Ki'i Pōhaku Petroglyphs: Ancients Exposed on Five-0's Waiho Wale Kahiko

Summary: Ancients exposed alludes to ki'i pōhaku Hawaiian petroglyphs in Hawai'i and Russian sleeper agents on Hawaii Five-0's Waiho Wale Kahiko May 18, 2018.

petroglyphs of mythical ghost dog, Kaupe, and of humans at Nu'uanu Rock Art Site, along Nu'uanu stream; Nu'uanu Memorial Park and Mortuary, southeastern O'ahu: Honolulu Magazine @honolulumag, via Facebook May 28, 2015

Ki'i pōhaku Hawaiian petroglyphs and Russian sleeper agents are the respective ancients exposed in Hawai'i and on the Hawaii Five-0 television series' eighth season finale episode, Waiho Wale Kahiko, May 18, 2018.

Director Bryan Spicer and writers Eric Guggenheim and Peter M. Lenkov build Season 8's 25th episode around an 'ōlelo a'o (advice) about bringing mysteries to light. The series' 193rd episode overall correlates rogue Russian submarines within coastal waters off Honolulu with Russian embassy cover-ups and with Russian sleeper agent conspiracies on O'ahu. Cousins Kamekona Tupuola (Taylor Wily) and Flippa Tupuola (Shawn Mokuahi Garnett) draw silent partner status in Steve McGarrett's (Alex O'Loughlin) and Danny Williams' (Scott Caan) restaurant.

Eventual evidence for Chinatown neighbors of behind-the-scenes experienced expertise emerges as another example of ancients exposed because of the entrepreneurs' ethnicity as native Hawaiians, as ancients.

Adam Noshimuri (Ian Anthony Dale) finding out about half-sister Noriko (Susan Park), but not why Hiro Noshimuri (Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa) fathered her, fits among ancient forces exposed.

The Hawaiian Islands get ancient enigmas, mysteries and puzzles, beyond those given to Hawaii Five-0 Task Force members, in ki'i pōhaku Hawaiian petroglyphs. Every one of the Hawaiian Islands has some of the more than 23,000 ki'i pōhaku Hawaiian petroglyphs that ancient Hawaiians honed out of volcanic basalt rock. The most impressive of 10-plus insular incidences is on Hawai'i, with the Big Island's Anaeho'omalu, Kahalu'u, Kaloko-Honokōhau, Ka'upulehu, Puako, Pu'uloa and Waikoloa ki'i pōhaku Hawaiian petroglyphs.

Seven other inhabited islands juggle such ki'i pōhaku as Kaua'i's figures looking seaward, like Easter Island mo'ai (from Rapa Nui, "statue"), and O'ahu's Kaupe ghost dog.

Glen Kila, lineal descendant of ancient Hawaiians in O'ahu's Waimea area, knows of ki'i pōhaku Hawaiian petroglyphs as stone documents: "They record our genealogy and religion."

Kila laments modern misinterpretations since "The interpretation of these petroglyphs can only be interpreted by the lineal descendants who are familiar with its history and culture." Peter T. Young's Ho'okuleana blog May 12, 2012, mentions ki'i pōhaku Hawaiian petroglyphs as made into smooth boulders, caves, cliff faces, lava tubes and pāhoehoe lava. Pāhoehoe lava nets the most numerous smooth-surface bird, canoe, chicken, circle, dancer, dog, dot, feathered cape, marcher, paddler, sailor, ship and turtle ki'i pōhaku Hawaiian petroglyphs.

'A'ā lava opposes ki'i pōhaku Hawaiian petroglyphs because 436.35-foot- (133-meter) hourly flow speeds occasion angular, dense, rough-bottomed, rough-topped 3.28- to 32.81-foot- (1- to 10-meter-) thick fragments.

High-volume flow rates, fast-flow front velocities and steep slopes produce a few flow-resistant, insulation-poor, large, thick 'a'ā lava blocks and clinkers with maximum 31.69-plus-mile (51-plus-kilometer) lengths.

Low-volume flow from volcanic vent temperatures between 2012 and 2192 degrees Fahrenheit (1100 and 1200 degrees Celsius), slow-flow seeds and gentle slopes queue up pāhoehoe lava. Heat-retaining, flow-friendly, tear-resistant, pāhoehoe lava realizes 0.79- to 1.97-inch (2- to 5-centimeter) flow rates per second and 3.28- to 32.81-foot (1- to 10-meter) hourly front-flow speeds. Numerous smooth-surfaced, 11.42-inch- (29-centimeter-) thick, 3.28- to 6.56-foot- (1- to 2-meter-) long, 11.81- to 19.68- inch- (30- to 50-centimeter-) wide "toes" support ki'i pōhaku Hawaiian petroglyphs.

Eruptions, golf courses, resorts and tremors threaten ki'i pōhaku Hawaiian petroglyphs that trekkers such as Eddie, McGarrett and Junior Reigns (Beulah Koale) perhaps travel past unawares.

entrepreneur and former confidential informant Kamekona Tupuola (Taylor Wily) with Hawaii Five-0 Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) and Detective Sergeant Danny "Danno" Williams (Scott Caan) in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0, season 8, episode 25, Waiho Wale Kahiko (Ancients Exposed): CBS Hawaii Five-0 episode 8.25 promotional photo, via SpoilerTV May 14, 2018

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

petroglyphs of mythical ghost dog, Kaupe, and of humans at Nu'uanu Rock Art Site, along Nu'uanu stream; Nu'uanu Memorial Park and Mortuary, southeastern O'ahu: Honolulu Magazine @honolulumag, via Facebook May 28, 2015, @ https://www.facebook.com/honolulumag/photos/a.295937590435816/1061840773845490/

entrepreneur and former confidential informant Kamekona Tupuola (Taylor Wily) with Hawaii Five-0 Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) and Detective Sergeant Danny "Danno" Williams (Scott Caan) in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0, season 8, episode 25, Waiho Wale Kahiko (Ancients Exposed): CBS Hawaii Five-0 episode 8.25 promotional photo, via SpoilerTV May 14, 2018, @ https://www.spoilertv.com/2018/04/hawaii-five-0-episode-825-waiho-wale.html

For further information:

Archaeology Magazine @archaeologymag. 8 November 2016. "Petroglyphs created more than 400 years ago on the Hawaiian island of Oahu were briefly revealed by shifting sands . . ." Twitter.
Available @ https://twitter.com/archaeologymag/status/796042107425202176

Archaeology Magazine @archaeologymag. 14 August 2016. "Shifting sands on the Waianae coast of Oahu revealed 400-year-old petroglyphs. . . ." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/archaeologymag/photos/a.10151463027509795/10154388019474795/

Cox, J. Halley; and Edward Stasack. 1970. Hawaiian Petroglyphs. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication, Book 60. Mililani HI: Islander Group Inc.

Dennison, Dan; and Stefanie Gutierrez. 8 August 2016. "Hawaiian Petroglyphs Revealed by Shifting Sands on Waianae Coast; Experts Believe Rarely Seen Panels are 400+ Years Old." State of Hawaii > Department of Land and Natural Resources > News Releases > Slider > State Historic Preservation Division.
Available @ http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/blog/2016/08/08/nr16-155/

Durst, Mara. July 2002. "Pu'u Loa Petroglyphs." National Park Service > Learn About the Park > History & Culture > Archeological Sites.
Available @ https://www.nps.gov/havo/learn/historyculture/puuloa.htm

Hamilton, Calvin; and Rosanna Hamilton. "Puakō Petroglyph Archeological District." ScienceViews > Pacific Islands.
Available @ http://scienceviews.com/islands/puako.html

"Hawaiian Petroglyphs." To-Hawaii.
Available @ https://www.to-hawaii.com/petroglyphs.php

Heidenreich, K. 28 March 2017. "Unseen Ancient Petroglyphs Discovered on the Oahu Shoreline." DiscloseTV > Ancient History.
Available @ https://www.disclose.tv/unseen-ancient-petroglyphs-discovered-on-the-oahu-shoreline-313804

Honolulu Magazine @honolulumag. 28 May 2015. "Have you seen Hawaiian #petroglyphs before? In 1955, Paradise of the Pacific (now HONOLULU Magazine) describes the three places on #Oahu where Hawaiian petroglyphs were found. Can you name those places? Let us know in the comments. Happy #ThrowbackThursday!" Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/honolulumag/photos/a.295937590435816/1061840773845490/

LaFrance, Adrienne. 12 August 2016. "Unusual Hawaii Petroglyphs Seem to Depict Ancient Surfers." The Atlantic > Technology > Archive.
Available @ https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/08/petroglyphs/495503/

"Large Petroglyphs Discovered on Waianae Coast." Star Advertiser > Top News > August 9, 2016.
Available @ https://www.staradvertiser.com/2016/08/08/breaking-news/large-petroglyphs-discovered-on-waianae-coast/

Lee, Georgia; and Richard Stasack. 1999. Spirit of Place: Petroglyphs of Hawai'i. Los Osos CA: Easter Island Foundation.

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 May 2018. “Hawaiian Rain Gardens for Five-0's Tough Branch That Does Not Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/hawaiian-rain-gardens-for-five-0s-tough.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 May 2018. “Noni for Hawaii Five-0's Ka Hana A Ka Makua, O Ka Hana No Ia A Keiki.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/noni-for-hawaii-five-0s-ka-hana-ka.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 April 2018. “'Āliamanu Salt Lake and Five-0's Kopi Wale No I Ka I'a A 'Eu No Ka Ilo.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/aliamanu-salt-lake-and-five-0s-kopi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 April 2018. “Hawaii Five-0 Episode Ahuwale Ka Nane Hina: Uku Hawaiian Gray Snappers.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/hawaii-five-0-episde-ahuwale-ka-nane.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2018. “'Iwa Great Frigatebirds: Five-0's He Lokomaika'i Ka Manu O Kaiona.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/iwa-great-frigatebirds-five-0s-he.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 April 2018. “Chinese Juniper Shrubs on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/chinese-juniper-shrubs-on-hawaii-five-0.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 April 2018. “Bonsai Gardening on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/bonsai-gardening-on-hawaii-five-0-2010.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 March 2018. “'Ulu Hawaiian Breadfruit To Do One's Duty on Five-0's E Ho'oko Kuleana.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/ulu-hawaiian-breadfruit-to-do-ones-duty.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 March 2018. “Chlorine Gas on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Holapu Ke Ahi Koe Iho Ka Lehu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/chlorine-gas-on-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 March 2018. “Golden Plovers and Stars of Heaven Know Where Pae Is on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/golden-plovers-and-stars-of-heaven-know.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 February 2018. “A Coral Reef Strengthens Out to Land on Hawaii Five-0 with Lobe Corals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/a-coral-reef-strengthens-out-to-land-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 January 2018. “No Southern House Mosquitoes on Hawaii Five-0's Na Keikia Kalaihaohia.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/no-southern-house-mosquitoes-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 January 2018. “What Is Gone Is Not Hawaiian Bobtail Squid on Hawaii Five-0 2010.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/what-is-gone-is-not-hawaiian-bobtail.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 January 2018. “Criminals Rare as Guernsey Dairy Cattle on Hawaii Five-0 The Roundup.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/criminals-rare-as-guernsey-dairy-cattle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 January 2018. “Hawaiian Cattle Roundups and Hawaii Five-0 2010 The Roundup Criminals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/hawaiian-cattle-roundups-and-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2010. “Hawaii Shave Ice Images and Take-Outs on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ho'apono.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-shave-ice-images-and-take-outs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 November 2010. “Hawaiian Wild Boars Around Hawaii Five-0 2010's North Shore of O'ahu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-wild-boars-around-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 November 2010. “Limu Lipoa Hawaiian Seaweed on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Nalowale.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/limu-lipoa-hawaiian-seaweed-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 November 2010. “Hawaiian Blueberry Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pancakes.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-blueberry-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2010. “Hawaii Five-0 2010: Respect the Land and the Pizza Without Pineapples?” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-five-0-2010-respect-land-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 November 2010. “Pygmy Hippopotamuses for Grace of the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Family?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pygmy-hippopotamuses-for-grace-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 November 2010. “Pineappley Hala Tree Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pilot.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pineappley-hala-tree-botanical.html

"Pahoehoe." Oregon State Edu > Hawaiian Volcanism > Lava Flows.
Available @ http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/pahoehoe

"Petroglyphs." GoHawaii.
Available @ https://www.gohawaii.com/content/hawaiian-petroglyphs

"Puakō Petroglyph Field." Love Big Island.
Available @ https://www.lovebigisland.com/puako-petroglyph-field/

"Waiho Wale Kahiko: Ancients Exposed." Hawaii Five-0: the Eighth Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, May 18, 2018.

"Waikoloa Petroglyph Field." Love Big Island.
Available @ https://www.lovebigisland.com/waikoloa-petroglyphs/

Young, Peter T. 2 May 2012. "Na Ki'i Pōhaku." ToTakeResponsibility > Ho'okuleana.
Available @ http://totakeresponsibility.blogspot.com/2012/05/na-kii-pohaku.html

Mulberry Silkworms on Elementary's Whatever Remains, However Improbable

Summary: Mulberry silkworms produce silk that pulls a killer's torso wound back together on Elementary's Whatever Remains, However Improbable Sept. 17, 2018.

eggs, larvae and adult mulberry silkworm moth (Bombyx mori) with mulberry (Morus spp.) fruit, leaves and twigs; Maulbeerbaum samt Frucht (mulberry tree with fruit) by German-born Swiss naturalist and scientific illustrator Maria Sibylla Merian (April 2, 1647-Jan. 13, 1717), Der Raupen Wunderbare Verwandelung und Sonderbare Blumennahrung (1679), Band 1 Abbildung 1: Public Domain Mark 1.0, via Digitale Sammlungen UniversitätsbibliothekUB Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main

The "oh-silk on a curved needle" in the Elementary procedural drama series episode Whatever Remains, However Improbable Sept. 17, 2018, affirms Mulberry silkworm silk abilities to align gapingly wounded skin flaps accurately.

Director Christine Moore and writers Robert Doherty and Kelly Wheeler broach mulberry silkworm silk indirectly as basic bearer for surgical sutures in Season 6's 21st episode. The series' 141st episode overall considers ex-medic Denny Mulgrew's (Dan Butler) black-silk, Vietnam War-style (Nov. 1, 1955-April 30, 1975) stitches to Michael Rowan's (Desmond Harrington) chest. Adhesive sericin and fibrous fibroin in middle silk glands develop into air-hardened silk of white mulberry (Morus alba) leaf-eating mulberry silkworm caterpillars and silk cocoon-spinning pupae.

The Lepidoptera (from the Greek λεπίς, lepís, "scale" and πτερόν, pterón, "wing") order member exists in China natively and Brazil, Cambodia, India, Japan and Vietnam non-natively.

Mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori, from the Greek βόμβυξ, bómbux, "silkworm" and μόρον, móron, "[of the blackberry or] mulberry") life cycles furnish eggs, caterpillars, pupae and moths.

Female mulberry silkworm moths get gelatinous, gluey secretions around 500-some flattened, oval-outlined yellow eggs that go on their white mulberry tree food and host plant leaves. Blue-gray-green-violet, 14-day-old, 0.039 to 0.059-inch- (1- to 1.5-millimeter-) long, 0.019-inch- (0.5-millimeter-) wide fertilized eggs hatch at 64.4 to 77 degrees Fahrenheit (18 to 25 degrees Celsius). Ant-like, black-haired, 0.14-inch- (3.5-millimeter-) long, 0.000018-ounce (0.5-milligram) hatchlings initiate the mulberry silkworm moth life cycle of four successive molts into five increasingly heavier and longer caterpillars.

The Bombycidae family member of Carl Linnaeus's (May 23, 1707-Jan. 10, 1778) descriptions in 1758 journey from first-molted pearl-gray through fourth-molted black-gray, dark-striated, velvet-black brown-yellow caterpillars.

Twenty-six- to 32-day mulberry silkworm moth larvae keep first- and second-molted schedules as 0.32-inch- (8-millimeter-) long, 0.0005-ounce (15-milligram) three-day-olds and 0.59-inch- (15-millimeter-) long, 0.0016-ounce (45-milligram) seven-day-olds.

Twelve-day-old, 1.10-inch- (28-millimeter-) long, 0.0014-ounce (40-milligram) and 18-day-old, 1.58-inch- (40-millimeter-) long, 0.06-ounce (1,600-milligram) mulberry silkworm moth caterpillars respectively launch the larval stage's third and fourth molts. Mulberry silkworm moth caterpillars move into pupal stages as black-banded, eight-legged, 13-segmented, white to white-yellow, 3.15-inch- (80-millimeter-) long, 0.34-ounce (9,500-milligram) 28-day-olds with a one-spined 11th segment. All sticky-footed molts navigate respectively 1.97- to 5.91-inch- (5- to 15-centimeter-) and 3.15- to 5.12-inch- (8- to 13-centimeter-) long-leaved white mulberry or osage orange (Macrura pomifera).

Mulberry silkworms offer one convex dot between the male caterpillar's second and third segments and one concave dot between the female caterpillar's third and next-to-last segments.

Ducts and eight head movements push labial and mandibular salivary gland-metabolized dextrin outside to air-harden into thread for orange, pink, white or yellow 0.09-ounce (2.5-gram) cocoons.

Female and male fifth-instar caterpillars queue up after two to eight-plus days into oblong cocoons of a continuous, 984.25- to 4,921.26-foot- (300- to 1,500-meter-) long thread. Chunkier, X-ended and narrower cocoons release, within 12 to 24 days, respectively female and male mulberry silkworm moths through exit holes that ravage the silken threads. Gray-white, yellow-brown moths seek neither food nor flight, despite black-combed antennae, small mouthparts and 1.26- to 1.49-inch (32- to 38-millimeter) wingspans, during three- to 15-day lifespans.

Someone else turns Michael into a corpse with mulberry silkworm-spun sutures, just as silk industrialists turn pupal cocoons into marketable, profitable silk without heat-terminated pupal corpses.

Joan Watson (Lucy Liu), garbed protectively against shedding DNA, and Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) search for clues in home where Vietnam combat medic Denny Mulgrew sutured serial killer Michael Rowan's wounds with black silk thread in Elementary tv series' Whatever Remains, However Improbable (season 6 episode 21): CBS Elementary episode 6.21 promotional photo, via SpoilerTV Sep. 15, 2018

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

eggs, larvae and adult mulberry silkworm moth (Bombyx mori) with mulberry (Morus spp.) fruit, leaves and twigs; Maulbeerbaum samt Frucht (mulberry tree with fruit) by German-born Swiss naturalist and scientific illustrator Maria Sibylla Merian (April 2, 1647-Jan. 13, 1717), Der Raupen Wunderbare Verwandelung und Sonderbare Blumennahrung (1679), Band 1 Abbildung 1: Public Domain Mark 1.0, via Digitale Sammlungen UniversitätsbibliothekUB Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main @ https://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/varia/content/titleinfo/4655656;
Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Sibylla_Merian_Maulbeerbaum_samt_Frucht_plate_1.png;
University of Alberta Library, Copyright Status Not provided. Contact Holding Institution to verify copyright status, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/60210571

Joan Watson (Lucy Liu), garbed protectively against shedding DNA, and Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) search for clues in home where Vietnam combat medic Denny Mulgrew sutured serial killer Michael Rowan's wounds with black silk thread in Elementary tv series' Whatever Remains, However Improbable (season 6 episode 21): CBS Elementary episode 6.21 promotional photo, via SpoilerTV Sep. 15, 2018, @ https://www.spoilertv.com/2018/08/elementary-episode-621-whatever-remains.html

For further information:

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd., 1892.

Ellenrieder, Natalia von; Rosser W. Garrison. "Lepidoptera (Butterflies, Skippers, and Morphs)." In: Michael Hutchins, Arthur V. Evans, Rosser W. Garrison and Neil Schlager (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Second edition. Volume 3, Insects: 383-389. Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group, 2003.

Linnaeus, Carl. 1758. "Mori. 18. P. Bombyx." Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis, Tomus I, Editio Decima, Reformata: 499-500. Holmiae [Stockholm, Sweden]: Laurentii Salvii [Laurentius Salvius].
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727410

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 September 2018. “Elementary's Fit to be Tied: Free of Pink Slime and White Water Molds?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/elementarys-fit-to-be-tied-free-of-pink.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 September 2018. “Lion's Mane Jellyfishes and Elementary's The Geek Interpreter.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/lions-mane-jellyfishes-and-elementarys.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 September 2018. “Borrachero Trees in Elementary's The Visions of Norman P. Horowitz.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/borrachero-trees-in-elementarys-visions.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 August 2018. “Silk From Darwin's Bark Spiders on Elementary's The Worms Crawl In.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/silk-from-darwins-bark-spiders-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2018. “Chocolate from Cacao Trees on Elementary's Uncanny Valley of the Dolls.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/chocolate-from-cacao-trees-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 August 2018. “Guatemalan Sugarcane, Guatemalan Rum on Elementary's How to Get a Head.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/guatemalan-sugarcane-guatemalan-rum-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2018. “Kukicha Tea from Japan and Elementary Season Six's Through the Fog.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/kukicha-tea-from-japan-and-elementary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 August 2018. “Northwest Italian Sweet White Wine Sciacchetrà on Elementary's Breathe.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/northwest-italian-sweet-white-wine.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 July 2018. “American Chestnut Trees for Elementary Season Six's Meet Your Maker.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/american-chestnut-trees-for-elementary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2018. “Bird's-Eye Pipe Tobacco and Trichinopoly Cigars: Elementary's Long Way.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/birds-eye-pipe-tobacco-and-trichinopoly.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 July 2018. “Elementary's Adventure of Ersatz Sobekneferu: West African Crocodiles.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/elementarys-adventure-of-ersatz.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 July 2018. “Blue Wildebeests and Tarragon Tea on Elementary's Nobody Lives Forever.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/blue-wildebeests-and-tarragon-tea-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 June 2018. “Vermont Black Bears and Elementary's Sand Trap Episode June 18, 2018.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/vermont-black-bears-and-elementarys.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2018. “Elementary Sober Companions, Amethysts and Agiorgitiko Red Wine Grapes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/elementary-sober-companions-amethysts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 June 2018. “Elementary's Give Me the Finger: Not the Southeast Asian Fruit Durian.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/elementarys-give-me-finger-not.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 June 2018. “Elementary's Give Me the Finger: Floppy Disks Dinosaurs Like Grallator.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/elementarys-give-me-finger-floppy-disks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 June 2018. “Bird Flu on Elementary's Bits and Pieces and Wild Red Junglefowl.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/bird-flu-on-elementarys-bits-and-pieces.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2018. “Boxing Kangaroos and Elementary Season 6 Episode 4 Our Time Is Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/boxing-kangaroos-and-elementary-season.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 May 2018. “American Staffordshire Terrier and Elementary's Pushing Buttons.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/american-staffordshire-terrier-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 May 2018. “Cassowaries and Elementary's Pushing Buttons Episode May 14, 2018.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/cassowaries-and-elementarys-pushing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 May 2018. “Monoceros Unicorns: Puzzles Once You've Ruled Out God on Elementary.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/monoceros-unicorns-puzzles-once-youve.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 May 2018. “Sumatran Tigers and Elementary's An Infinite Capacity for Taking Pains.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/sumatran-tigers-and-elementarys.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 November 2016. “Green Tree Python Natural History Illustrations and Elementary.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/green-tree-python-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 November 2016. “Eastern Poison Ivy Botanical Illustrations and Elementary's Henny Penny.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/eastern-poison-ivy-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 November 2016. “Galápagos Marine Iguana Natural History Illustrations and Elementary.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/galapagos-marine-iguana-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2016. "China's Imperial Jade Heirloom Seal Worth Several Cities on Elementary." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/chinas-imperial-jade-heirloom-seal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 May 2016. “Mopane Worm Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Invisible Hand.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/mopane-worm-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 May 2016. “Johannes Vermeer Painting The Astronomer: Elementary's Invisible Hand.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/johannes-vermeer-painting-astronomer.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 March 2016. “Shih Tzu Dog Breed and Elementary's Up to Heaven and Down to Hell.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/shih-tzu-dog-breed-and-elementarys-up.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2016. “Mushroom Botanical Illustrations and Elementary's A Study in Charlotte.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/mushroom-botanical-illustrations-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2015. "Black-Capped Central American Squirrel Monkeys and Elementary Series." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/11/black-capped-central-american-squirrel.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2015. “Tienchi-Flower Tea and Elementary's Evidence of Things Not Seen.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/11/tienchi-flower-tea-and-elementarys.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 April 2015. “Pablo Picasso Painting Woman Reading on Elementary's A Stitch in Time.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/pablo-picasso-painting-woman-reading-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 February 2015. “Extinct Quagga Plains Zebra on Elementary's The Female of the Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/extinct-quagga-plains-zebra-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2015. “Elementary's Yellow Clivia and Yellow Clivia Botanical Illustrations.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/01/elementarys-yellow-clivia-and-yellow.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 December 2014. “Elementary's Nutmeg Concoction and Nutmeg Botanical Illustrations.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/elementarys-nutmeg-concoction-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2014. “Elementary's Bird in Blue-Throated Macaw Natural History Illustrations.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/11/elementarys-bird-in-blue-throated-macaw.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 October 2014. “Bearded Dragon Natural History Illustrations: Not Elementary's Nemesis.” Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/bearded-dragon-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 May 2014. “Ficus Benjamina Botanical Illustrations and Elementary's Stunted Tree.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/05/ficus-benjamina-botanical-illustrations.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 February 2014. “Dimetrodon Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Dimetrodon.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/dimetrodon-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 January 2014. “Nanotyrannus Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Dead Clade Walking.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/01/nanotyrannus-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2013. “Fruit in Osage Orange Botanical Illustrations and Elementary Series.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/fruit-in-osage-orange-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2013. “George Stubbs Painting The Godolphin Arabian and Elementary's Nutmeg.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/george-stubbs-painting-godolphin.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2013. “John Wootton Painting The Darley Arabian and Elementary's Studhorse.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/john-wootton-painting-darley-arabian.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2013. “John Wootton Painting The Byerley Turk and Elementary's Thoroughbreds.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/john-wootton-painting-byerley-turk-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2013. “Turner Fighting Temeraire Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/turner-fighting-temeraire-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 June 2013. “Paul Gauguin Painting Tahitian Women on the Beach in Elementary's The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/paul-gauguin-painting-tahitian-women-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2013. “Rubens Painting The Incredulity of St Thomas in Elementary's The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/rubens-painting-incredulity-of-st.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 May 2013. “Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Painting Rousse in Elementary Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/henri-de-toulouse-lautrec-painting.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 May 2013. “The Bruegel Painted Parable in the Elementary Series Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-bruegel-painted-parable-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2013. “Osmia Avosetta Natural History Illustrations for Elementary's Bee.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/osmia-avosetta-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2013. “Russian Tortoise Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Clyde Jan. 31, 2013.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/russian-tortoise-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 January 2013. “Costliest, World-Most Expensive Chopard Watch: 201 Carats at $25 Million.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/costliest-world-most-expensive-chopard.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2013. “Chopard Watch Worth $25 Million on Elementary Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/chopard-watch-worth-25-million-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2013. “Claude Monet Painting Nympheas 1918 in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/claude-monet-painting-nympheas-1918-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2013. “Paul Cézanne Still Life Painting Fruit in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/paul-cezanne-still-life-painting-fruit.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 December 2012. “Paul Signac Painting Women at the Well in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/paul-signac-painting-women-at-well-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 December 2012. “The Van Gogh Pietà Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-van-gogh-pieta-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2012. “Edward Hopper Painting Western Motel in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/edward-hopper-painting-western-motel-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

Merian, Maria Sibylla. 1679. "Maulbeerbaum samt Frucht." Der Raupen Wunderbare Verwandelung und Sonderbare Blumennahrung, Band 1: Abbildung 1. Nürnberg, Germany: Graff.
Available via Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) @ https://ub.fau.de/2017/01/03/9-1-15-1-maria-sibylla-merian-1647-1717/

SpoilerTV. 15 September 2018. "Elementary -- Episode 6.21 - Whatever Remains, However Improbable (Season Finale) -- Sneak Peeks, Promotional Photos + Press Release." SpoilerTV > Broadcast > CBS Shows.
Available @ https://www.spoilertv.com/2018/08/elementary-episode-621-whatever-remains.html

Todd, Kim. 2007. Chrysalis: Maria Sibylla Merian and the Secrets of Metamorphosis. Orlando FL: Harcourt.

"Whatever Remains, However Improbable." Elementary: The Sixth Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Sept. 17, 2018.

Tucker's Cross Unsolved Mystery: Whereabouts Since Feb. 16, 1975

Summary: The Tucker's Cross unsolved mystery of post-theft whereabouts since Feb. 16, 1975, keeps hidden the New World's most valuable single shipwrecked icon.

front and back of Tucker's Cross: The Royal Gazette @theroyalgazette, via Facebook Nov. 19, 2015

The Tucker's Cross unsolved mystery of whoever absconded with the world-famous Christian icon barely antedated the arrival of a queen and her prince Feb. 16, 1975, in the Caribbean archipelago of Bermuda.

The namesake cross belonged among San Pedro booty that marine archaeologist Edward Bolton Tucker (May 8, 1925-June 9, 2014) brought up from Bermuda's sand-bottomed coral reefs. The 16th-century emerald and gold cross still claims status as the most valuable single item ever carried up from a shipwreck site in the New World. Protocol delegated to Tucker the duty of displaying his world-famous discovery to Queen Elizabeth I and her consort, Prince Philip, during their three-day visit to Bermuda.

It embarrassed the entire archipelago when Tucker encountered a plastic replica instead of Tucker's Cross in the exhibition case in the Bermuda Maritime Museum in Hamilton.

Online news sources and sunken treasure-featured sites find the Tucker's Cross unsolved mystery of post-theft whereabouts a felony that furnished no on-site evidence, eyewitnesses or footage.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation in the United States, the island police throughout the archipelago and Interpol and Scotland Yard in Europe never generated rogues' galleries. Online articles hint of insider involvement for private collectors even though no investigative reporter, law enforcement spokesperson or private detective ever has handed out suspect names. Nobody includes any indication of previous initiatives during the emerald-studded, 22-karat gold cross's intervals in the Bermuda Aquarium Museum and Zoo and the Bermuda Maritime Museum.

Perhaps the Tucker's Cross unsolved mystery of post-theft whereabouts joins participants in an attempted burglary sometime after fall 1955 with those in the 1975 museum break-in.

Tucker kept the $250,000-valued cross at Kings Point, Sandys Parish, until a residential break-in; and in a bank, until government-threatened confiscation of discoveries in territorial waters.

Tucker listed as a third location a potato sack left in an underwater cave and a fourth location in his and wife Edna Canton Tucker's museum. He always mentioned that he wanted the cross to remain on the island so he and Edna made the museum the government's for $100,000 in 1959. He noted in the PBS program from 2004 and the PBS video from 2006 that he never stopped trying to get his namesake cross back home.

Online information sources and informational sites observe as Tucker's Cross unsolved mystery suspects international art and jewel thieves whose operating procedures offer replicas at crime scenes.

Online writers present local thieves as never putting anything as a replacement or replica at a crime scene even though the museum preserves a replicated cross.

And yet visitors queue up around the display case for the replicated Tucker's Cross in the Treasure Room of the Bermuda Underwater Exploration Institute's Ocean Discovery Centre at Crow Lane. Tucker's Cross realized one record in its reputation as the most valuable single retrieval from a New World shipwreck site and another in its 43-year removal. Tucker said that sand so steadily sank the 16th-century cannons that showed him the San Pedro shipwreck site that nothing would be seen there by 1980.

Cannons, coins, gold ingots and pearl-studded gold buttons tell the tales of 16th-century treasure that the Tucker's Cross unsolved mystery of post-theft whereabouts thwarts since 1975.

Bermuda Maritime Museum (now formally known as Bermuda National Museum since December 2013) complex includes the Commissioner's House and ramparts at Keep Fort, old Royal Naval Dockyard, Ireland Island, northernmost Bermuda: The Royal Gazette @theroyalgazette, via Facebook Feb. 16, 2015

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

front and back of Tucker's Cross: The Royal Gazette @theroyalgazette, via Facebook Nov. 19, 2015, @ https://www.facebook.com/theroyalgazette/photos/a.441868117854.220634.249363077854/10153754290802855/

Bermuda Maritime Museum (now formally known as Bermuda National Museum since December 2013) includes the Commissioner's House and ramparts at Keep Fort, old Royal Naval Dockyard, Ireland Island, northernmost Bermuda: The Royal Gazette @theroyalgazette, via Facebook Feb. 16, 2015, @ https://www.facebook.com/theroyalgazette/photos/a.441868117854.220634.249363077854/10153105322907855/

For further information:

Barnes, Bart. 28 August 2003. "Smithsonian's Mendel Peterson Dies." The Washington Post > Archive > Local.
Available @ https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2003/08/28/smithsonians-mendel-peterson-dies/b7f6e024-7e0f-4580-afc4-35a5970cfe05/?utm_term=.a10b0fe73f64

Benchley, Peter. 12 March 1989. "A Diver's Map of Bermuda: Here There Be Treasures." The New York Times Magazine > Archives > 1989.
Available @ https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/12/magazine/a-diver-s-map-of-bermuda-here-there-be-treasures.html

Bentley, B.R. 2015. The Bermuda Key. Victoria BC Canada: Friesen Press.

Bentley, B.R. 2018. The Cross. Victoria BC Canada: Friesen Press.

Doubilet, David. 17 June 2014. "Remembering Teddy Tucker, the Voice of the Sargasso Sea." National Geographic > Picture Stories.
Available @ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/proof/2014/06/17/remembering-teddy-tucker-the-voice-of-the-sargasso-sea/

Hardy, Jessie Moniz. 11 January 2016. "Unravelling the Mystery of the Tucker Cross." The Royal Gazette.
Available @ http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20160111/island04/160119984

Kingtide, Arthur. 7 March 2018. "Tucker's Missing Cross." Lost Treasures of the Tropical Variety > Caribbean.
Available @ https://www.tropicalvariety.com/tuckers-cross.html

Lam, Brian. 17 August 2011. "Tucker's Cross: Gold and Swollen with Emeralds, This Was the World's Most Valuable Sunken Treasure." The Scuttlefish.
Available @ http://thescuttlefish.com/2011/08/tuckers-cross-gold-and-swollen-with-emeralds-this-was-the-worlds-most-valuable-sunken-treasure/

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 July 2018. "Nuestra Señora de Atocha Floundered Sept. 6, 1622, Found July 20, 1985." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/nuestra-senora-de-atocha-floundered.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 September 2018. "Tucker's Cross Unsolved Mystery: San Pedro Shipwrecked in 1594." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/tuckers-cross-unsolved-mystery-san.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 September 2018. "Tucker's Cross Unsolved Mystery: Empty, Hidden Compartment." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/tuckers-cross-unsolved-mystery-empty.html

NYC Coin Dealer ‏@coindealernyc. 14 July 2016. "1975 BERMUDA UK Queen ELIZABETH II Visit 25 Dollars PROOF Silver 'Medal ' i56972." Twitter.
Available @ https://twitter.com/coindealernyc/status/753713210826428416

The Royal Gazette @theroyalgazette. 19 November 2015. "Good Morning #Bermuda. Today is Thursday, November 19, 2015. In this month in 1596, the 350-ton Spanish merchant ship San Pedro was wrecked on Bermuda’s inner reef as she made her way from Cartagena, Columbia, to Cadiz, Spain. . . .She was discovered in 1950 by veteran shipwreck diver, Teddy Tucker and Robert Canton. Among the treasures they recovered was a gold pectoral cross with seven emeralds, said to be one of the most valuable pieces of jewellery retrieved from any Spanish shipwreck. Known as 'Tucker’s Cross', it was stolen and replaced with a replica ahead of Queen Elizabeth II's visit to the Island in 1975." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/theroyalgazette/photos/a.441868117854.220634.249363077854/10153754290802855/

The Royal Gazette @theroyalgazette. 16 February 2015. "The Royal Gazette is with Suzanne Jeffrey. Good morning, #Bermuda: today is #Monday, February 16, and it marks 40 years since the opening of the Maritime Museum -- known today as the National Museum of Bermuda. . . ." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/theroyalgazette/photos/a.441868117854.220634.249363077854/10153105322907855/

Sánchez Morata, Román. 21 January 2018. "Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho o Sebastian Rodríguez Cermeño." Navegar Es Preciso > Portada y Índice > Sumario > Sucesos, Barcos y Personajes > 29.
Available @ https://www.navegar-es-preciso.com/news/sebastiao-rodrigues-soromenho-o-sebastian-rodriquez-cermeno/

Stevenson, Cooper; and Sam Strangeways. 10 June 2014. "Underwater Pioneer Teddy Tucker Dies, Aged 89." The Royal Gazette > Obituaries.
Available @ http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20140610/news/140619968

"Teddy Tucker." BDA Sun > Obituaries > Photo Gallery.
Available @ http://bermudasun.bm/Content/OBITUARIES/Obituaries/Photo-Gallery/Teddy-Tucker/150/917/737

"Teddy Tucker." Bernews > Bermuda Profiles.
Available @ http://bernews.com/bermuda-profiles/teddy-tucker/

"Teddy Tucker: Adventure Is My Life." PBS Home Video.

Tucker, Teddy. "How I Found the Cross." TeddyTucker.com.
Available @ http://www.teddytucker.com/treasure.html

2018 Autumn Equinox Happens Sunday, Sept. 23, in Northern Hemisphere

Summary: The 2018 autumn equinox happens Sunday, Sept. 23, in the Northern Hemisphere while the Southern Hemisphere experiences the event as a spring equinox.

sunlit Earth, autumn equinox, Sept. 20, 2011; imaged by Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on EUMETSAT’s (European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites) Meteorsat-9: via NASA Earth Observatory

The 2018 autumn equinox happens Sunday, Sept. 23, at 01:54 Coordinated Universal Time (2:54 a.m. British Summer Time, Sunday, Sept. 23; 9:54 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time, Saturday, Sept. 22) in the Northern Hemisphere while the event occurs as a spring equinox in the Southern Hemisphere.

The September equinox opens astronomical autumn in the Northern Hemisphere and signals the end of astronomical summer. In the Southern Hemisphere, the September equinox marks the start of astronomical spring and the end of astronomical winter.

Earth’s time zones convert Coordinated Universal Time, Earth’s primary time standard, into local time. Time zone differences account for the 2018 September equinox’s occurrence either Saturday, Sept. 22, or Sunday, Sept. 23.

Time zones that lag two or more hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) claim the 2018 September equinox’s Saturday occurrence. Time zones that are behind UTC have a negative UTC time offset. The negative UTC offsets apply to locations to the west of the prime meridian, defined as zero degrees longitude. The Saturday, Sept. 22, date for the 2018 September equinox happens in time zones with UTC offsets of UTC-2 through UTC-12.

Time zones that are ahead of Coordinated Universal Time agree with the Sunday, Sept. 23, date for the September 2018 equinox. These time zones have a positive UTC time offset. The easternmost time zone’s offset is UTC+14.

Time zones that equate to Coordinated Universal Time have a UTC time offset of UTC+0. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is the time zone that equates to Coordinated Universal Time. Places in the Northern Hemisphere observing Greenwich Mean Time year-round include Iceland and the West African countries of Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal and Togo. In the Southern Hemisphere, the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha observe Greenwich Mean Time year-round.

The September equinox registers the instant of the sun’s crossing of the celestial equator from north to south. The celestial equator is an imaginary line projected outward from Earth’s equator into space.

The September equinox occurs as the second of two annual equinoxes. The first equinoctial event is known as the March equinox. In the Northern Hemisphere, the March equinox marks the end of astronomical winter and the start of astronomical spring. In the Southern Hemisphere, the March equinox signals the end of astronomical summer and the beginning of astronomical autumn.

The year’s two equinoxes join with the year’s two solstices in defining annual astronomical seasons. The June solstice opens the Northern Hemisphere’s astronomical summer and the Southern Hemisphere’s astronomical winter. The December solstice ushers in the Northern Hemisphere’s astronomical winter and the Southern Hemisphere’s astronomical summer.

Earth’s tilted axis and orbit around the sun occasion the four astronomical seasonal events that are known as equinoxes and solstices. Earth rotates around an imaginary line, known as an axis, that passes through Earth from the North Pole to the South Pole. Earth’s axis currently tilts at an angle of 23.4 degrees to the imaginary perpendicular line of the ecliptic, the imaginary plane of Earth’s orbit around the sun. During the twice yearly equinoxes, Earth’s axis tilts neither away from nor toward the sun.

The perpendicularity of Earth’s axis to the sun causes approximately equal reception of the sun’s rays by the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. This twice-yearly event’s name, equinox (Latin: aequus, “equal” + nox, “night”), references an approximate equality in the length of day and night.

EarthSky Tonight’s lead writer, Bruce McClure, observes that, in reality, daylight’s minutes exceeds nighttime’s minute tally at mid-temperate latitudes on the equinoctial dates. He explains the extra minutes as due to the solar disk and to atmospheric refraction.

Unlike stars, the sun is not pointlike. Sunrise calculations consider the first appearance of the top of the sun at the eastern horizon. Yet, the rest of the sun has yet to emerge. Sunset calculations concern the final touching of the western horizon by the sun’s trailing limb.

Atmospheric refraction references the effect of air density, as a function of altitude, on the velocity of light. The Earth’s atmosphere displaces the sun’s image at sunrise and also at sunset. McClure notes the raising of the solar image by about 0.5 degrees from its true geometrical position.

“This advances the sunrise yet retards the sunset, adding several minutes of daylight at each end of the day,” explains McClure.

The takeaway for 2018 autumn equinox that happens Sunday, Sept. 23, at 01:54 Coordinated Universal Time in Northern Hemisphere is that the September event, which roughly equates daytime with nighttime in length, announces astronomical autumn in the Northern Hemisphere and astronomical spring in the Southern Hemisphere.

Atmospheric refraction adds extra moments to the actual sunset time: Francisco Javier Blanco González, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

sunlit Earth, autumn equinox, Sept. 20, 2011; imaged by Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on EUMETSAT’s (European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites) Meteorsat-9: via NASA Earth Observatory @ https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/52248

Atmospheric refraction adds extra moments to the actual sunset time: Francisco Javier Blanco González, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Refracción.png

For further information:

“Autumnal Equinox -- Fall Equinox.” Time And Date > Sun & Moon.
Available @ https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/autumnal-equinox.html

Byrd, Deborah. “All You Need to Know: September Equinox.” EarthSky > Astronomy Essentials. Sept. 20, 2018.
Available @ http://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/everything-you-need-to-know-september-equinox

“Equinox: Equal Day and Night, Almost.” Time And Date > Sun & Moon.
Available @ https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/equinox-not-equal.html

“Equinoxes.” U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications Department > FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) > Phenomena of the Sun and Moon. Last modified June 14, 2011.
Available @ http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/equinoxes.php

Espenak, Fred. “Solstices and Equinoxes: 2001 to 2100 Greenwich Mean Time.” AstroPixels > Ephemeris.
Available @ http://www.astropixels.com/ephemeris/soleq2001.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2016 Northern Autumnal Equinox Happens Thursday, Sept. 22.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 21, 2016.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/2016-northern-autumnal-equinox-happens.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2017 Autumn Equinox Happens Friday, Sept. 22, in Northern Hemisphere.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 20, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/2017-autumn-equinox-happens-friday-sept.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “American Samoa Has Autumn Equinox While United States Has Spring Equinox.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 1, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/american-samoa-has-autumn-equinox-while.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Autumnal Equinox 2015 in Northern Hemisphere on Wednesday, Sept. 23.” Earth and Space News. Tuesday, Sept. 22, 2015.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/09/autumnal-equinox-2015-in-northern.html

McClure, Bruce. “Day and Night Exactly Equal at Equinoxes?” EarthSky > Astronomy Essentials > Earth. Sept. 18, 2018.
Available @ http://earthsky.org/?p=196819

“The September Equinox.” Time And Date > Sun & Moon.
Available @ https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/september-equinox.html