Ajanta Cave 25: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings

Summary: The Ajanta cave 25 hall appears atypically pillar- and shrine-less in the 200th anniversary year of Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures.

upper level Cave 25 (center right), with stairway and one of verandah's two pillars visible, neighbors, to the east, large-arched and profusely ornamented Ajanta Cave 26 (center) and, to the west, Cave 24 (right), with five pillars visible; Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra, central-west India; Wikimedia Commons page created Monday, Sep. 5, 2016, by Anupamg via UploadWizard: Anupamg, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Absent hall pillars and shrines accord the less ancient Ajanta cave 25 a more ancient aspect in the 200th anniversary year of European-accessed Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures in central-west India.

Ajanta cave 25 bears no stone-sculpted shrine in its astylar (from Greek ἀ-, "not" and στῦλος, "pillar") hall despite its being from the second building phase. The 1,300- to 1,600-year-old Ajanta (from Sanskrit अजित, "invincible") caverns that convoke Maitreya Buddha (from Sanskrit मैत्रेय, "benevolent" and बुद्ध, "awakened") characteristically contain carved, commemorative shrines. First-phase 2,000- to 2,300-year-old and second-phase Ajanta chaitya (memorial monument, from Sanskrit चैत्य) prayer halls each display a devotional, stone-sculpted stupa (from Sanskrit स्तूप, "[memorial] dome").

First-phase monastery caves, excavated between the third and first centuries B.C.E., exhibit no sanctum sanctorum (from Latin sanctum sanctōrum, from Hebrew קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים, "holy of holies").

Ajanta caves 8, 12, 13 and 15A/30 function as first-phase, fundamental monasteries whose floor plans feature a central hall flanked by dormitory cells with stone-carved beds.

Pradakshina (from Sanskrit प्रदक्षिणा, "to the right turning") aisles guided prayer-hall guests to the devotional, instructional, meditational Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures and rear-wall stupa. The second excavation phase between the fifth and sixth, seventh or eighth centuries B.C.E. heralded monastery caves that harbored more than homely bedrooms to humble halls. Many of the second-phase monastery caves, like second-phase chaitya caves 19 and 26, included devotional, instructional, meditational Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures and rear-wall shrines.

The 200th anniversary year of European-accessed Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures judges Ajanta cave 25 less ancient-looking in juggling its enclosed courtyard and pillared veranda.

Only Ajanta cave 25 of the five monastery caverns between Ajanta chaitya caves 19 and 26 keeps to a higher excavation level and knows no shrine.

Ajanta cave 25 likewise lacks the intimate line-up of Ajanta caves 20 through 24 with the 1,968.5-foot- (600-meter-) long loop of the horseshoe-shaped, 30-cavern Ajanta Caves. Perhaps itinerant artisans and monks moved Ajanta cave 25 backward, southward and upward along the 64-foot- (19.51-meter-) high volcanic basalt rock cliffs because of geological faults. They noted geological flaws as they nudged their excavation tools through landslide-prone, near-perpendicular cliffs into which unfinished Ajanta second-phase monastery caves 4 and 5 still nestle.

Unaligned Ajanta caves 4, 5, 14, 15A/30, 25 and 29 perhaps offer the 200th anniversary year of European-accessed Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures geological faults.

Perhaps geological flaws put Ajanta cave 25, with 37.3- by 40.16-foot (11.37- by 12.24-meter) dimensions last in position and size to its five westerly monastery neighbors.

Itinerant artisans and monks queued two dormitory cells along the easterly, left end of the pillared veranda and the west wall of neighboring chaitya cave 26. Nothing reveals why the second-smallest, with 41.73- by 37.99-foot (12.72- by 11.58-meter) dimensions, of six monasteries between chaitya caves 19 and 26, received a sanctum sanctorum. Ajanta cave 27 serving as two-story adjunct monastery to chaitya prayer hall 26 and sheltering a sanctum sanctorum perhaps suggests why Ajanta cave 25 stayed shrineless.

Ajanta cave 25 perhaps transmits to the 200th anniversary year of European-accessed Ajanta cave wall paintings and sculptures ancient takes on economical accommodations for resource-tight travelers.

ground plan for Ajanta Cave 25 (lower); ca. 1850 pen-and-ink and wash drawing of ground plans of Ajanta caves 8 and 25 by Major Robert Gill (Sept. 26, 1804-April 10, 1879), from album of 26 ground plans and 16 folios of drawings of sculpture and architectural details in the Ajanta Caves, held at The British Library, St. Pancras, Central and North West London; Wikimedia Commons page created Sunday, Oct. 29, 2017, by Ms Sarah Welch via UploadWizard: Ms Sarah Welch, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

upper level Cave 25 (center right), with stairway and one of verandah's two pillars visible, neighbors, to the east, large-arched and profusely ornamented Ajanta Cave 26 (center) and, to the west, Cave 24 (right), with five pillars visible; Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra, central-west India; Wikimedia Commons page created Monday, Sep. 5, 2016, by Anupamg via UploadWizard: Anupamg, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ajanta_Caves_82.jpg

ground plan for Ajanta Cave 25 (lower); ca. 1850 pen-and-ink and wash drawing of ground plans of Ajanta caves 8 and 25 by Major Robert Gill (Sept. 26, 1804-April 10, 1879), from album of 26 ground plans and 16 folios of drawings of sculpture and architectural details in the Ajanta Caves, held at The British Library, St. Pancras, Central and North West London; Wikimedia Commons page created Sunday, Oct. 29, 2017, by Ms Sarah Welch via UploadWizard: Ms Sarah Welch, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ground_Plan_of_Cave_8_and_Cave_25,_Ajanta,_1850_sketch_08.jpg

For further information:

"Ajanta Cave 25." IndiaNetZone > Art & Culture > Indian Monuments > World Heritage Monuments in India > World Heritage Monuments in West India > Ajanta Caves.
Available @ https://www.indianetzone.com/61/ajanta_cave_25.htm

"Ajanta Caves Vulnerable to Landslides, Says Study." NDTV > India > News > August 6, 2014 15:50 IST.
Available @ https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ajanta-caves-vulnerable-to-landslides-says-study-616005

Bankar, M.V.; and N.P. Bhosle. November-December 2017. "Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Ajanta Region (MS) India." IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences Volume 12, Issue 6 Ver. II: 59-64.
Available @ http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jpbs/papers/Vol12-issue6/Version-2/I1206025964.pdf

Barrett, Douglas E.; and Basil Gray. 1963. Painting of India. Geneva, Switzerland: Skira, Treasures of Asia. Distributed in the United States by World Publishing Co., Cleveland OH.

Behl, Benoy K. 2005. The Ajanta Caves: Ancient Paintings of Buddhist India. London UK: Thames & Hudson.

Boyd, Ryan. 14 December 2018. "Sacred Sites: Ajanta Caves." Evolve + Ascend > Ancient Wisdom > Culture > Occult > Sacred Sites.
Available @ http://www.evolveandascend.com/2018/12/14/sacred-sites-ajanta-caves/

Boyle, Alan. 25 November 2013. "Religious Roots of Buddha's Birthplace Traced Back 2,600 Years." NBC News > Science News.
Available @ https://www.nbcnews.com/sciencemain/religious-roots-buddhas-birthplace-traced-back-2-600-years-2D11648772

Burgess, J. (James). 1879. "Notes on the Bauddha Rock-Temples of Ajanta, Their Paintings and Sculptures, and on the Paintings of the Bagh Caves, Modern Bauddha Mythology, &c." Archaeological Society of Western India, no. 9. Bombay, India: Government Central Press.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/archaeologicals01indigoog/

Dalrymple, William. 15 August 2014. "The Ajanta Cave Murals: 'Nothing Less Than the Birth of Indian Art.'" The Guardian > Culture > Art & Design.
Available @ https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/aug/15/mural-ajanta-caves-india-birth-indian-art

Fergusson, James. 1845. Illustrations of the Rock-Cut Temples of India: Text to Accompany the Folio Volume of Plates. London, England.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008483717/

Fergusson, James. 1845. Illustrations of the Rock-Cut Temples of India: Selected From the Best Examples of the Different Series of Caves at Ellora, Ajunta, Cuttack, Salsette, Karli, and Mahavellipore. Drawn on Stone by Mr. T.C. Dibdin, From Sketches Carefully Made on the Spot, With the Assistance of the Camera-Lucida, in the Years 1838-9. London, England: John Weale, M.DCCC.XLV.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008543106/

Fergusson, James; and James Burgess. 1880. The Cave Temples of India. London, England: W.H. Allen & Co.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft/

Fergusson, James; and Robert Gill. 1864. The Rock-Cut Temples of India; Illustrated by Seventy-Four Photographs Taken on the Spot by Major Gill. Described by James Fergusson. London, England: John Murray.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100206115
Available via Wikisource @ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rock-cut_Temples_of_India

Gill, Robert. 1850. "Ground Plans of Cave 8 and Cave 25, Ajanta." British Library > Online Gallery > Online Exhibitions > Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections.
Available @ http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000001092u00009000.html

Gill, Robert; and James Fergusson. 1864. One Hundred Stereoscopic Illustrations of Architecture and Natural History in Western India. Photographed by Major Gill and described by James Fergusson. London, England: Cundall, Downes & Co.

Gupte, R.S.; and B.D. Mahajan. 1962. Ajanta, Ellora and Aurangabad Caves. Bombay, India: D.B. Taraporevala Sons and Co.

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 July 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh Achieved at An Quang the Aims of Ajanta Jataka Tales." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/thich-nhat-hanh-achieved-at-quang-aims.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 July 2019. "Engaged Buddhism of Thich Nhat Hanh Allies With Ajanta Jataka Tales." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/engaged-buddhism-of-thich-nhat-hanh.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 July 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh and Indra's Net at Parallax Press and Ajanta Cave 17.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/thich-nhat-hanh-and-indras-net-at.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 June 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, La Boi and Ajanta Cave 16 Ace Outstanding Inner Peace.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/thich-nhat-hanh-la-boi-and-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 June 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh and Indra's Net at Van Hanh and Ajanta Cave 1.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/thich-nhat-hanh-and-indras-net-at-van.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2019. “Indra's Net Affects Thich Nhat Hanh, Phap Van and Ajanta Cave 2.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/indras-net-affects-thich-nhat-hanh-phap.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 June 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Indra's Net at Phuong Boi and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/thich-nhat-hanh-indras-net-at-phuong.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Indra's Net at Bat Nha and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-indras-net-at-bat-nha.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Stream Entering Monastery and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-stream-entering.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Thai Plum Village and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-thai-plum-village-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, AIAB Hong Kong and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-aiab-hong-kong-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, EIAB Germany and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-eiab-germany-and-ajanta.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Deer Park Monastery and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-deer-park-monastery-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Blue Cliff Monastery and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-blue-cliff-monastery.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Plum Village Tradition and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-plum-village-tradition.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Tu Hieu Temple Walks and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-tu-hieu-temple-walks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Walking Meditations and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/thich-nhat-hanh-walking-meditations-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 13.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_22.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 12.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 8.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_8.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 15A/30.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_1.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Pithora Wall Art.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 29.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_15.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 February 2019. “Ajanta Cave 26 in 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/ajanta-cave-26-in-200th-anniversary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2019. “Ajanta Cave 19 in 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/ajanta-cave-19-in-200th-anniversary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 January 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings in Ajanta Cave 9.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2019. “Ancient Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings and Inscriptions in Ajanta Cave 10.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/ancient-ajanta-cave-wall-paintings-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2019. “Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings Ailing at World Heritage Centre Site.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/ajanta-cave-wall-paintings-ailing-at.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2019. “Accurate, Ancient, Artistic Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings to Buddha.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/accurate-ancient-artistic-ajanta-cave.html

Pisani, Ludovico. 6 August 2013. "The Ajanta Cave Paintings." The Global Dispatches > Articles and Culture.
Available @ http://www.theglobaldispatches.com/articles/the-ajanta-cave-paintings

Singh, Rajesh. 2012. An Introduction to the Ajanta Caves: With Examples of Six Caves. Vadodara, India: Hari Sena Press Private Limited.

Singh, Rajesh Kumar. 2017. Ajanta Cave No. 1: Documented According to the Ajanta Corpus of Dieter Schlingloff (Photographic Compendium, Ajanta Narrative Painting). Vadodara, India: Hari Sena Press Private Limited.

Somathilake, Mahinda. June 2013. "Painted Jataka Stories of Ancient Sri Lanka." International Journal of Arts and Commerce 2(6): 139-150.
Available @ https://ijac.org.uk/images/frontImages/gallery/Vol._2_No._6/14.pdf

Spink, Walter M. 2018. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 1: The End of the Golden Age. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/1. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2018. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 2: Arguments about Ajanta. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/2. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2005. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 3: The Arrival of the Uninvited. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/3. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2008. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 4: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture - Year by Year. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/4. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2006. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 5: Cave by Cave. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/5. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter. 2017. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 7: Bagh, Dandin, Cells and Cell Doorways. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/7. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M; and Naomichi Yaguchi. 2014. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 6: Defining Features. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/6. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Uno, Tomoko; and Yoshiko Shimazdu. "Thermal Environment in Ajanta Caves." Archi-Cultural Translations through the Silk Road: 2nd International Conference, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan, July 14-16, 2012, Proceedings.
Available @ http://www.mukogawa-u.ac.jp/~iasu2012/pdf/iaSU2012_Proceedings_401.pdf

"World Heritage Sites - About Ajanta Caves 01 to 29." Archeological Survey of India > Monuments > World Heritage Site > Ajanta > About Caves.
Available @ https://web.archive.org/web/20120501151253/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ajanta_caves.asp

Far Side Lunar Crater System Stebbins Honors American Astronomer Joel Stebbins

Summary: Far side lunar crater system Stebbins honors American astronomer Joel Stebbins, a pioneer in measuring the color and intensity of stellar light via photoelectric photometry.

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 8 shows the lunar far side’s Stebbins Crater (lower left) with attached satellite U (lower left) and independent satellite C (center right); scale 1:1,000,000 Polar Stereographic Projection: Courtesy NASA/GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center)/ASU (Arizona State University), via IAU/USGS Astrogeology Science Center Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Far side lunar crater system Stebbins honors American astronomer Joel Stebbins, who pioneered the precise measurement of the colors and magnitudes of astronomical objects via photoelectric photometry.

Stebbins Crater lies in the uppermost reaches of the northern hemisphere's middle latitudes on the moon's far side. The eroded, worn lunar impact crater is centered at 64.36 degrees north latitude, minus 142.64 degrees west longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes occur at 66.5 degrees north and 62.22 degrees north, respectively. The impact-riddled crater obtains easternmost and westernmost longitudes of minus 137.69 degrees east and minus 147.59 degrees east, respectively. Moore’s diameter spans 129.74 kilometers.

Stebbins Crater occupies the north-northeastern rim of Birkhoff Crater. About one-third of Stebbins Crater spills into Birkhoff's interior.

Heavily eroded Birkhoff Crater is centered at 58.45 degrees north latitude, minus 145.65 degrees east longitude. The northern hemisphere crater finds its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 64.09 degrees north and 53.21 degrees north, respectively. Birkhoff establishes its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 135.98 degrees east and minus 156.96 degrees east, respectively. Birkhoff's diameter measures 329.81 kilometers.

Birkhoff Crater parents eight satellites (K, L, M, Q, R, X, Y, Z). Stebbins Crater shares Birkhoff's walled plain with all eight of Birkhoff's satellites.

Stebbins Crater hosts two satellites (C, U). Satellite C occupies an independent position to the northwest of Birkhoff Crater. Satellite U is located with its parent on Birkhoff Crater's north-northeastern rim.

Satellite C overlies the northwestern section of its southeastern neighbor, an unnamed, seemingly circular crater. The Stebbins Crater system's northernmost member also brushes against its northeastern neighbor, an elongated, unnamed crater that supports Mezentsev Crater system's satellite Q on its northeastern rim.

C is centered at 67.36 degrees north latitude, minus 134.01 degrees east longitude. C establishes its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 68.11 degrees north and 66.61 degrees north, respectively. It marks its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 132.29 degrees east and minus 135.76 degrees east, respectively. Satellite C's diameter of 46.92 kilometers qualifies it as the larger of the Stebbins Crater system's two satellites.

Satellite U spills across its parent's north-northeastern rim. U is centered at 64.91 degrees north latitude, minus 148.11 degrees east longitude. U confines its northernmost and southernmost latitudes to 65.65 degrees north and 64.18 degrees north, respectively. U posts easternmost and westernmost longitudes of minus 146.39 degrees east and minus 149.84 degrees east, respectively. Satellite U has a diameter of 44.35 kilometers.

Satellite U's placement qualifies it as the Stebbins Crater system's only fully middle latitude resident. U's northernmost extent of 65.65 degrees north misses the southernmost extent (66 degrees north latitude) of the northern hemisphere's polar latitudes by 0.35 degrees.

Satellite C's location qualifies it as the Stebbins Crater system's only full polar latitude resident. Its southernmost latitude of 66.61 degrees north shies 0.39 degrees north of the northern polar region's southernmost extent.

Parent crater Stebbins lightly intrudes, by 0.5 degrees, into the polar region with its northernmost latitude of 66.5 degrees north. Stebbins primarily claims middle latitude residency.

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) approved Stebbins as the primary crater's name in 1970, during the organization’s XIVth (14th) General Assembly, held in Brighton, United Kingdom, from Tuesday, Aug. 18, to Thursday, Aug. 27, 1970. Satellites C and U received approval of their designations in 2006, the year of the IAU’s XXVIth (26th) General Assembly, which was held Monday, Aug. 14, to Friday, Aug. 25, in Prague, Czech Republic.

The Stebbins Crater system honors Omaha, Nebraska-born American astronomer Joel Stebbins (July 30,1878-March 16,1966). In his 1978 biography of Stebbins for the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), American astronomer and physicist Albert Edward Whitford (Oct. 22, 1905-March 28, 2002) observed that Stebbins' Ph.D. dissertation on the spectrum of Omicron Ceti (ο Ceti; Omicron Cet, ο Cet), known popularly as Mira, claimed stature as the principal information source on long-term variable spectra for "almost twenty years" (page 296). Whitford noted that Stebbins' receipt of his Ph.D. in May 1903 marked the third Astronomy doctoral degree granted by the University of California.

Stebbins published his last paper in 1964 in the Astrophysical Journal, the science journal of astrophysics and astronomy that had published Stebbins' dissertation in December 1903. Co-authored with American astronomer Gerald Edward Kron (April 6, 1913-April 9, 2012), the paper considered the six-color photometry of 25 stars.

The takeaways for the far side lunar crater system Stebbins honoring American astronomer Joel Stebbins are that Stebbins Crater parents two satellites (C, U) in the far side's northern hemisphere and that the system honors American astronomer Joel Stebbins, who pioneered astronomical photoelectric photometry as a precise technique for measuring the colors and magnitudes of astronomical objects.

oblique view of the lunar far side's Stebbins Crater and attached satellite U (upper right), obtained 1967 by Lunar Orbiter 5: James Stuby (Jstuby), Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 8 shows the lunar far side’s Stebbins Crater (lower left) with attached satellite U (lower left) and independent satellite C (center right); scale 1:1,000,000 Polar Stereographic Projection: Courtesy NASA/GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center)/ASU (Arizona State University), via IAU/USGS Astrogeology Science Center Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/Lunar/lac_8_wac.pdf

oblique view of the lunar far side's Stebbins Crater and attached satellite U (upper right), obtained 1967 by Lunar Orbiter 5: James Stuby (Jstuby), Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stebbins_crater_5006_med.jpg

For further information:

Abbott, David. The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists: Astronomers. New York NY: Peter Bedrick Books, 1984.

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

De Jager, C. (Cornelius) ; and A. (Arnost) Jappel, eds. XIVth General Assembly -- Transactions of the IAU Vol. XIV B Proceedings of the 14th General Assembly Brighton, United Kingdom, August 18-27, 1970. Washington DC: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Jan. 1, 1971.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Genet, Russell M. "Joel Stebbins: Pioneer of Astronomical Photoelectric Photometry." International Amateur-Professional Photoelectric Photometry, Communication, No. 6 (November 1981): 1-3.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1981IAPPP...6....1G

International Astronomical Union. “Birkhoff.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/753

International Astronomical Union. “Stebbins.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5686

International Astronomical Union. “Stebbins C.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13214

International Astronomical Union. “Stebbins U.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13215

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. "American Astronomer Joel Stebbins Pioneered Photoelectric Photometry." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 30, 2014..
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/07/american-astronomer-joel-stebbins.html

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Stebbins, Joel. "The Spectrum of o Ceti." The Astrophysical Journal, vol. XVIII, no. 5 (December 1903): 341-380.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044059981506?urlappend=%3Bseq=395

Stebbins, Joel; and Gerald E. Kron. "Six-Color Photometry of Stars. XI. Black-Body Color Temperatures of 25 Stars." The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 139, no. 2 (March 1964): 424-434.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1964ApJ...139..424S

U.S. Geological Survey. Color-Coded Topography and Shaded Relief Map of the Lunar Near Side and Far Side Hemispheres. U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series I-2769. Page last modified Nov. 30, 2016. Flagstaff AZ: U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Science Center, 2003.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2769/

van der Hucht, Karel A., ed. IAU Transactions: XXVI B Proceedings of the XXVIth General Assembly Prague, Czech Republic, August 14-25, 2006. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Dec. 30, 2008.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Whitford, A.E. (Albert Edward). Joel Stebbins 1878-1966: A Biographical Memoir. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1978.
Available @ http://nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/stebbins-joel.pdf

Enric Granados, Born July 27, 1867, Composed Goyescas as His Fourth Opera

Summary: Catalan composer and pianist Enric Granados, born July 27, 1867, composed Goyescas as his fourth opera and attended its world premiere at Met Opera.

Concert d’Enric Granados al Liceu, ca. 1911-1912 oil on canvas portrait by Catalan modernist painter Lluïsa Vidal i Puig (April 2, 1876-Oct. 22, 1918): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Catalan composer and pianist Enric Granados, born July 27, 1867, composed Goyescas as the fourth of his four operas and attended its world premiere Jan. 28, 1916, at the Metropolitan Opera.

American composer, conductor and pianist Ernest Henry Schelling (July 26, 1876-Dec. 8, 1939) encouraged Granados to revisit his popular piano suite, Goyescas, Op. 11, as an opera. Subtitled Los majos enamorados (The Gallants in Love), the piano suite took inspiration from paintings by Spanish Romantic painter Francisco Goya (March 30, 1746-April 16, 1828). Granados premiered the suite’s Book I March 11, 1911, at the Palau de la Música Catalana (Palace of Catalan Music) in Barcelona. He premiered the suite’s Book II April 2, 1914, at Salle Pleyel in Paris, France.

Granados scored his one-act, three-tableaux opera to six of Goya’s paintings. Valencia-born lyricist and writer Fernando Periquet y Zuaznabar (1873-1940) is credited with the Spanish libretto.

The Metropolitan Opera double-featured its world premiere of Goyescas with a performance of Pagliacci by Neapolitan composer Ruggero Leoncavallo (April 23, 1857-Aug. 9, 1919). Italian opera maestro Gaetano Bavagnoli (1879-1933) conducted Goyescas and Pagliacci.

Goyescas was directed by Jules Speck, the Metropolitan Opera’s stage manager for French and Italian operas from 1908 to 1917. The production’s sets were designed by Italian painter and scenic designer Odoardo Antònio Rovescalli (Dec. 21, 1864-Dec. 21, 1936).

The world premiere marked the Metropolitan Opera debut of the production’s costume designer, G.B. Santoni. The Metropolitan Opera online archives notes: “The costumes were inspired by the paintings of Goya.”

American soprano Anna Fitziu (April 1, 1887-April 20, 1967) made her Metropolitan Opera debut in the principal role of Rosario, a high-born lady. Italian operatic tenor Giovanni Martinelli (Oct. 22, 1885-Feb. 2, 1969) sang Fernando, a captain in the Royal Guard (el capità de la Guàrdia Reial), who is Rosario’s lover.

The Metropolitan Opera online archives notes: “Goyescas was the first opera performed in Spanish by the company and it received five performances this season.” The fifth performance of the opera’s world premiere season took place March 6, 1916. The Metropolitan Opera has not revived Goyescas since the 1915-1916 season.

Tragically, the Catalan composer and his wife, Amparo Gal y Lloberas (Dec. 7, 1892-March 24, 1916), died 18 days after the world premiere season’s last performance at the Metropolitan Opera. On Friday, March 24, 1916, the couple boarded the SS Sussex in Folkestone, a port town on the English Channel in Kent, South East England. The French-owned (since 1914), British-built (1896) and formerly British-owned ferry was destined for Dieppe, Normandie region, northern France. During the crossing, SM UB-29, a German U-boat (Unterseeboot, “underseaboat”) torpedoed SS Sussex near Boulogne-sur Mer. The ferry sustained severe damages, with the bow forward of the bridge blown off.

From a lifeboat, Enric Granados saw his wife struggling in the water. He jumped from the lifeboat to save her. They both drowned.

Enric and Amparo left behind six children: Eduard (July 28, 1894-Oct. 2, 1928); Soledad “Solita” (April 4, 1896-April 2, 1936); Enric (July 12, 1897-July 27, 1953); Víctor (1899-1972); Natàlia (July 23, 1900-April 14, 1988); and Francisco “Paquito” (1902-1972). Eduard Granados Gal, who became a composer, died from typhus two months after his 34th birthday. Enrique Granados Gal was Spain’s 100 meter-freestyle swimming champion in 1923 and competed in the Olympics in 1920 and again in 1924 in water polo.

On Sunday, May 7, 1916, six weeks two days after the deaths of their parents, the Metropolitan Opera gave a “Benefit Concert for the Orphan Children of Enrique and Amparo Granados.” The program included five pieces by Enric Granados. Austrian-born violinist Friedrich “Fritz” Kreisler (Feb. 2, 1875-Jan. 29, 1962) accompanied Irish tenor John McCormack (June 14, 1884-Sept. 16, 1945) on the piano for “The Goddess in the Garden.” Fritz Kreisler on violin and Catalan cellist Pau Casals (Dec. 29, 1876-Oct. 22, 1973) on piano performed “Danza Española.” Accompanied by Pau Casals on the piano, Catalan coloratura soprano Maria Barrientos (March 10, 1883-Aug. 8, 1946) sang “Amor y odio”; “El majo discreto”; “Elegia eterna.”

The Musical Courier, a late 19th- to mid-20th-century American music trade magazine, reported: “There was practically no expense and the entire proceeds, about $11,000, will go to the worthy object for which they are intended.” The six performers did not charge for their appearances.

The takeaway for Enric Granados, born July 27, 1867, is that the Catalan composer and pianist attended the world premiere of his fourth opera, Goyescas, at the Metropolitan Opera Jan. 28, 1916, but tragically drowned in the English Channel with his wife, Amparo, almost two months later, on March 24, 1916, in the aftermath of the SS Sussex ferry torpedoing by a German U-boat.

Anna Fitziu and Giovanni Martinelli in principal roles of Rosario and Fernando in the Metropolitan Opera’s world premiere of Goyescas by Catalan composer Enric Granados; costume designer G.B. Santoni based costumes upon paintings by Spanish Romantic painter Francisco Goya (March 30, 1746-April 16, 1828); George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington DC: No known restrictions on publication, via Library of Congress

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Concert d’Enric Granados al Liceu, ca. 1911-1912 oil on canvas portrait by Catalan modernist painter Lluïsa Vidal i Puig (April 2, 1876-Oct. 22, 1918): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Concert_d'Enric_Granados_al_Liceu,_c._1911-1912.jpg

Anna Fitziu and Giovanni Martinelli in principal roles of Rosario and Fernando in the Metropolitan Opera’s world premiere of Goyescas by Catalan composer Enric Granados; costume designer G.B. Santoni based costumes upon paintings by Spanish Romantic painter Francisco Goya (March 30, 1746-April 16, 1828); George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington DC: No known restrictions on publication, via Library of Congress @ https://www.loc.gov/resource/ggbain.33753/

For further information:

Clark, Walter Aaron. Enrique Granados: Poet of the Piano. New York NY: Oxford University Press, 2006.

“Granados Benefit Concert.” MetOpera Database > [Met Concert/Gala] CID: 63310 Granados Benefit Concert. Metropolitan Opera House: 5/7/1916.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=63310

“Granados Children to Get $11,000 Fund.” Musical Courier, vol. LXXII, no. 19, whole no. 1885 (May 11, 1916): 16.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=tuo6AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA18-PA16
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/chi.105755091?urlappend=%3Bseq=1232

Granados, Enrique. Apuntes y Temas Para Mis Obras (Notes and Themes for My Work). The Morgan Library & Museum > Exhibitions > Past Exhibitions > 2013-2014 > Visions and Nightmares: Four Centuries of Spanish Drawings, January 17 Through May 11, 2014.
Available @ https://www.themorgan.org/collection/music-manuscripts-and-printed-music/144519

Kobbé, Gustav. The Complete Opera Book: The Stories of the Operas, Together With 400 of the Leading Airs and Motives of Musical Notation. New York NY: The Knickerbocker Press, 1919.
Available via Project Gutenberg @ http://www.gutenberg.org/files/40540/40540-h/40540-h.htm

Marriner, Derdriu. “Cav Pag Is Jan. 13, 2018, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Jan. 8, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/cavpag-is-jan-13-2018-met-opera.html

Rous, Samuel Holland. The Victrola Book of the Opera: Stories of One-Hundred and Twenty Operas With Seven-Hundred Illustrations and Descriptions of Twelve-Hundred Victor Opera Records. Camden NJ: Victor Talking Machine Company, 1917.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/victrolabookofop00vict/

“World Premiere: Goyescas.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 61870 World Premiere (Goyescas) Goyescas {1} Pagliacci {168} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/28/1916.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=61870

Museum Specimen Mount Gaoligong Flying Squirrels Are Wild Discoveries

Summary: Mount Gaoligong flying squirrels account for two collected, physical and two observed, photographed wild discoveries in 2017 and 2018 in southwest China.

Quan Li et al., "Discovery and Description of a Mysterious Asian Flying Squirrel (Rodentia, Sciuridae, Biswamoyopterus) From Mount Gaoligong, Southwest China," ZooKeys (July 18, 2019), page 155: CC BY 4.0 International, via Pensoft ZooKeys

The article Discovery and Description of a Mysterious Asian Flying Squirrel (Rodentia, Sciuridae, Boswamoyopterus) from Mount Gaoligong, southwest China, in ZooKeys July 18, 2019, announces wild discoveries of Mount Gaoligong flying squirrels.

Co-authors Stephen Jackson, Ming Jiang, Xue-Long Jiang, Fei Li, Quan Li, Xue-You Li, Wen-Yu Song and Wei Zhao begin with a two-year-old specimen from January 2017. They compared it with one physical and two photographed wild discoveries from the eastern and western slopes of Mount Gaoligong, Yunnan Province, southwest China, in 2018. Two physical and two photographed specimens display distinct colors, skulls and teeth to deserve the taxonomy Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis, for Biswamoy Biswas (June 2, 1923-Aug. 10, 1994).

Mount Gaoligong flying squirrels entertain as close relatives Laotian giant (Biswamoyopterus biswasi, "winged Biswamoy Biswas") and Namdapha (Biswamoyopterus laoensis, "winged Biswamoy belonging to Laos") flying squirrels.

Kunming Institute of Zoology (KIZ) 034924 and 035622 specimens feature Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis ("winged Biswamoy belonging to Gaoligong") skulls with respective male head-body-tail and female or male head skins.

Mount Gaoligong flying squirrels, such as the KIZ 034914 male from January 2017, get 17.32-inch (440-millimeter) head-body and 20.47-inch (520-millimeter) tail lengths and 48.32-ounce (1,370-gram) masses. Red-brown heads have gray-yellow crowns and naked ears whose rear margins basally hold one black-, long-haired front and one basally white-haired, terminally black-haired rear ear tufts. Red-brown is the color of the back, shoulders, limbs, tail and upper and outer-edged lower patagium ("gold-bordered tunic") membrane between front and rear limbs for gliding.

Red-based, white-tipped fur joins in speckled patterns along the back swatch between the shoulders and the uropatagium (from Greek οὐρά, "tail" and Latin patagium, "gold-bordered tunic").

Mount Gaoligong flying squirrels know red-brown front paws and black back paws, each with black digits, and cylindrical tails two-thirds black tipward and one-third red-brown basewards.

Mount Gaoligong flying squirrels look yellow-white in their throats, abdomens and outer-edged ventral (from Latin ventrālis, "abdominal") patagium membranes and black-brown in their male reproductive parts. They maintain large skulls that manifest prominent zygomatic (from Greek ζυγωματικός, "cheekbone") arches and short muzzles and make for short, wide skull outlines and head shapes. They net distinctly subsquare-outlined upper first and second molars, as large as upper fourth premolars, and distinctly outward- and rearward-pointing lower fourth premolars and second molars.

Mount Gaoligong flying squirrels offer lower jaws typical of flying squirrels and auditory bullae ("hearing bubbles"), incisors and upper jaws respectively atypically honeycombed, yellow-white and wide-open.

The Pteromyini (from Greek πτερόν, "wing") tribe and Sciuridae (from Greek σκιά, "shadow," οὐρά, "tail" and -ειδής, "-like") family member populates western Yunnan's broad-leaved evergreen forests.

Physical specimens queued up in Baihualin village, Lujiang township, Longyang county, Baoshan city at 6,692.91-foot (2,040-meter) Irawaddy and Nu (Salween) River watershed altitudes above sea level. Field survey team members in 2018 realized photographed wild discoveries of Mount Gaoligong flying squirrels at an altitude of 6,561.68 feet (2,000 meters) above sea level. Banchang 5.59 miles (9 kilometers) south and Linjiapu's Daphniphyllum (from Greek δάφνη, "laurel" and φύλλον, "leaf") trees 6.21 miles (10 kilometers) west of Baihualin support specimens.

Lead author and specialist Quan Li tempers the thrill of physical and photographed wild discoveries with threats of forest-clearing and poaching to Mount Gaoligong flying squirrels.

Quan Li et al., "Discovery and Description of a Mysterious Asian Flying Squirrel (Rodentia, Sciuridae, Biswamoyopterus) From Mount Gaoligong, Southwest China," ZooKeys (July 18, 2019), page 149: CC BY 4.0 International, via Pensoft ZooKeys

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Quan Li et al., "Discovery and Description of a Mysterious Asian Flying Squirrel (Rodentia, Sciuridae, Biswamoyopterus) From Mount Gaoligong, Southwest China," ZooKeys (July 18, 2019), page 155: CC BY 4.0 International, via Pensoft ZooKeys @ https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/33678/ (image URL @ https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/33678/element/2/15//; image URL @ https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/33678/zoom/fig/15/)

Quan Li et al., "Discovery and Description of a Mysterious Asian Flying Squirrel (Rodentia, Sciuridae, Biswamoyopterus) From Mount Gaoligong, Southwest China," ZooKeys (July 18, 2019), page 149: CC BY 4.0 International, via Pensoft ZooKeys @ https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/33678/ (image URL @ https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/33678/element/2/11//; image URL @ https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/33678/zoom/fig/11/)

For further information:

Beech, Steve. 18 July 2019. "New Species of Flying Squirrel Added to World's Rarest Animals List." The London Economic > News > Environment.
Available @ https://www.thelondoneconomic.com/news/environment/new-species-of-flying-squirrel-added-to-worlds-rarest-animals-list/18/07/

Dvorsky, George. 18 July 2019. "Adorable New Species of Flying Squirrel Discovered in China." Gizmodo > Animals.
Available @ https://gizmodo.com/adorable-new-species-of-flying-squirrel-discovered-in-c-1836502598

Hays, Brooks. 18 July 2019. "Extremely Rare Species of Flying Squirrel Discovered in Southwest China." UPI > Science News.
Available @ https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2019/07/18/Extremely-rare-species-of-flying-squirrel-discovered-in-Southwest-China/8511563471618/

Jordan, Mike J.R. "Squirrels and Relatives I Flying Squirrels (Pteromyinae)." In: Michael Hutchins, Devra G. Kleiman, Valerius Geist and Melissa C. McDade, eds., Grzimek's Animal Life Encylcopedia, Vol. 16 Mammals V: 135-142. Second edition. Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group, 2003.

Kennerley, R. 2017. "Biswamoyopterus laoensis." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T88700294A88700297. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T88700294A88700297.en.
Available @ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/88700294/88700297

Li, Quan; Xue-You Li; Stephen M. Jackson; Fei Li; Ming Jiang; Wei Zhao; Wen-Yu Song; and Xue-Long Jiang. 18 July 2019. "Discovery and Description of a Mysterious Asian Flying Squirrel Rodentia, Sciuridae,Biswamoyopterus) from Mount Gaoligong, Southwest China." ZooKeys 864: 147-160. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.864.33678. http://zookeys.pensoft.net
Available @ https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/33678/

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 September 2013. "Laotian Giant Flying Squirrels Are Wild Discoveries in Food Markets." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/09/laotian-giant-flying-squirrels-are-wild.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 September 2013. "Namdapha Flying Squirrels Are Like Laotian Giant Flying Squirrels." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/07/namdapha-flying-squirrels-are-like.html

Molur, S. 2016. "Biswamoyoperus biswasi (Errata Version Published in 2017)." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T2816A115063959. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T2816A22271554.en.
Available @ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2816/115063959

Pensoft Publishers. 18 July 2019. "New Species of Flying Squirrel from Southwest China Added to the Rarest and 'Most Wanted'." EurekAlert! > News Releases > News Release 18-Jul-2019.
Available @ https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-07/pp-nso071519.php

Saha, Subhendu Sekhar. 1981. "A New Genus and a New Species of Flying Squirrel (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) from Northeastern India." Bulletin Zoological Survey of India, vol. 4, no. 3: 331-336.
Available @ http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/bulletin/004/03/0331-0336.pdf

Sanamxay, Daosavanh; Bounsavane Douangboubpha; Sara Bumrungsri; Sysouphanh Xayavong; Vilakhan Xayaphet; Chutamas Satasook; and Paul J.J. Bates. 15 July 2013. "Rediscovery of Biswamoyopterus (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae: Pteromyini) in Asia, with the Description of a New Species from Lao PDR." Zootaxa 3686(4): 471-481. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3686.4.5.
Available @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283898290_Rediscovery_of_Biswamoyopterus_Mammalia_Rodentia_Sciuridae_Pteromyini_in_Asia_with_the_description_of_a_new_species_from_Lao_PDR

Brooklyn Bridge Park Flowers Are There for Elementary's On the Scent

Summary: Not everyone on Elementary's On the Scent July 18, 2019, analyzes aromas astutely even though Brooklyn Bridge Park flowers are handy training aids.

Common and scientific names for the cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum) recognize the species' characteristic wrapping of the leaf base around the stem to form a water-collecting cup that attracts birds and insects; Brooklyn Bridge Park features dense stands of cup plants (Silphium perfoliatum) on the western slope of Pier 1 wetlands: Brooklyn Bridge Park @brooklynbridgepark, via Facebook July 23, 2014

Elementary Season 4's seventh episode, The Adventure of the Nutmeg Concoction, and Season 6's 11th episode, You've Come a Long Way, Baby, anticipate seventh-season episode nine, On the Scent, July 18, 2019.

Director Christine Moore and writer Jeffrey Paul King bring into three Elementary procedural drama television series episodes olfactory senses perhaps bested by The Nose (John Horton). The series' 150th episode overall, the 149 preceding and the four succeeding episodes count sometimes explicitly, sometimes implicitly upon Sherlock Holmes's (Jonny Lee Miller) cutting-edge senses. Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) discerns, detects and deduces even though she does not display the discriminating olfactory senses that drive Sherlock to sniff, taste and touch.

Sherlock perhaps encounters expert irregulars and government agents at flowering, fruiting, seeding Brooklyn Bridge Park since his brownstone entertains the address 42 Stanford Avenue, Brooklyn Heights.

Joan fits jogging into Season One's third episode, Child Predator, even though Sherlock never fancies forging through flower, grass-, shrub-, tree-filled Brooklyn Bridge Park and back.

Perhaps Joan goes jogging past April-blooming crocus cultivated varieties (Crocus vernus 'Cool Mixture,' 'Flower Record,' 'Jeanne d'Arc,' 'King of the Striped,' 'Remembrance,' 'Vanguard') for odor-detection practice. Perhaps odor-detection checks head Joan past April-blooming umbrella plants (Darmera peltata) and April-May-blooming columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), cultivated Spanish bluebells (Hyacinthoides hispanica 'Excelsior') and geranium (Geranium maculatum). Perhaps they impel her past April-May-June-blooming beard-tongue (Penstemon digitalis), marsh-marigold (Caltha palustris) and wood spurge subspecies (Euphorbia amygdaloides var. robbiae) and May-June-July-blooming Chinese rhubarb (Rheum palmatum).

Perhaps Joan jogs past May-June-July-blooming blue flag (Iris prismatica, versicolor), cultivated plantain lily (Hosta sieboldiana 'Elegans'), golden alexanders (Zizia aurea), lupine (Lupinus) and periwinkle (Vinca minor).

Perhaps June-July-August-blooming butterflyweed (Asclepias tuberosa), Culver's root (Veronicastrum virginicum), featherleaf and fingerleaf Rodgers flowers (Rodgersia pinnata, R. aesculifolia) and gayfeather (Liatris spicata) kindle Joan's odor-detection skills.

Perhaps Joan lingers around June-July-August-blooming meadow-rue (Thalictrum pubescens), meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) and queen-of-the-prairie (F. rubra) and June-July-August-September-blooming black-eyed Susans (Rudbeckia hirta) and square-stemmed monkeyflowers (Mimulus ringens). Perhaps she mulls June-July-August-September-October-blooming pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata) and July-August-blooming marsh St.-Johns-wort (Triadenum virginicum), orange daylilies (Hemerocallis fulva), powdery alligator-flag (Thalia dealbata) and swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata). Perhaps Joan olfactorily notices July-August-September-blooming bergamots (Monarda fistulosa), blue vervain (Verbena hastata), cardinal flowers (Lobelia cardinalis, L. siphilitica), cup-plants (Silphium perfoliatum) and grass-leaved goldenrods (Euthamia graminifolia).

Perhaps Joan observes July-August-September-blooming bonesets (Eupatorium fistulosum, maculatum, perfoliatum) and rose-mallows (Hibiscus moscheutos) and July-August-September-October-blooming burnets (Sanguisorba canadensis), flat-topped asters (Aster umbellatus) and mistflowers (Eupatorium coelestinum).

Perhaps Joan perceives August-September-blooming giant ironweeds (Vernonia gigantea); heart-leaved, New England, swamp and wood (Aster cordifolius, novae-angliae, puniceus; Eurybia divaricata) asters; and goldenrods (Solidago caesia, rigida).

Perhaps Joan quickens her daily, morning, stress-relieving jogging and odor-questing routines around August-September-October-blooming seaside goldenrods (Solidago sempervirens) and white turtleheads (Chelone glabra) in Brooklyn Bridge Park. Perhaps Joan reviews aroma, fragrance and scent ranges as she runs around September-October-blooming New York asters (Aster novi-belgii), richweeds (Ageratina altissima) and Riddell's goldenrods (Solidago riddellii). Fulton Ferry, Greenway bikeway, John Street waterfront, Main Street beach and recreation, Piers 2, 5 and 6 recreation and Pier 4 beach scents perhaps stump Joan.

Built, cultivated and natural Brooklyn Bridge Park environments perhaps turn Joan's jogging routines into Joan's multi-sensory stimulation, and vice-versa, in time for Elementary's On the Scent.

On the Scent, ninth episode in Elementary's seventh season, qualifies as the 150th episode in CBS TV's Sherlock Holmes series: Elementary @ElementaryCBS, via Facebook July 17, 2019

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Common and scientific names for the cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum) recognize the species' characteristic wrapping of the leaf base around the stem to form a water-collecting cup that attracts birds and insects; Brooklyn Bridge Park features dense stands of cup plants (Silphium perfoliatum) on the western slope of Pier 1 wetlands: Brooklyn Bridge Park @brooklynbridgepark, via Facebook July 23, 2014, @ https://www.facebook.com/brooklynbridgepark/photos/a.73330793297/10153090860753298/

On the Scent, ninth episode in Elementary's seventh season, qualifies as the 150th episode in CBS TV's Sherlock Holmes series: Elementary @ElementaryCBS, via Facebook July 17, 2019, @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/1609786379146467/

For further information:

"The Adventure of the Nutmeg Concoction." Elementary: The Fourth Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Dec. 11, 2014.

Aguilar-Meléndez, A.; Azurdia C.; Cerén-López, J.; Menjívar, J.; & Contreras, A. 2019. "Capsicum annuum (Amended Version of 2017 Assessment)." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T100895534A143826567. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T100895534A143826567.en.
Available @ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/100895534/143826567

"Brooklyn Bridge Park." NYC Parks > Parks.
Available @ https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/brooklyn-bridge-park

Brooklyn Bridge Park. "Featured Plant -- Cup Plant." Brooklyn Bridge Park > Blog > Park Updates. July 22, 2014.
Available @ https://www.brooklynbridgepark.org/blog/park-updates/featured-plant---cup-plant

Brooklyn Bridge Park @brooklynbridgepark. 23 July 2014. "Our latest featured plant is a bright, sun-loving species that can be found in the Pier 1 freshwater gardens! http://www.brooklynbridgepark.org/blog/park-updates/featured-plant---cup-plant Photo by Joshua Mayer." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/brooklynbridgepark/photos/a.73330793297/10153090860753298/

"Child Predator." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Oct. 18, 2012.

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1892. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd.

Elementary @ElementaryCBS. 27 July 2019. "...And doesn't look a day over 100! Head to our story for more BTS festivities with the cast and crew celebrating the 150th episode of Elementary which airs TOMORROW!" Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/1609786379146467/

Elementary @ElementaryCBS. 23 June 2019. "It's not every day the 8th richest man in America asks to collaborate. Catch up on the latest episode of Elementary, streaming now." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/posts/1569331406525298

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 July 2019. "Are Prisoners Accessing Pepper Spray on Elementary's Miss Understood?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/are-prisoners-accessing-pepper-spray-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 July 2019. "In Russia with Krasnodar Tea Alters Elementary's From Russia With Drugs." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/in-russia-with-krasnodar-tea-alters.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 June 2019. "Elementary's Command: Delete Perhaps Affects Even Brooklyn Bridge Park." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/elementarys-command-delete-perhaps.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 June 2019. "Elementary Angles Into the Woods Outside Brooklyn Bridge Park." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/elementary-angles-into-woods-outside.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2019. "Are Joya de Cerén Descendants on Elementary's Red Light, Green Light?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/are-joya-de-ceren-descendants-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 June 2019. "Elementary's The Price of Admission Audits Antiquities, Not Teff Grass." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/elementarys-price-of-admission-audits.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 June 2019. "Was Banksy in New York City for Elementary Episode Gutshot?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/was-banksy-in-new-york-city-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 May 2019. "Black Lip Oysters, Black Pearls and Elementary's Further Adventures." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/black-lip-oysters-black-pearls-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 September 2018. “Mulberry Silkworms on Elementary's Whatever Remains, However Improbable.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/mulberry-silkworms-on-elementarys.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 September 2018. “Elementary's Fit to be Tied: Free of Pink Slime and White Water Molds?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/elementarys-fit-to-be-tied-free-of-pink.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 September 2018. “Lion's Mane Jellyfishes and Elementary's The Geek Interpreter.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/lions-mane-jellyfishes-and-elementarys.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 September 2018. “Borrachero Trees in Elementary's The Visions of Norman P. Horowitz.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/borrachero-trees-in-elementarys-visions.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 August 2018. “Silk From Darwin's Bark Spiders on Elementary's The Worms Crawl In.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/silk-from-darwins-bark-spiders-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2018. “Chocolate from Cacao Trees on Elementary's Uncanny Valley of the Dolls.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/chocolate-from-cacao-trees-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 August 2018. “Guatemalan Sugarcane, Guatemalan Rum on Elementary's How to Get a Head.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/guatemalan-sugarcane-guatemalan-rum-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2018. “Kukicha Tea from Japan and Elementary Season Six's Through the Fog.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/kukicha-tea-from-japan-and-elementary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 August 2018. “Northwest Italian Sweet White Wine Sciacchetrà on Elementary's Breathe.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/northwest-italian-sweet-white-wine.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 July 2018. “American Chestnut Trees for Elementary Season Six's Meet Your Maker.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/american-chestnut-trees-for-elementary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2018. “Bird's-Eye Pipe Tobacco and Trichinopoly Cigars: Elementary's Long Way.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/birds-eye-pipe-tobacco-and-trichinopoly.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 July 2018. “Elementary's Adventure of Ersatz Sobekneferu: West African Crocodiles.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/elementarys-adventure-of-ersatz.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 July 2018. “Blue Wildebeests and Tarragon Tea on Elementary's Nobody Lives Forever.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/blue-wildebeests-and-tarragon-tea-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 June 2018. “Vermont Black Bears and Elementary's Sand Trap Episode June 18, 2018.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/vermont-black-bears-and-elementarys.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2018. “Elementary Sober Companions, Amethysts and Agiorgitiko Red Wine Grapes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/elementary-sober-companions-amethysts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 June 2018. “Elementary's Give Me the Finger: Not the Southeast Asian Fruit Durian.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/elementarys-give-me-finger-not.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 June 2018. “Elementary's Give Me the Finger: Floppy Disks Dinosaurs Like Grallator.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/elementarys-give-me-finger-floppy-disks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 June 2018. “Bird Flu on Elementary's Bits and Pieces and Wild Red Junglefowl.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/bird-flu-on-elementarys-bits-and-pieces.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2018. “Boxing Kangaroos and Elementary Season 6 Episode 4 Our Time Is Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/boxing-kangaroos-and-elementary-season.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 May 2018. “American Staffordshire Terrier and Elementary's Pushing Buttons.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/american-staffordshire-terrier-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 May 2018. “Cassowaries and Elementary's Pushing Buttons Episode May 14, 2018.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/cassowaries-and-elementarys-pushing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 May 2018. “Monoceros Unicorns: Puzzles Once You've Ruled Out God on Elementary.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/monoceros-unicorns-puzzles-once-youve.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 May 2018. “Sumatran Tigers and Elementary's An Infinite Capacity for Taking Pains.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/sumatran-tigers-and-elementarys.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 November 2016. “Green Tree Python Natural History Illustrations and Elementary.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/green-tree-python-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 November 2016. “Eastern Poison Ivy Botanical Illustrations and Elementary's Henny Penny.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/eastern-poison-ivy-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 November 2016. “Galápagos Marine Iguana Natural History Illustrations and Elementary.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/galapagos-marine-iguana-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2016. "China's Imperial Jade Heirloom Seal Worth Several Cities on Elementary." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/chinas-imperial-jade-heirloom-seal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 May 2016. “Mopane Worm Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Invisible Hand.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/mopane-worm-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 May 2016. “Johannes Vermeer Painting The Astronomer: Elementary's Invisible Hand.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/johannes-vermeer-painting-astronomer.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 March 2016. “Shih Tzu Dog Breed and Elementary's Up to Heaven and Down to Hell.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/shih-tzu-dog-breed-and-elementarys-up.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2016. “Mushroom Botanical Illustrations and Elementary's A Study in Charlotte.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/mushroom-botanical-illustrations-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2015. "Black-Capped Central American Squirrel Monkeys and Elementary Series." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/11/black-capped-central-american-squirrel.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2015. “Tienchi-Flower Tea and Elementary's Evidence of Things Not Seen.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/11/tienchi-flower-tea-and-elementarys.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 April 2015. "Smooth Cordgrass Announces Crime Scenes on Elementary's Under My Skin." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/smooth-cordgrass-announces-crime-scenes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 April 2015. “Pablo Picasso Painting Woman Reading on Elementary's A Stitch in Time.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/pablo-picasso-painting-woman-reading-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 February 2015. “Extinct Quagga Plains Zebra on Elementary's The Female of the Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/extinct-quagga-plains-zebra-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2015. “Elementary's Yellow Clivia and Yellow Clivia Botanical Illustrations.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/01/elementarys-yellow-clivia-and-yellow.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 December 2014. “Elementary's Nutmeg Concoction and Nutmeg Botanical Illustrations.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/elementarys-nutmeg-concoction-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2014. “Elementary's Bird in Blue-Throated Macaw Natural History Illustrations.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/11/elementarys-bird-in-blue-throated-macaw.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 October 2014. “Bearded Dragon Natural History Illustrations: Not Elementary's Nemesis.” Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/bearded-dragon-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 May 2014. “Ficus Benjamina Botanical Illustrations and Elementary's Stunted Tree.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/05/ficus-benjamina-botanical-illustrations.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 February 2014. “Dimetrodon Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Dimetrodon.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/dimetrodon-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 January 2014. “Nanotyrannus Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Dead Clade Walking.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/01/nanotyrannus-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2013. “Fruit in Osage Orange Botanical Illustrations and Elementary Series.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/fruit-in-osage-orange-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2013. “George Stubbs Painting The Godolphin Arabian and Elementary's Nutmeg.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/george-stubbs-painting-godolphin.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2013. “John Wootton Painting The Darley Arabian and Elementary's Studhorse.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/john-wootton-painting-darley-arabian.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2013. “John Wootton Painting The Byerley Turk and Elementary's Thoroughbreds.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/john-wootton-painting-byerley-turk-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2013. “Turner Fighting Temeraire Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/turner-fighting-temeraire-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 June 2013. “Paul Gauguin Painting Tahitian Women on the Beach in Elementary's The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/paul-gauguin-painting-tahitian-women-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2013. “Rubens Painting The Incredulity of St Thomas in Elementary's The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/rubens-painting-incredulity-of-st.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 May 2013. “Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Painting Rousse in Elementary Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/henri-de-toulouse-lautrec-painting.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 May 2013. “The Bruegel Painted Parable in the Elementary Series Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-bruegel-painted-parable-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 April 2013. "Black-Tailed Bee Flies Are Not Averse to Elementary's Dead Man's Switch." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/black-tailed-bee-flies-are-not-averse.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 April 2013. "White Darjeeling Tea Abates Broken Hearts on Elementary's Snow Angels." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/white-darjeeling-tea-abates-broken.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 March 2013. "Paganini 24 Caprices Affix Blame on Elementary's Déjà Vu All Over Again." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/03/paganini-24-caprices-affix-blame-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2013. “Osmia Avosetta Natural History Illustrations for Elementary's Bee.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/osmia-avosetta-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2013. "New England Cottontails Perhaps Adapt to Hats on Elementary's Details." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/new-england-cottontails-perhaps-adapt.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 February 2013. "Bennu Herons Perhaps Avert Elementary's A Giant Gun Filled with Drugs." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/bennu-herons-perhaps-avert-elementarys.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 February 2013. "Frankincense Tree Essential Oils Affirm Elementary's The Deductionist." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/frankincense-tree-essential-oils-affirm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2013. “Russian Tortoise Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Clyde Jan. 31, 2013.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/russian-tortoise-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 January 2013. “Costliest, World-Most Expensive Chopard Watch: 201 Carats at $25 Million.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/costliest-world-most-expensive-chopard.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2013. “Chopard Watch Worth $25 Million on Elementary Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/chopard-watch-worth-25-million-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2013. "Are Red-Whiskered Bulbuls Smuggled from Vietnam on Elementary's M?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/are-red-whiskered-bulbuls-smuggled-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2013. “Claude Monet Painting Nympheas 1918 in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/claude-monet-painting-nympheas-1918-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2013. "Are Snowdrop Flowers Why Yogurt Appears on Elementary's Dirty Laundry?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/are-snowdrop-flowers-why-yogurt-appears.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2013. “Paul Cézanne Still Life Painting Fruit in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/paul-cezanne-still-life-painting-fruit.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 December 2012. “Paul Signac Painting Women at the Well in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/paul-signac-painting-women-at-well-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 December 2012. “The Van Gogh Pietà Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-van-gogh-pieta-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2012. “Edward Hopper Painting Western Motel in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/edward-hopper-painting-western-motel-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2012. "Barako Coffee Allays Ailments on Elementary's You Do It To Yourself." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/barako-coffee-allays-ailments-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 December 2012. "Liberian Coffee Perhaps Averts Addiction on Elementary's The Long Fuse." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/liberian-coffee-perhaps-averts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2012. "Are Juices From Trifoliate Oranges on Elementary's One Way to Get Off?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/are-juices-from-trifoliate-oranges-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2012. "Saltmeadow Cordgrass Adheres to a Body on Elementary's Flight Risk." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/saltmeadow-cordgrass-adheres-to-body-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 November 2012. "Anisakis Worms That Adulterate Sushi Are Not Elementary's Lesser Evils." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/anisakis-worms-that-adulterate-sushi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2012. "Elementary's The Rat Race Accesses Vanilla Latte from Vanilla Orchids." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/elementarys-rat-race-accesses-vanilla.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2012. "Why Are Lemon Presses for Lemons on Elementary's Child Predator?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/why-are-lemon-presses-for-lemons-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 October 2012. "Bach Chaconne Absorbs Anguish on Elementary's While You Were Sleeping." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/bach-chaconne-absorbs-anguish-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

"Plant List." Brooklyn Bridge Park > The Park > Gardens > Ecosystems > Plant Guides & Plant List > Full Plant List.
Available @ http://brooklynbridgepark.s3.amazonaws.com/s/908/Plant%20List.pdf

"You've Come a Long Way, Baby." Elementary: The Sixth Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, July 16, 2018.