costs.

Common landscape applications feature extrapolated basic costs from figuring largest commonly available nursery plants even as seedling prices furnish forestry or woodland settings extrapolated basic costs.

Nursery plant costs give the figures that nursery price schedules generate for landscape professionals, with delivery, planting, site clean-up and staked-period maintenance grouped as additional costs. TFT extrapolations have large-plant costs directly proportional to nursery-plant unit cost per square inch (square centimeter) of trunk cross-sectional area, commonly at 4.5 feet (1.37 meters). They involve foot (meter) of clear-trunk or total palm height, square foot (square meter) of shrub canopy or cubic foot (cubic meter) of shrub crown volume.

The extrapolated cost approach judges same-species, same-size, same-cultivar appraised and nursery trees for reproduction costs and, sometimes functional replacement costs, different-sized, different-species appraised and nursery trees.

The CCT formula keys CC = PC x (1 + i)ⁿ as present cost; defensible, property-specific, reasonable interest rate; and years to benefit or size parity.

Depreciation, as suboptimum external, functional and physical factors expressed monetarily, looks at appraised versus ideal, new items, with the former of ill-featured, ill-placed, ill-sited, lesser quality. Form, health and structural integrity make up the depreciation factor of physical deterioration, with ideal living conditions at 100 percent and dead condition of 0 percent. Plant genetics, placement and superadequacy through excess density or size and site soil and water number among functional limitations beyond cure or necessitating costly, repeated treatments.

The cost approach observes external limitations, outside owner control and property, of climate-zone changes; easements, laws and ordinances; irrigation restrictions; serious area pests; and water-use limitations.

Owners of easements that prohibit area tree heights possess legal rights to pruning, removing or topping private-property trees and provoke depreciation ratings below limitation-free 100 percent.

Additional costs that quantify clean-up, installation and maintenance as far as practically and reasonably necessary into the future sometimes queue up beyond basic and depreciated costs. Recovery sometimes requires additional costs as pruning, root and soil treatments relating directly to damage, respecting best practices and industry standards, and resisting excessive, uncommon recourses. The effective date of the valuation structures estimated additional costs, just as it structures basic direct costs, basic extrapolated CCT and TFT costs and depreciated costs.

The cost approach tallies basic costs, with or without additional and depreciated costs, through direct or extrapolated cost techniques and repair, replacement or reproduction cost methods.

The cost approach opposes "excessive" and "uncommon" treatments even though such prescriptions would sustain, and thank, this street tree for reducing light and noise pollution; releasing exudates and oxygen; removing atmospheric carbon dioxide, heavy metals and pollutant particles; and rendering built environments beautiful, healthy and nature-, people- and place-friendly; Dr. Whitney Cranshaw (1986) inspects poor tree placement: William Jacobi, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

The cost approach gives dead trees a rating of zero percent for maximum landscape benefit and feature uselessness and maximum physical deterioration even though research by Merlin K.-F. Bader and Sebastian Leuzinger indicates continued interactions of stump roots with the soil food web; beech tree (Fagus spp.), Baker's Hill, Mickleton, Gloucestershire, South West England; Saturday, Feb. 2, 2008: Philip Halling, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tree_stump,_Brake's_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_681524.jpg;
Philip Halling, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Geograph Britain and Ireland @ https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/681524

The cost approach opposes "excessive" and "uncommon" treatments even though such prescriptions would sustain, and thank, this street tree for reducing light and noise pollution; releasing exudates and oxygen; removing atmospheric carbon dioxide, heavy metals and pollutant particles; and rendering built environments beautiful, healthy and nature-, people- and place-friendly; Dr. Whitney Cranshaw (1986) inspects poor tree placement: William Jacobi, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5356999

For further information:

Bader, M.K.-F.; and S. Leuzinger. 25 July 2019. "Hydraulic Coupling of a Leafless Kauri Tree Remnant to Conspecific Hosts." iScience. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2019.05.009.
Available @ https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(19)30146-4?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004219301464%3Fshowall%3Dtrue

Cell Press. 25 July 2019. "A Tree Stump That Should Be Dead Is Still Alive; Here's Why." Phys.Org > Earth > Environment.
Available @ https://phys.org/news/2019-07-tree-stump-dead-alive.html

The Council of Tree & Landscape Appraisers. August 2019. "The Cost Approach: Methods, Techniques, and Depreciation." Arborist News 28(4): 12-21.

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Klein, JoAnna. 25 July 2019. "Tree Stumps Are Dead, Right? This One Was Alive." The New York Times > Science > Trilobites.
Available @ https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/25/science/tree-stump-alive.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 July 2019. "Indirect Watering Devices Are There for Newly Transplanted Urban Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/indirect-watering-devices-are-there-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2019. "Plant Appraisal Data Collection Allies Off-Site and On-Site Research." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/plant-appraisal-data-collection-allies.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2019. "Wire Basket Removal or Wire Basket Retention: Girdling or Stable Roots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/wire-basket-removal-or-wire-basket.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2019. "Woody Plant Appraisal Data Collection for Shrubs, Trees and Vines." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2019. "Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/balancing-roadside-tree-benefits-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2019. “Plant Appraisal Estimate, Scope, Data, Analysis, Reconciliation, Report.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Scully, Ruby Prosser. 25 July 2019. "Tree Stumps That Should Be Dead Can Be Kept Alive by Nearby Trees." NewScientist > Environment.
Available @ https://www.newscientist.com/article/2211209-tree-stumps-that-should-be-dead-can-be-kept-alive-by-nearby-trees/

Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoos: Puerto Rico Five-One Water Quality Icons

Summary: Affinities for clean wooded watersheds argue for Puerto Rican lizard-cuckoos as Puerto Rico Five-One water quality icons August 2019.

In his 1850 description of the Puerto Rican lizard-cuckoo (Coccyzus vieilloti) as Saurothera vieilloti, French ornithologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte (May 24, 1803-July 29, 1857) referenced French bird painter Paul Louis Oudart's (Jan. 26, 1796-1860) illustration, under the synonym of "Le Taco, in La Galerie des Oiseaux (1834) by French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot (May 10, 1748-Aug. 24, 1830); Godefroy Engelmann, lithography; L.P. Vieillot, La Galerie des Oiseaux (1834), tome premier, deuxième partie, Pl. 38, opposite page 25: Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr

Fledgling and nest-assembling Puerto Rican lizard-cuckoos, arguable Puerto Rico Five-One water quality icons, abound away from adulterated watersheds throughout August 2019, national water quality month in the insular, lower, upper United States.

Christopher Columbus's (Oct. 31, 1451?-May 20, 1506) second voyage to the New World brought Borinquén ("Land of Brave People") under the Spanish Crown Nov. 19, 1493. The Treaty of Paris April 11, 1899, conveyed the Spanish Colony of Puerto Rico ("Rich Port") with the Spanish-American War's (April 21, 1898-Aug. 13, 1898) conclusion. The Jones-Shafroth Act March 2, 1917, and the Puerto Rico Constitution July 25, 1952, respectively declared Puerto Ricans United States citizens and Puerto Rico a Commonwealth.

Darren P. Soto, Democratic Representative for Florida's 9th district, entered the Puerto Rico Admission Act for Five-One statehood March 28, 2019, into the 116th Congressional agenda.

The proposed bill, if favored by the 116th Congress, features condition-free Puerto Rico Five-One statehood within 90 days of the signed approval of the 45th president.

August 2019, national and therefore Puerto Rico Five-One water quality month, gives the greatest chances for glimpsing Puerto Rican lizard-cuckoos, as interbreeding-season fledglings and interbreeding-season nest-builders. The Cuculidae (from Greek κόκκυξ, "cuckoo" and -ειδής, "-like") family and Passeriformes (from Latin passer, "sparrow" and -formis, "shaped") order mother-to-be has perhaps two seasonal broods. Puerto Rican lizard-cuckoos, identified by Charles Bonaparte (May 24, 1803-July 29, 1857), install leafy, twiggy platform-like nests at 2- to 20-foot (0.61- to 6.09-meter) above-ground heights.

The Puerto Rico Five-One water quality icons juggle two to three non-glossy, smooth, white eggs biannually at nesting sites in year-round territories within 3,822.41-square-mile (9,900-square-kilometer) homelands.

Three- to nine-year life cycles kindle eight-month breeding seasons from February through May and September through December; nine- to 14-day incubations; and 21- to 24-day nest-keeping.

Puerto Rican lizard-cuckoos look like black-skinned, pink-mouthed, white-haired hatchlings with black-tipped tongues and gray-yellow jaw-edged gape flanges; sighted two- to three-day-olds; and branch-climbing seven- to nine-day-olds. They mature from short-billed, cinnamon-breasted, brown-bodied juveniles with orange-red eye-rings into long-, narrow- and straight-billed, gray-white-breasted, brown-gray-bodied adults with red eye-rings and double-, white-spotted outer-tail feathers. Puerto Rican lizard-cuckoos, named Coccyzus vieilloti (from Greek κόκκυξ, "cuckoo," for Louis Vieillot, May 10, 1748-Aug. 24, 1830), net brown irises, blue-gray limbs and black-and-white tails.

Long-tailed, short-winged Puerto Rico Five-One water quality icons August 2019 observe black upper and yellow lower jaws, gray-white chins and throats and chestnut bellies and vents.

Puerto Rican lizard-cuckoos possess 2.63- to 3.89-ounce (74.5- to 110.5-gram), 15.75- to 18.89-inch (40- to 48-centimeter) beak-tail and 14.96- to 15.75-inch (38- to 40-centimeter) tail lengths.

Ground- through canopy-gleaning more than direct, flapping, gliding, non-circling, non-swooping, swift flights queues up beetle, caterpillar, cicada, earwig, grasshopper, lizard, moth, spider and stick insect prey. Puerto Rican lizard-cuckoos require brushy limestone hills; deciduous, dry-season, evergreen, swampy, tropical forests; and pine and shade-coffee plantations from coastal sea-level lowlands through 2,624.67-foot (800-meter) altitudes. They sound before rainstorms or 10 a.m. and after 4 p.m. harsh, raucous or low, soft caw calls; and long, rapid, ratcheted cao-cao-cuc-cruc and ka-ka-ka-ka songs.

National and state forests take in Puerto Rican lizard-cuckoos, pájaros de agua y de lluvia ("rain and water birds") and Puerto Rico Five-One water quality icons.

Endemic to Puerto Rico, the Puerto Rican lizard-cuckoo (Coccyzus vieilloti) is one of only four species of lizard-cuckoos occurring in Caribbean islands; Puerto Rican lizard-cuckoo in Guánica Dry Forest, southwest Puerto Rico: Nicole Gutierrez @Nicole_Gutierrz, via Twitter Feb. 22, 2019

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

In his 1850 description of the Puerto Rican lizard-cuckoo (Coccyzus vieilloti) as Saurothera vieilloti, French ornithologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte (May 24, 1803-July 29, 1857) referenced French bird painter Paul Louis Oudart's (Jan. 26, 1796-1860) illustration, under the synonym of "Le Taco, in La Galerie des Oiseaux (1834) by French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot (May 10, 1748-Aug. 24, 1830); Godefroy Engelmann, lithography; L.P. Vieillot, La Galerie des Oiseaux (1834), tome premier, deuxième partie, Pl. 38, opposite page 25: Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/biodivlibrary/51264298113/;
Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/58574379;
Iconographia Zoologica, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saurothera_vieilloti_-_1825-1834_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_UBA01_IZ18800187.tif

Endemic to Puerto Rico, the Puerto Rican lizard-cuckoo (Coccyzus vieilloti) is one of only four species of lizard-cuckoos occurring in Caribbean islands; Puerto Rican lizard-cuckoo in Guánica Dry Forest, southwest Puerto Rico: Nicole Gutierrez @Nicole_Gutierrz, via Twitter Feb. 22, 2019, @ https://twitter.com/Nicole_Gutierrz/status/1098926788829499392

For further information:

Baicich, Paul J.; and Colin J.O. Harrison. 2005. Nests, Eggs, and Nestlings of North American Birds. Princeton NJ; and Oxford, England, UK: Princeton University Press, Princeton Field Guides. Second edition.

BirdLife International 2016. "Coccyzus vieilloti." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22684417A93028616. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684417A93028616.en.
Available @ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22684417/93028616

Bonaparte, Carolo Luciano (Charles Lucien Jules Laurent). 1850. "3. S. vetula, Lafr. ex Vieill. nec Gm. (vieilloti, Bp) Gal. Ois. t. 38." Conspectus Generum Avium, tom. I: 97. Lugduni Batavorum [Leiden, Netherlands]: E.J. Brill.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43560150

Bouglouan, Nicole. "Puerto Rican Lizard Cuckoo Coccyzus vieilloti." Oiseaux-Birds > ID's Cards.
Available @ http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-puerto-rican-lizard-cuckoo.html

Kendrick, Sarah W. 2010. "Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo (Coccyzus vieilloti)." Version 1.0. In: Neotropical Birds Online (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Ithaca NY: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
Available @ https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/purlic1/overview

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 August 2019. "Puerto Rican Tanagers: Puerto Rico Five-One Water Quality Icons." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/puerto-rican-tanagers-puerto-rico-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2019. "Puerto Rican Vireos: Puerto Rico Five-One Water Quality Icons." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/puerto-rican-vireos-puerto-rico-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 August 2019. "Yellow-Shouldered Blackbirds: Puerto Rico Five-One Water Quality Icons." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/yellow-shouldered-blackbirds-puerto.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 July 2019. "Puerto Rican Orioles: Puerto Rico Constitution and Five-One Icons." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/puerto-rican-orioles-puerto-rico.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 July 2019. "Puerto Rican Flycatchers: Puerto Rico Constitution and Five-One Icons." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/puerto-rican-flycatchers-puerto-rico.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 June 2019. "Elfin-Woods Warblers: Caribbean American, Puerto Rico Five-One Icons." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/elfin-woods-warblers-caribbean-american.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2019. "Adelaide's Warblers: Caribbean American and Puerto Rico Five-One Icons." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/adelaides-warblers-caribbean-american.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 June 2019. "Puerto Rican Woodpeckers: Caribbean American, Puerto Rico Five-One Icons." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/puerto-rican-woodpeckers-caribbean.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 June 2019. "Puerto Rican Bullfinches: Caribbean American, Puerto Rico Five-One Icons." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/puerto-rican-bullfinches-caribbean.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 May 2019. "Puerto Rican Rain Gardens: American Wetlands and Puerto Rico Five-One." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/puerto-rican-rain-gardens-american.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 May 2019. "Stripe-Headed Tanagers: Fitness Month 2019, Puerto Rico Five-One Icons." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/stripe-headed-tanagers-fitness-month.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 May 2019. "Puerto Rican Parrots, Fitness Month 2019 and Puerto Rico Five-One Icons." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/puerto-rican-parrots-fitness-month-2019.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 April 2019. "Puerto Rican Todies, Earth Month 2019 and Puerto Rico Five-One Icons." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/puerto-rican-todies-earth-month-2019.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 April 2019. "Puerto Rican Nightjars: Earth Month 2019, Puerto Rico Five-One Icons." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/puerto-rican-nightjars-earth-month-2019.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2019. "Puerto Rican Screech-Owls Earth Month 2019, Puerto Rico Five-One Icons." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/puerto-rican-screech-owls-earth-month.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 April 2019. "Earth Month, Puerto Rican Green Mango Hummingbirds and Sea Hibiscus." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/earth-month-puerto-rican-green-mango.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 March 2019. "Puerto Rican Emerald Hummingbirds and Puerto Rican Statehood." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/puerto-rican-emerald-hummingbirds-and.html

Martínez, Juan Gabriel. "Cuculiformes: Cuckoos, Anis, and Roadrunners (Cuculidae)." In: Michael Hutchins, Jerome A. Jackson, Walter J. Bock and Donna Olendorf, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Second edition. Volume 9, Birds II: 311-315. Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group, 2002.

Mowbray, Alan. "Puerto Rican Lizard Cuckoo." United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service > Find a Forest or Grassland > Select a State > Puerto Rico > Select a Forest or Grassland > El Yunque National Forest > Learning Center > Nature & Science > Comprehensive Wildlife Lists > Comprehensive Wildlife Facts List by Type/Year in Alphabetical Order > Birds.
Available @ https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/elyunque/learning/nature-science/?cid=fsbdev3_043055

Nicole Gutierrez @Nicole_Gutierrz. 22 February 2019. "Pájaro Bobo Mayor Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo Coccyzus vieilloti During the Guanica Bird Banding Project #birds #research Photo by: Eliacim Agosto." Twitter.
Available @ https://twitter.com/Nicole_Gutierrz/status/1098926788829499392

Raffaele, Herbert A. 1989. A Guide to the Birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands: Revised Edition. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.

Vieillot, L.P. (Louis Pierre); et M. (Monsieur) P. (Paul) Oudart. 1834. "Le Tacco Vieillard, Saurothera vetula." La Galerie des Oiseaux, tome premier, deuxième partie: Pl 38. Paris, France: Carpentier-Méricourt.
Available @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33052154

Vieillot, L.P. (Louis Pierre); et M. (Monsieur) P. (Paul) Oudart. 1834. "Le Tacco Vieillard, Saurothera vetula, Pl. XXXVIII." La Galerie des Oiseaux, tome premier, première partie: 25-27. Paris, France: Carpentier-Méricourt.
Available @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33051708

Vuilleumier, François, editor-in-chief; and Paul Sweet, consultant. 2016. American Museum of Natural History Birds of North America. Revised edition. New York NY: DK Publishing.

Warli Wall Paintings: 200th Anniversary of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings

Summary: Warli wall paintings advise their audiences and those in the 200th anniversary year of European-accessed Ajanta cave wall paintings of area animals.

Warli wall painting at Sanskriti Kendra Museum, Anandagram, New Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi, North India; March 2007: Abhishekjoshi, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Warli wall paintings in the 200th anniversary year of European-accessed Ajanta cave wall paintings attest to a similar appreciation of animals, community and plants in the northern Sahyadri Hills, Maharashtra state, India.

Warli wall paintings belong to wooden architectural traditions behind the Warli people building inside walls of mud, thatched huts from earth, red bricks and tree branches. Ajanta cave wall paintings by anonymous artists, perhaps from northern India's Deccan Plateau between the Godavari and Kistna Rivers, correlate wooden architectural traditions with rock constructions. Their painted, plastered, sculpted surfaces divulge a stonecutter's experience and expertise as a woodworker of beamed ceilings, latticed windows, planked floors, privacy doors and wood-framed niches.

Ajanta cave wall paintings and Warli wall paintings express architectural and artistic traditions elaborated by ancient artisans and artists on extant cave, rock and stone paintings.

Ajanta cave wall paintings feature blue from imported lapis lazuli, green from ironized soils, lamp-black from sooty residues and red and yellow ocher from pigmented soils.

The 1,300- to 2,300-year-old Ajanta cave wall paintings get white from lime whereas two-color Warli wall paintings garner a diluted rice paste with a gum binder. Warli wall paintings have a canvas-like surface of red ocher from wall-building materials and white pigment from bamboo sticks with one end chewed for paintbrush-like strokes. The village context in the northern and western extensions of the Sahyadri Hills in Maharashtra state informs the implements, models and themes of Warli wall paintings.

Sudden termination of work in the first- and second-phase excavations and time jeopardize any such transparency for Ajanta cave wall paintings in their 200th anniversary year.

William Dalrymple, in The Ajanta Cave Murals for The Guardian Aug. 15, 2014, keys in as Ajanta models "the same people who inhabit western India today."

Warli wall paintings perhaps look for models in 2,500- to 30,000-year-old geometric figures in Bhimbetka (from Sanskrit भीमबेटका, "sitting place of [tall hero-god] Bhima") rock shelters. They manifest circles for moons and suns; squares for land parcels, as their name's meaning, and sacred enclosures; and triangles for animals, mountains, peoples and trees. Wasp-waisted female and male figures respectively net hair buns atop their necks and smaller inverted upper-body than upright lower-body triangles versus bigger upper-body than lower-body triangles.

Ajanta cave wall paintings in their 200th anniversary year offer as overriding themes Siddhartha Gautama (624?-544 B.C.?), whose 200th enlightenment-seeking reincarnation occasioned enlightened teaching as Buddha.

Warli wall paintings pursue as traditional themes bodhi trees (Ficus religiosa); the mother goddess Palaghata; and villagers performing circle dances around male players of trumpet-like tarpas.

Warli wall paintings quarter a central devchowk (from Marathi देव, "divine" and चौक, "square") or lagnachowk (wedding square, from Marathi लग्न, "coming together" and चौक, "square"). They reveal dancing after rice harvests to tarpa music's two notes, for clockwise  or counterclockwise revolutions; farming; fishing; hunting; and playing belled staffs and zither-like ganghli. Female artists and, since the 1970s, male painters suggest in respectively traditional and modern cultural shares initiation of children as community-based, forest-loving tribals; marriage; and death.

Warli wall paintings tender some animals and plants that thrived around and in the Ajanta cave wall paintings before their 200th anniversary year of European access.

Warli wall painting at Mahatma Gandhi's Sabarmati Ashram, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, northwestern India; Saturday, Jan. 28, 2006, 12:58: Nichalp, CC BY SA 2.5 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Warli wall painting at Sanskriti Kendra Museum, Anandagram, New Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi, North India; March 2007: Abhishekjoshi, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Painted_prayers,_Warli_paintings,_at_Sanskriti_Kendra,_Anandagram,_New_Delhi.jpg

Warli wall painting at Mahatma Gandhi's Sabarmati Ashram, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, northwestern India; Saturday, Jan. 28, 2006, 12:58: Nichalp, CC BY SA 2.5 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Warli-art-2.jpg

For further information:

"Ajanta Caves." UNESCO > Culture > World Heritage Centre > The List > World Heritage List.
Available @ http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/242

"Ajanta Caves Vulnerable to Landslides, Says Study." NDTV > India > News > August 6, 2014 15:50 IST.
Available @ https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ajanta-caves-vulnerable-to-landslides-says-study-616005

Bankar, M.V.; and N.P. Bhosle. November-December 2017. "Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Ajanta Region (MS) India." IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences Volume 12, Issue 6 Ver. II: 59-64.
Available @ http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jpbs/papers/Vol12-issue6/Version-2/I1206025964.pdf

Barrett, Douglas E.; and Basil Gray. 1963. Painting of India. Geneva, Switzerland: Skira, Treasures of Asia. Distributed in the United States by World Publishing Co., Cleveland OH.

Behl, Benoy K. 2005. The Ajanta Caves: Ancient Paintings of Buddhist India. London UK: Thames & Hudson.

Boyd, Ryan. 14 December 2018. "Sacred Sites: Ajanta Caves." Evolve + Ascend > Ancient Wisdom > Culture > Occult > Sacred Sites.
Available @ http://www.evolveandascend.com/2018/12/14/sacred-sites-ajanta-caves/

Boyle, Alan. 25 November 2013. "Religious Roots of Buddha's Birthplace Traced Back 2,600 Years." NBC News > Science News.
Available @ https://www.nbcnews.com/sciencemain/religious-roots-buddhas-birthplace-traced-back-2-600-years-2D11648772

Burgess, J. (James). 1879. "Notes on the Bauddha Rock-Temples of Ajanta, Their Paintings and Sculptures, and on the Paintings of the Bagh Caves, Modern Bauddha Mythology, &c." Archaeological Society of Western India, no. 9. Bombay, India: Government Central Press.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/archaeologicals01indigoog/

Dalrymple, William. 15 August 2014. "The Ajanta Cave Murals: 'Nothing Less Than the Birth of Indian Art.'" The Guardian > Culture > Art & Design.
Available @ https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/aug/15/mural-ajanta-caves-india-birth-indian-art

Fergusson, James. 1845. Illustrations of the Rock-Cut Temples of India: Text to Accompany the Folio Volume of Plates. London, England.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008483717/

Fergusson, James. 1845. Illustrations of the Rock-Cut Temples of India: Selected From the Best Examples of the Different Series of Caves at Ellora, Ajunta, Cuttack, Salsette, Karli, and Mahavellipore. Drawn on Stone by Mr. T.C. Dibdin, From Sketches Carefully Made on the Spot, With the Assistance of the Camera-Lucida, in the Years 1838-9. London, England: John Weale, M.DCCC.XLV.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008543106/

Fergusson, James; and James Burgess. 1880. The Cave Temples of India. London, England: W.H. Allen & Co.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft/

Fergusson, James; and Robert Gill. 1864. The Rock-Cut Temples of India; Illustrated by Seventy-Four Photographs Taken on the Spot by Major Gill. Described by James Fergusson. London, England: John Murray.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100206115
Available via Wikisource @ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rock-cut_Temples_of_India

Gill, Robert; and James Fergusson. 1864. One Hundred Stereoscopic Illustrations of Architecture and Natural History in Western India. Photographed by Major Gill and described by James Fergusson. London, England: Cundall, Downes & Co.

Gupte, R.S.; and B.D. Mahajan. 1962. Ajanta, Ellora and Aurangabad Caves. Bombay, India: D.B. Taraporevala Sons and Co.

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 August 2019. "Ajanta Cave 6: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/ajanta-cave-6-200th-anniversary-year-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 August 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 18." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_2.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 July 2019. "Ajanta Cave 25: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/ajanta-cave-25-200th-anniversary-year.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 July 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh Achieved at An Quang the Aims of Ajanta Jataka Tales." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/thich-nhat-hanh-achieved-at-quang-aims.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 July 2019. "Engaged Buddhism of Thich Nhat Hanh Allies With Ajanta Jataka Tales." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/engaged-buddhism-of-thich-nhat-hanh.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 July 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh and Indra's Net at Parallax Press and Ajanta Cave 17.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/thich-nhat-hanh-and-indras-net-at.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 June 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, La Boi and Ajanta Cave 16 Ace Outstanding Inner Peace.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/thich-nhat-hanh-la-boi-and-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 June 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh and Indra's Net at Van Hanh and Ajanta Cave 1.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/thich-nhat-hanh-and-indras-net-at-van.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2019. “Indra's Net Affects Thich Nhat Hanh, Phap Van and Ajanta Cave 2.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/indras-net-affects-thich-nhat-hanh-phap.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 June 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Indra's Net at Phuong Boi and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/thich-nhat-hanh-indras-net-at-phuong.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Indra's Net at Bat Nha and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-indras-net-at-bat-nha.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Stream Entering Monastery and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-stream-entering.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Thai Plum Village and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-thai-plum-village-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, AIAB Hong Kong and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-aiab-hong-kong-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, EIAB Germany and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-eiab-germany-and-ajanta.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Deer Park Monastery and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-deer-park-monastery-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Blue Cliff Monastery and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-blue-cliff-monastery.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Plum Village Tradition and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-plum-village-tradition.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Tu Hieu Temple Walks and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-tu-hieu-temple-walks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Walking Meditations and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/thich-nhat-hanh-walking-meditations-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 13.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 15 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 12.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
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