Earth and Space News

Thursday, November 3, 2022

Secrets & Lies Finds Duke of Beja Perhaps Fathered Christopher Columbus

Summary: Secrets & Lies finds the Duke of Beja perhaps fathered Christopher Columbus, according to the documentary's DNA test of one of the duke's descendants.

Secrets & Lies finds the Duke of Beja perhaps fathered Christopher Columbus, according to a comparison of the deceased explorer's DNA with a DNA test conducted on one of the duke's living descendants, the Duke of Braganza, for the documentary.

American underwater explorer Dave Horner, American author and documentary filmmaker Paul Perry and Portuguese Canadian author, archaeologist and historian Carlos Evaristo examined the parentage of late 15th and early 16th century explorer Christopher Columbus (Catalan: Cristòfor Colom; Italian: Cristoforo Colombo; Portuguese: Cristóvão Colombo; Spanish: Cristóbal Colón; ca. 1446/1451-May 20, 1506) in their co-hosted documentary, "Secrets and Lies of Christopher Columbus." Released in 2018 by Sakkara Productions (United States) and Crown Pictures (Portugal), the documentary quested three conundrums pertaining to the explorer's birth, his possibly Jewish ethnicity and his hypothetical secret agenting for Portugal's King John II (Portuguese: João II; Spanish: Juan II de Portugal; March 3, 1455-Oct. 25, 1495).

Portuguese writer Patrocínio Ribeiro (July 9, 1882-Dec. 2, 1923) is credited as the first proposer of a noble Portuguese identity for Christopher Columbus. He presented his proposal in two publications: O Carácter Misterioso de Colombo e o problema da sua nacionalidade ("The Mysterious Character of Columbus and the Problem of His Nationality"), published in 1916, and A Nacionalidade Portuguesa de Cristovão Colombo ("The Portuguese Nationality of Christopher Columbus"), published posthumously in 1927. The three co-hosts of Secrets & Lies also reference Portuguese writer Augusto Mascarenhas Barreto (Augusto Cassiano Neves Mascarenhas de Andrade Barreto; Jan. 27, 1923-Jan. 3, 2017), who published the results of his decades-long research of Columbus in 1988 in O Português Cristóvão Colombo, Agente Secreto do Rei D. João II ("The Portuguese Christopher Columbus, Secret Agent of King John II").

Barreto concluded that the explorer's real birth name was Salvador Fernandes Zarco, and his birthplace was Cuba, Beja District (Distrito de Beja), Baixo Alentejo province (Província do Baixo Alentejo), southern Portugal. He was fathered by Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu and Beja (Fernando, Infante de Portugal, Duque de Beja e Duque de Viseu; Nov. 17, 1433-Sep. 18, 1470), already married, since 1447, to Beatrice of Portugal (Beatriz de Portugal; June 13, 1430-Sep. 30, 1506). His unmarried mother was Isabel Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara, a daughter of João Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara (ca. 1390-Nov. 21, 1471), the Portuguese explorer who co-discovered the northeastern Atlantic islands Porto Santo in 1418 and Madeira in 1419.

The Duke of Beja and his wife had founded The Royal Monastery of Our Lady of the Conception (O Real Mosteiro de Nossa Senhora da Conceição) in 1459, according to the website for the convent, now the Beja Regional Museum (Museu Regional de Beja). The duke, his wife and Diogo (Infante Diogo of Viseu (1450–1484), the second of their three sons, were buried in the convent, now the Beja Regional Museum (Museu Regional de Beja), also known as Museu Rainha D. Leonor, in honor of the duke's mother, Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal (Catalan: Elionor d'Aragó; Portuguese: Leonor de Aragão; May 2, 1402-Feb. 19, 1445).

The Secrets & Lies team aimed to retrieve the Duke of Beja's DNA. Evaristo's viewing the inside of the duke's marble sarcophagus with an endoscopic camera, rather than removing the heft lid, revealed the absence of remains. The empty sarcophagus surprised the team, as Evaristo noted the lack of any documented removal of the duke's remains.

Columbus's hypothesized paternal parentage placed him as grandson of Edward I, King of Portugal (Duarte I de Portugal; Oct. 31, 1391-Sep. 9, 1438), whose reign began Aug. 14, 1433. Duarte I reigned as the second member of the House of Aviz (Casa de Avis), also known as Joanine Dynasty (Dinastia Joanina). Duarte I was succeeded by his younger brother, Afonso V (Jan. 15, 1432-Aug. 28, 1481), who would have been Columbus's great uncle. Afonso V's son, John II (João II; March 3, 1455-Oct. 25, 1495), who reigned as the fourth Joanine monarch, would have been the explorer's first cousin once removed.

The hypothesized royal genealogy for Columbus impelled the three co-hosts of Secrets & Lies to seek DNA retrieval from a first or second generation relative of the Duke of Beja. Their DNA candidate, Miguel de Paz, Hereditary Prince of Portugal and Prince of Asturias (Miguel da Paz, Príncipe de Portugal e das Astúrias; Aug. 23, 1498-July 19, 1500), was the son of John II's first cousin and successor, Manuel I (May 31, 1469-Dec. 13, 1521). Unfortunately, their request for exhumation of Miguel de Paz from his lead-lined, marble sarcophagus in the Royal Chapel of Granada (Capilla Real de Granada) was denied.

Dom Duarte Pio (second right), Duke of Braganza, head of House of Braganza (Casa de Braganza), claimant to defunct Portuguese throne and possible relative of Christopher Columbus, with his wife, Isabel de Herédia (Isabel Inês de Castro Curvello de Herédia de Bragança; born Nov. 22, 1966), and their three children (left to right), Infante Dinis, Duke of Porto (born Nov. 25, 1999); Infanta Maria Francisca, Duchess of Coimbra (born March 3, 1997); eldest son Dom Afonso de Santa Maria (born 25 March 1996); Sintra, Greater Lisbon region, Portuguese Riviera, central Portugal: Monarquia Portuguesa, via Facebook Feb. 10, 2021

Despite two failed DNA retrievals in their attempts for Columbian genealogical matches, the three co-hosts received promising news from Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza (Portuguese: Duarte Pio de Bragança; born 15 May 1945), whose ancestry includes Columbus's possible father, Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu and Beja. The documentary's scientific collaborator, Professor José Antonio Lorente Acosta of southern Spain's University of Granada (Spanish: Universidad de Granada, UGR), had tested a sample of the Duke of Braganza's DNA. Professor Lorente, who has been researching Columbus's DNA since 2003, noted "some DNA connection" between the Duke of Braganza and Christopher Columbus.

The documentary on "Secrets and Lies of Christopher Columbus" concluded with the recognition of the uncleared, yet not dead-ended, mystery of Columbian ancestry and of the likelihood of continued research.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Fernando, Duke of Beja and suggested father of Christopher Columbus; portrait of Infante dô fernãdo by Portuguese miniaturist António de Holanda (1480?1556); decorative elements by João Menelau, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Infante_D._Fernando,_Duque_de_Viseu_(1433-1470)_-_Genealogia_de_D._Manuel_Pereira,_3.º_conde_da_Feira_(1534).png

"Is Christopher Columbus Who We Think He Is? / Secrets And Lies Of Columbus / Timeline." (1:11:40). Uploaded to YouTube Oct. 3, 2020, by Timeline -- World History Documentaries. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0yoVsZfypQ

For further information:

Barca, Antonio Jiménez. "A king without a kingdom." El País English Edition > Profile. Jan. 24, 2013.
Available @ https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2013/01/24/inenglish/1359033031_328531.html

Barreto, Augusto Mascarenhas. O Português Cristóvão Colombo, Agente Secreto do Rei D. João II. Lisboa [Lisbon, Portugal]: Referendo, 1988.

beja.com. "Conceição's Convent -- Regional Museum." beja.com > What to See?
Available @ https://beja.digital/en/65-conceicao-convent-regional-museum

Canelas, Lucinda. "Aqui viveram 'dois gangs' de freiras e uma mulher apaixonada." Público > Ípsilon > Património. 29 de Agosto de 2018 (Aug. 29, 2018).
Available @ https://www.publico.pt/2018/08/29/culturaipsilon/noticia/neste-conventomuseu-viveram-dois-gangues-de-freiras-e-uma-mulher-apaixonada-1842293

Fundação Histórico-Cultural Oureana. "Relics of Portuguese Saints May Solve Mystery of Columbus' Identity." Fundação Histórico-Cultural Oureana > Ano: 2021. May 19, 2021.
Available @ https://www.fundacaooureana.pt/2021/05/23/relics-of-portuguese-saints-may-solve-mystery-of-columbus-identity/

Google Arts & Culture. "Frontispiece of the tomb of Infante D. Fernando." Google Arts & Culture > Places > A-Z > P > Portugal > Batalha Monastery.
Available via Google Arts & Culture @ https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/frontispiece-of-the-tomb-of-infante-d-fernando-unidentified-artist/ogEPZ54pZOFJZw?hl=en

Google Arts & Culture. "Tomb of Infante D. Fernando -- Founder's Chapel. Batalha Monastery, Batalha, Portugal." Google Arts & Culture > Places > A-Z > P > Portugal > Batalha Monastery.
Available via Google Arts & Culture @ https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/tomb-of-infante-d-fernando-founder-s-chapel-unidentified-artist/hgEl2JWcz1yXcQ?hl=en

Holanda, António de; and João Menelau. Genealogia de D. Manuel Pereira, 3.º conde da Feira. 1534.
Available via Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo @ https://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=4187654
Available via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Genealogia_de_D._Manuel_Pereira,_3.º_conde_da_Feira

Laranjeira, Pedro. "Christopher Columbus: The Portuguese Who Discovered America." Pedro Laranjeira > Artigos > Colon.
Available @ https://laranjeira.com/artigos/colon/index-en.html#.Y31LfXbMKUl

Marriner, Derdriu. "Christopher Columbus's Wife Was Madeiran But Was He Really Genoese?" Earth and Space News. Thursday, Oct. 13, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/christopher-columbuss-wife-was-madeiran.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Ferdinand Columbus Biographized His Father as Italian But Born Where?" Earth and Space News. Thursday, Oct. 20, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/ferdinand-columbus-biographized-his.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Lombardy Associates With Columbus and His Wife's Great-Grandparents." Earth and Space News. Thursday, Oct. 27, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/lombardy-associates-with-columbus-and.html

Minster, Christopher. "Where Are the Remains of Christopher Columbus?" ThoughtCo > Humanities › History & Culture. Updated May 30, 2019.
Available @ https://www.thoughtco.com/where-are-christopher-columbus-remains-2136433

Monarquia Portuguesa. "Updated their cover photo." Facebook. Feb. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/561950930546209/posts/4942756205798971/

Nash, Elizabeth. "Portuguese village opens up new world of speculation as it lays claim to Columbus." Independent > News > World > Europe. Wednesday, Oct. 25, 2006.
Available @ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/portuguese-village-opens-up-new-world-of-speculation-as-it-lays-claim-to-columbus-421487.html

Ribeiro, Patrocínio. O Carácter Misterioso de Colombo e o problema da sua nacionalidade. Coimbra [Portugal]: Academia de Ciências de Portugal, Imprensa de Universidade, 1916.

Ribeiro, Patrocinio. A Nacionalidade Portuguesa de Cristovão Colombo. Lisboa [Portugal]: Livraria Renascença-J. Cardoso, 1927.

Ribeiro, Patrocinio. A Nacionalidade Portuguesa de Cristovão Colombo. The Portuguese Nationality of Christopher Columbus. Edição Bilingue. Lisboa [Portugal]: Fundação Lusíada, 1998.

Sood, Suemedha. "The mystery of Christopher Columbus’s legacy." BBC > Travel > History > Seville > Caribbean & Bermuda > Spain. Nov. 8, 2012.
Available @ https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20121107-the-mystery-of-christopher-columbuss-legacy

Timeline -- World History Documentaries. "Is Christopher Columbus Who We Think He Is? / Secrets And Lies Of Columbus / Timeline." YouTube. Oct. 3, 2020.
Available @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0yoVsZfypQ

Viela, José Stichini. Francisco de Holanda: Vida, Pensamento e Obra. Biblioteca Breve, volume 62. Lisboa: Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa Divisão de Publicações, Janeiro 1982.
Available via Scribd @ https://www.scribd.com/document/118256096/Francisco-de-Holanda-Vida-Pensamento-e-Obra

Williams, Carol J. "Columbus’ Remains Are a Bone of Contention." The Los Angeles Times > Archives. Dec. 3, 2003.
Available @ https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-dec-03-fg-columbus3-story.html

Wednesday, November 2, 2022

Tuesday, Nov. 8, 2022, Total Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Cycle 136

Summary: The Tuesday, Nov. 8, 2022, total lunar eclipse belongs to Saros cycle 136, a series of 72 similar lunar eclipses.

A penumbral eclipse on April 13, 1680, opened Saros cycle 136's lineup of 72 similar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment: Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The Tuesday, Nov. 8, 2022, total lunar eclipse belongs to Saros cycle 136, which comprises 72 lunar eclipses displaying similar geometries.

The Saros cycle links eclipses with similar geometries, such as occurrence at the same lunar node, which represents the crossing point of the moon's and Earth's orbits. Same Saros cycle eclipses evince an approximately similar distance from Earth and a similar time of occurrence in the year. The Saros cycle places similar eclipses into families, known as series.

Saros cycle 136 lunar eclipses occur at the moon's ascending node, which marks the point of the moon's crossing to the north of Earth's orbit. Each Saros cycle 136 lunar eclipse reveals the moon's southward movement with respect to the node.

A Saros cycle spans approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). Saros cycle 136 specifically lasts for 1280.14 years, according to the NASA Eclipse Web Site. Saros series 136's first eclipse appeared as a penumbral eclipse April 13, 1680, with the lunar passage through the northern edge of Earth's penumbra (the lighter, outer region of Earth's shadow). The cycle's 72nd and final eclipse will take place June 1, 2960, near the penumbra's southern edge.

Saros cycle 136's 72 lunar eclipses sequence as eight penumbral, seven partial, 27 total, eight partial and 22 penumbral. The cycle's first eight lunar eclipses, occurring as penumbral eclipses, began April 13, 1680, and ended June 30, 1806. Eclipses nine through 15 of the series appeared as partials, between July 11, 1824, and Sep. 14, 1932, respectively.

The Tuesday, Nov. 8, 2022, lunar eclipse falls within Saros 136 cycle's set of 27 total lunar eclipses. The set opened Tuesday, Sep. 26, 1950, as the set's first total lunar eclipse and as number 16 in the cycle's 72-member lineup. The set closes Sunday, July 7, 2419, with the set's 27th and last total lunar eclipse, which numbers as 42nd in Saros 136 cycle's 72-member lineup.

November's total lunar eclipse numbers as fifth of the set's 27 total lunar eclipses. November's total lunar eclipse occupies the 20th spot in the cycle's membership of 72 eclipses.

The Saros cycle 136 predecessor of November's total lunar eclipse was the total lunar eclipse of Thursday, Oct. 28, 2004. The October 2004 total lunar eclipse numbered as 19 in Saros 136 cycle's 72-member lineup and as fourth in the cycle's 27-member set of total eclipses.

The Saros cycle 136 successor of the Tuesday, Nov. 8, 2022, total lunar eclipse will be the total lunar eclipse of Sunday, Nov. 18, 2040. The November 2040 event numbers as 21st in Saros 136 cycle's 72-member lineup and as sixth in the cycle's 27-member set of total eclipses.

The eclipse predictions by now-retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak and Belgian mathematical astronomer Jean Meeus on NASA’s Eclipse Web Site identify the Friday, April 21, 2293, total lunar eclipse's duration of 01 hour 41 minutes 23 seconds as the longest lasting in the Saros 136 cycle's set of 27 total lunar eclipses. The April 2293 total lunar eclipse numbers as the 35th of the Saros 136 cycle's 72-member lineup and as the 20th in the total lunar eclipse set of 27.

Saros 136 cycle's fourth set, comprising eight partial lunar eclipses, follows the cycle's set of 27 total lunar eclipses. The fourth set, which sequences as the cycle's second of two partial eclipse sets, opens Saturday July 18, 2437. The July 2437 partial lunar eclipse numbers as the 43rd in the cycle's 72-member lineup. The fourth set ends with the Monday, Oct. 3, 2563, partial lunar eclipse, which numbers as the 50th of the Saros 136 cycle's 72-member lineup.

Saros 136 cycle's first and second sets of partial lunar eclipse claim the longest and shortest lasting partial lunar eclipses, respectively. The partial lunar eclipse of Wednesday, Sep. 14, 1932, had a length of 03 hours 23 minutes 58 seconds. Saros 136 cycle's 15th and last partial lunar eclipse, occurring Monday, Oct. 3, 2563, will have a brevity of 58 minutes 12 seconds.

Saros 136 cycle's second set of penumbral eclipses numbers as the cycle's fifth and last set. The set of 22 penumbral eclipses opens Saturday, Oct. 13, 2581, with the 51st of the cycle's 72-member lineup. The set closes Sunday, June 1, 2960, with the cycle's 72nd and last eclipse.

Saros 136 cycle's first and second sets of penumbral eclipses claim the longest and shortest lasting penumbral lunar eclipses, respectively. The first set's Monday, June 30, 1806, penumbral eclipse had a length of 4 hours 43 minutes 33 seconds. The June 1806 eclipse closed the cycle's first set of penumbral eclipses and numbered as the eighth of the cycle's 72-member lineup. The Sunday, June 1, 2960 penumbral lunar eclipse, which closed Saros 136 as the cycle's 30th and last penumbral eclipse and as the cycle's 72nd and last member, will have a brevity of 46 minutes 6 seconds.

The takeaways for the Tuesday, Nov. 8, 2022, total lunar eclipse's belonging to Saros cycle 136 are that the event numbers as the fifth of the cycle's 27 total lunar eclipses and that the November 2022 total lunar eclipse occurs as the 20th in the cycle's 72-member lineup.

A penumbral eclipse on June 1, 2960, will close Saros cycle 136 as the cycle's 72nd and last member: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment: Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

Espenak, Fred. "Key to Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEsaros/LEsaroscatkey.html

Espenak, Fred. "Partial 1824 Jul 11." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipse Catalogs > Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1801-1900/LE1824-07-11P.gif

Espenak, Fred. "Partial 1932 Sep 14." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipse Catalogs > Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1901-2000/LE1932-09-14P.gif

Espenak, Fred. "Partial 2437 Jul 18." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipse Catalogs > Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2401-2500/LE2437-07-18P.gif

Espenak, Fred. "Partial 2563 Oct 03." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipse Catalogs > Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2501-2600/LE2563-10-03P.gif

Espenak, Fred. "Penumbral 1680 Apr 13." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipse Catalogs > Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1601-1700/LE1680-04-13N.gif

Espenak, Fred. "Penumbral 2581 Oct 13." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipse Catalogs > Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2501-2600/LE2581-10-13N.gif

Espenak, Fred. "Penumbral 2960 Jun 01." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipse Catalogs > Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2901-3000/LE2960-06-01N.gif

Espenak, Fred. "Penumbral (T)1806 Jun 30." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipse Catalogs > Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1801-1900/LE1806-06-30N.gif

Espenak, Fred. "Saros Series 136." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipse Catalogs > Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEsaros/LEsaros136.html

Espenak, Fred. "Total 1950 Sep 26." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipse Catalogs > Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1901-2000/LE1950-09-26T.gif

Espenak, Fred. "Total 2004 Oct 28." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipse Catalogs > Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2004-10-28T.gif

Espenak, Fred. "Total 2040 Nov 18." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipse Catalogs > Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2040-11-18T.gif

Espenak, Fred. "Total 2293 Apr 21." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipse Catalogs > Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2201-2300/LE2293-04-21T.gif

Espenak, Fred. "Total 2419 Jul 07." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipse Catalogs > Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2401-2500/LE2419-07-07T.gif

Espenak, Fred. "Total Lunar Eclipse of 2022 Nov 08." EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Recent and Upcoming Lunar Eclipses > Decade Tables of Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipses: 2021-2030.
Available @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2001-2100/LE2022Nov08Tprime.html

Espenak, Fred. "Total Lunar Eclipse of 2022 Nov 08." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Decade Long Tables of Past and Future Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipses: 2021-2030.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEplot/LEplot2001/LE2022Nov08T.pdf

Marriner, Derdriu. "Nov. 8 Total Lunar Eclipse Is Second of Two 2022 Total Lunar Eclipses." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Oct. 26, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/nov-8-total-lunar-eclipse-is-second-of.html

Tuesday, November 1, 2022

Snjóblinda, Anglicized Snowblind, Archives Icelandic Names and Words

Summary: Snjóblinda, anglicized Snowblind, first thriller in the Dark Iceland sextet authored by Ragnar Jónasson, archives Icelandic names and words.

Attorney and author Ragnar Jónasson achieves an admirable fluency in spoken and written English and Icelandic. The Dark Iceland sextet, the Hidden Iceland trilogy and the Stand-Alone single (and its anticipated duo and trio articulations) nevertheless act generously as Icelandic-English vocabulary lists what with their abundant Icelandic names and words. Their readers quickly arrive at a linguistic comfort zone where they no longer announce, Ég tala ekki Íslensku ("I don't speak Icelandic"): Silje Bergum Kinsten/norden.org, CC BY 2.5 Denmark, via Wikimedia Commons

Snjóblinda, anglicized Snowblind, first thriller in the Dark Iceland sextet about Siglufjörður (Romanized Siglufjördur) Detective Inspector Ari Thór Arason by author Ragnar Jónasson, archives Icelandic names and words for Icelandic-English vocabulary lists.

Book one boasts names borne on Mannanafnanefnd (Icelandic Naming Committee, Personal Names Committee, “Man Name Committee” literally) name lists, 17 to 18 years old in 2008-2009. Anna ("mercy") Einarsdóttir (“one-army’s daughter”), Guðrún (Romanized Gudrún, “god secret”), Kristín (“Christ-bearer”), Nína ("goddess") Arnardóttir (“eagle-warrior’s daughter”) and Rosalinda (“famous/flowering lime-tree [Tilia spp]") conjure feminine names. So do Sandra (Sandy, little Alexandra [“little defender of man[kind]”), Snjólaug (“snow bath”), Sonja (“wisdom”) and Ugla (“[short-eared] owl, Asio flammeus flammeus [“horned owl flame-colored”] scientifically).

Agúst (“great, magnificent, venerable”), Ari Thór Arason (“eagle thunder eagle’s son”), Arni (“eagle” or “fireplace”?), Eiríkur (“one kingdom”) and Gunni (“battle”) endure as masculine personal names.

Hlynur (“maple tree [Acer spp]”), Hrólfur (“glory wolf”) Kristjánsson (“Christian’s son”) and Karl (“army”) Steindór (“stone thunder”) Einarsson (“one-army’s son”) likewise figure as masculine personal names.

Leifur (“heir”), Mads (“god’s gift) and Pálmi (“[hand’s] palm” or “palm tree [Arecaceae family]” or “Pole”?) Pálsson (“humble, little [one’s] son”) get grouped as masculine names. Thorsteinn (“thunder stone”), Tómas (“twin”) and Úlfur (“wolf”) Steinsson (“stone’s son”) harvest the masculine status that Gunnlaugur Blöndal and Jóhannes Kjarval hold as real-person personal names. Gunnlaugur (“battle-dedicated”) Blöndal (Aug. 27, 1893-July 28, 1962) and Jóhannes (“God is gracious”) Sveinsson (“boy’s son”) Kjarval (Oct. 15, 1885-April 13, 1972) invoke cryptic last names.

Þormóðsgata (Romanized Thormódsgata, Thormod’s Street, “thunder courage, mind, spirit, wrath” literally), albeit as namesake road, in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind, joins other masculine Icelandic names and words.

Siglufjördur locals and tourists know Aðalgata (Romanized Adalgata, “main road”), Eyrargata (“gravel-bank road”), Gránugata (“gray road”) and Hólavegur (“hillock way”) as among eight main downtown streets.

Hvanneyrarbraut (“gravel-bank way”), Norðurgata (Romanized Nordurgata, “north road”) and Suðurgata (Romanized Sudurgata, “south road”) lead respectively northward out of town, northward-southward and southward out of town. Héðinsfjarðargöng (Romanized Hédinsfjardargöng, Hédinsfjördur Tunnel, "fur/skin-jacket fjord tunnel”) and Ólafsfjarðargöng (Romanized Ólafsfjardargöng, Ólafsfjördur Tunnel, “ancestor-legacy fjord tunnel”) move through Ólafsfjördur, to Akureyri (“sandbank field”) and back. Or Siglufjördur commuters negotiate the 1967-built Strákagöng (Strákar Tunnel, “boy passage”), one-lane like the 1991-built Ólafsfjördur Tunnel, unlike the 2010-built Hédinsfjördur Tunnel, to Akureyri and back.

Sauðárkrókur (Romanized Saudárkrókur, “sheep river hook”) airport, 60 miles (96.45 kilometers) from Siglufjördur (“sailing fjord”), offers the closest airstrip for direct flights from Reykjavík (“smoky bay”).

Höfuðborgarsvæðið (Romanized Höfudborgarsvædid, Greater Reykjavík, “The Capital Region”) plies people southward to Keflavík (“driftwood bay”) airport and Kópavogur (“seal pup inlet”), westward to Öldugata (“century street”).

Downtown Reykjavík and downtown Siglufjördur respectively quarter quaint, quintessential views of 914-meter- (2,998.69-foot-) high Mount Esja (“clay”) and the bowl-shaped hollow of Mount Hvanneyrarskal (“gravel-bank mountain”). Saudárkrókur flights reach Reykjavík, Reykjavík flights reach Keflavík for such international destinations as Árósar (Aarhus, “river-mouth”) and Kaupmannahöfn (Copenhagen, “merchants[’] port”) in Danmörk (Denmark, “Danes[’] borderland”). They seek such other international destinations as Ósló (Oslo, “foothill meadow”), Noregur (Norway, “north way”), and Stokkhólmur (Stockholm, “log islet”), Svíþjóð (Romanized Svíthjód, Sweden, “Swede[s’] nation”).

Austurvöllur (“east lawn”) Square, through weekly protests, Oct. 11, 2008-Jan. 24, 2009, against economic troubles, turns up among Icelandic names and words in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind.

An accidental death Jan. 9, 2009, and a self- or third party-inflicted assault Jan. 14, 2009, afflict the Siglufjörður (Romanized Siglufjördur, "mast, sailing fjord") area even as weekly protests from Oct. 11, 2008 through Jan. 24, 2009, about Icelandic banking and financial arrangements, at Austurvöllur (“east lawn”) Square aggrieve Höfuðborgarsvæðið (Romanized Höfudborgarsvædid, Greater Reykjavík, “The Capital Region”). The protesters assembled Jan. 21, 2009, burning the Christmas tree gifted annually by Norway appals Hlynur (“maple tree [Acer spp]”), police-station acquaintance of Ari ("eagle"") Thór ("thunder") Arason ("eagle's son"), since he asserts that nobody ever attacks the Christmas tree gifted annually to Siglufjördur by Denmark; Nov. 8, 2008, image of Week 5 Protesting at Austurvöllur: OddurBen, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

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