Earth and Space News

Sunday, January 3, 2021

Orange Bluet Damselfly Habitats: Orange Body, Side-Lined Small Eyespot

Summary: North American orange bluet damselfly habitats from Canada to Mexico get orange side-lined, small eyespots on black, blue, green, orange, yellow bodies.

male orange bluet damselfly (Enallagma signatum); Julie Metz Neabsco Creek Wetlands Preserve, Woodbridge, Prince William County, Northern Virginia; Saturday, Sep. 7, 2013: Judy Gallagher (judygva), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

North American orange bluet damselfly habitats augment cultivation along water and naturalism within Atlantic and Gulf distribution ranges from Nova Scotia through Mexico, Colorado, South Dakota, Minnesota and Quebec and everywhere in-between.

Orange bluets bear their common name for blue and orange colors and the scientific name Enallagma signatum (together [in ovipositing] damselfly marked [with black and orange]). Common names confirm scientific consensus in the Dragonfly Society of the Americas, whose first membership came from Canada, Mexico, Netherlands, United Kingdom and the United States. Descriptions in 1861 by Hermann August Hagen (May 30, 1817-Nov. 9, 1893), nephew-in-law of mineralogist Franz Ernst Neumann (Sept. 11, 1798-May 23, 1895), drive scientific designations.

Orange bluet damselfly life cycles expect clean or polluted, sandy lakes and ponds and slow-flowing rivers and streams with emergent, floating and submergent, waterside woody vegetation.

January through December function as optimal southernmost flight seasons even though July through August furnish wildlife mapping opportunities in all North American orange bluet damselfly niches.

Mature male orange bluet damselflies go to foraging, patrolling, pre-mating perches on algal mats, emergent vegetation, floating debris and waterside edges of grass and sedge beds. They head to conspicuous perches or hover low over open water on overcast days between midday and dark before hiding in tree roosts away from water. They imitate other, related gleaning pond damsels in immobilizing within black-striped orange legs and lower lips flushed or opportunistic, low-flying or low-lying, paused or pursued prey.

Ants, biting midges, ducks, falcons, fish, flycatchers, frogs, grebes, lizards, robber flies, spiders, turtles and water beetles and mites jeopardize North American orange bluet damselfly habitats.

Immature orange bluets keep to pale blue-colored, small sizes even though mature females and males know respectively blue, green, orange or yellow and bright orange colors.

Incomplete metamorphosis links rod-shaped eggs laid in subsurface or surface algae, grasses or water lilies, multi-molting, nonflying larvae, naiads or nymphs and molted pale blue tenerals. Shiny-winged, soft-bodied, weak-flying tenerals manage colors and sexual maturation within 12 days before mating within three weeks and manipulating eggs into ovipositing sites within 20 minutes. Bluet members of the Coenagrionidae pond damsel family need aphids, beetles, borers, caddisflies, copepods, crane flies, dobsonflies, gnats, leafhoppers, mosquitoes, rotifers, scuds, water fleas and worms.

North American orange bluet damselfly habitats offer season-coldest temperatures, northward to southward, from minus 45 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 42.11 to minus 1.11 degrees Celsius).

Beech, bellflower, birch, bladderwort, cattail, daisy, grass, greenbrier, heath, laurel, madder, maple, nettle, olive, pepperbush, pine, pondweed, rush, sedge, water-lily and willow families promote orange bluets.

Black abdomens, black-lined, wide-striped midlines and shoulders, blue, green, orange or yellow heads, sides, thoraxes and tips and brown-green-tan eyes qualify as adult female hallmarks. Adult males reveal bars between two small eyespots, black-striped, wide-lined midlines and shoulders, black-striped orange faces, orange eyes, sides, thoraxes and tips and orange-ringed black abdomens. Adults show off 1.10- to 1.46-inch (28- to 37-millimeter) head-body lengths, 0.91- to 1.18-inch (23- to 30-millimeter) abdomens and 0.59- to 0.83-inch (15- to 21-millimeter) hindwings.

North American orange bluet damselfly habitats transmit blue, green, orange or yellow on black and brown, orange on black and small eyespots on orange side-to-side lines.

male orange bluet damselfly (left) and female orange bluet damselfly (right); Leesylvania State Park, Woodbridge, Prince William County, Northern Virginia; Wednesday, June 13, 2012: Judy Gallagher (judygva), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Abbott, John C. Dragonflies and Damselflies of Texas and the South-Central United States: Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma and New Mexico. Princeton NJ; Oxford UK: Princeton University Press, 2005.

Beaton, Giff. Dragonflies & Damselflies of Georgia and the Southeast. Athens GA; London UK: University of Georgia Press, 2007.

Berger, Cynthia. Dragonflies. Mechanicsburg PA: Stackpole Books: Wild Guide, 2004.

Bright, Ethan. "Enallagma signatum (Hagen, 1861: 84 as Agrion) - Orange Bluet (syn.) Agrion dentiferum Walsh, 1863: 236." Aquatic Insects of Michigan > Odonata (Dragon- and Damselflies) of Michigan > Zygoptera Selys, 1854 > Coenagrionidae, Kirby, 1890 (Pond Damselflies) > Enallagma Selys, 1875 (Bluets).
Available @ http://www.aquaticinsects.org/sp/Odonata/sp_oom.html

"Enallagma signatum." James Cook University-Medusa: The Odonata - Dragonflies and Damselflies > Zygoptera > Coenagrionidae > Enallagma.
Available via James Cook University-Medusa @ https://medusa.jcu.edu.au/Dragonflies/openset/displaySpecies.php?spid=3686

Hagen, Hermann. "19. A. signatum! Agrion signatum Hagen!" Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America. With a List of the South American Species: 84. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. IV, art. I. Translated from Latin to English by Philip Reese Uhler. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, July 1861.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1321221
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/aeu.ark:/13960/t32241f34?urlappend=%3Bseq=119

Paulson, Dennis. Dragonflies and Damselflies of the East. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, Princeton Field Guides, 2011.

Root, Francis Metcalf. "Notes on Dragonflies (Odonata) from Lee County, Georgia, with a Description of Enallagma dubium, New Species: Enallagma dubium, new species." Entomological News and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. XXXV, no. 9 (November 1924): 321-324. Philadelphia PA: The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1924.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2600746

"The 2012 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map." The National Gardening Association > Gardening Tools > Learning Library USDA Hardiness Zone > USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map.
Available @ https://garden.org/nga/zipzone/2012/

Walsh, Benj. D. (Benjamin Dann). "Observations on Certain N. A. Neuroptera, by H. Hagen, M.D., of Koenigsberg, Prussia; Translated from the Original French MS., and Published by Permission of the Author, with Notes and Descriptions of About Twenty New N. A. Species of Pseudoneuroptera: A. dentiferum n. sp.? (= signatum Hagen?)." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, vol. 2, no. 3 (October-December, 1863): 236-238. Philadelphia PA: The Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 1863.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3781449
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924061341735?urlappend=%3Bseq=260

Saturday, January 2, 2021

Kokio Keokeo Oahu White Hibiscus Allies Magnum's Bad Day and Farewell

Summary: Kokio keokeo Oahu white hibiscus allies Season One Magnum's Bad Day to be a Hero and Season Two Magnum's Farewell to Love, rerun Jan. 1, 2021.

Hibiscus arnottianus subsp. arnottianus (Aloalo, hau hele, kokio kea, kokio keokeo, pamakani; respectively from Hawaiian 'alo'alo, "[general term for] hibiscus"; hau hele, "hibiscus to move [to Hawaii by early Hawaiians]"; koki'o kea, "hibiscus white"; koki'o ke'oke'o, "hibiscus clear white"; pāmakani, "hibiscus, violet [Viola chamissoniana]); Waiehu, West Maui; Monday, Aug. 3, 2009, 11:14:08: Forest & Kim Starr, CC BY 4.0 International, via Starr Environmental

Kokio keokeo Oahu white hibiscus allies Season One Magnum's Bad Day to be a Hero Dec. 10, 2018, and Season Two Magnum's Farewell to Love Apr. 17, 2020, rerun Jan. 1, 2021.

Writer Ashley Charbonnet broaches broken-hearted love in the first season's 10th episode and, with Alfredo Barrios Jr., in the second season's 16th episode, series' 36th overall. Tenth-episode director Lin Oeding centers emotional crises around poker game hostess Toni (Jamie-Lynn Sigler) choosing mainland careers over King Kamehameha Club manager Rick Wright (Zachary Knighton). Thirty-sixth-episode director Bronwen Hughes directs Teresa (Meagan Holder), hometown love of Theodore Calvin (Stephen Hill), to honeymoon drinks with Andy (Philip I. Martin) at Rick's bar.

Mainland existences endanger enduring emotions for Teresa more than for Toni, who entrusts Rick with her houseplant, one of the world's exclusively, exquisitely fragrant, white hibiscuses.

The five-plus-year-lived Malvaceae (from Latin malva, "mallow" and -āceae, "resembling") family member forms from brown-yellow, fuzzy, 0.13-inch- (0.32-centimeter-) long seeds germinatable within three to nine days.

Brown or yellow, papery, ripe 0.5- to 1.0-inch (1.27- to 2.54-centimeter) capsules gape open so that their seeds germinate on the ground below or get wildlife-dispersed. Branch ends harbor single flowers whose calyxes (from Greek κάλυξ, "husk") hedge anthers on spreading filamentous tips, capsules within sepals and staminate columns within flaring petals. Four-inch (10.16-centimeter) diameter arnottianus and punaluuensis subspecies versus immaculatus subspecies flowers respectively impart pink, pink-white, white fragrances to red stamens versus white fragrance to white stamens.

Development, grazers and invasives jeopardize kokio keokeo Oahu white hibiscus, Hibiscus arnottianus (from Greek βίσκος, "marsh mallow"; for George Walker-Arnott [Feb. 6, 1788-June 17, 1868]) scientifically.

Arnottianus 1.5- to 4-inch- (3.81- to 10.16-centimeter-) and punaluuensis 4- to 10-inch- (10.16- to 25.4-centimeter-) long oval leaves keep smooth upper-sides and smooth to semi-toothed edges.

Four- to 12-inch- (10.15- to 30.48-centimeter-) long, round-tooth-edged immaculatus (from Latin in, "without" and maculō, "stain") leaves look red-stemmed and red-veined like arnottianus and punaluuensis subspecies. Arnottianus, monitored by Asa Gray (Nov. 18, 1810-Jan. 30, 1888), manages 390- to 2,500-foot (118.87- to 762-meter) altitudes above Waianae (from Hawaiian wai'anae, "mullet waters") coastlines. Punaluuensis, noted by Carl Skottsberg (Dec. 1, 1880-June 14, 1963) and David Bates, nets 650- to 2,200-foot (198.13- to 670.56-meter) Koolau (from Hawaiian ko’olau, "windward") altitudes.

Immaculatus, organized by Sister Margaret James Roe (June 12, 1925-Nov. 15, 2003) and David Bates, observe 50- to 1,600-foot (15.24- to 487.68-meter) coastal northeastern Molokai altitudes.

Mature arnottianus subspecies of Oahu (from Hawaiian o’ahu, "gathering place") present 15- to 30-foot (4.58- to 9.14-meter) heights and 20- to 25-foot (6.09- to 7.62-meter) spreads.

Mature punaluuensis (from Hawaiian punalu’u, "coral dived for [from steep sea cliffs at Punalu’u]") subspecies qualify for 15- to 20-foot (4.58- to 6.09-meter) heights and spreads. Punaluuensis subspecies remain upright, unlike open to airy to compact arnottianus and punaluuensis habits, at 5- to 10-foot (1.53- to 3.05-meter) mature heights, spacing and spreads. All three survive annual 100-inch (2,540-millimeter) rainfall; lowest cold-weather temperature above 20 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 6.6 degrees Celsius); and sunny, well-drained soil pHs 6.1 to 7.5.

Theodore never tells Teresa about Rick's kokio keokeo Oahu white hibiscus, transmissible as 4- to 6-inch (10.16- to 15.24-centimeter), 0.25-inch (0.64-centimeter) diameter air-layered, grafted, semi-hardwood cuttings.

Thomas Magnum (Jay Hernandez) and Juliet Higgins (Perdita Weeks) sign on to a romantic tour in order to surveille possibly unfaithful spouses but end up with a murder investigation in Magnum PI's Farewell to Love (season 2 episode 16): What2Vue @What2Vue, via Twitter April 14, 2020

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

"Bad Day to be a Hero." Magnum PI: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Dec. 10, 2018.

Bates, David M. 1990. "1. Hibiscus arnottianus A.Gray." Pages 882-883. In: Warren L. Wagner, Derral R. Herbst and S. H. Sohmer, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i. Volume 1. Section 64 Malvaceae: Mallow Family. Part 3. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. Honolulu HI: University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press.
Available @ http://www.hibiscusworld.com/Hawaii/part2.htm

Bornhorst, Heidi Leianuenue. 2005. Growing Native Hawaiian Plants: A How-To Guide for the Gardener. Revised Edition. Honolulu HI: Bess Press, Inc.

"David Martin Bates Botanist, Educator." Prabook.
Available @ https://prabook.com/web/david_martin.bates/3443720

"Farewell to Love." Magnum: The Second Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, April 17, 2020.

Garrett. 23 October 2013. "Kokio Kea." Hawaiian Native Plants > Hawaiian Plants > Our Plants > Select Plant.
Available @ https://hawaiiannativeplants.com/ourplants/kokio-kea/

Garrett. 31 October 2013. "Kokiokeokeo." Hawaiian Native Plants > Hawaiian Plants > Our Plants > Select Plant.
Available @ https://hawaiiannativeplants.com/ourplants/kokiokeokeo/

Garrett. 31 October 2013. "Pualoalo." Hawaiian Native Plants > Hawaiian Plants > Our Plants > Select Plant.
Available @ http://hawaiiannativeplants.com/ourplants/pualoalo/

Gray, Asa. 1854. "11. Hibiscus Arnottianus, Gray." United States Exploring Expedition. During the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Vol. XV. Botany. Phanerogamia by Asa Gray, M.D. With a Folio Atlas of 100 Plates. Part 1. Volume 15: 176-178. Philadelphia PA: C. Sherman.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40382365 Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6cuA_2Zcbb4C/page/n187/mode/1up

Herring, E. "Hibiscus arnottianus." University of Hawaii at Manoa > College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources > Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. Last updated 9 August 2001.
Available @ https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/hawnprop/plants/hib-arno.htm

HiHort. 6 October 2011. "Kokio keokeo - Hibiscus arnottianus - A Native White Hibiscus." Hawaii Horticulture: A Blog About Gardening and Plants in Hawaii. Originally published in Hawaii Horticulture December 1998, Vol. 1, No. 12.
Available @ https://www.blogger.com/profile/17353866086035537945

"Hibiscus arnottianus (Hawaiian White Hibiscus)." Gardenia > Plant Types > Shrubs, Trees.
Available @ https://www.gardenia.net/plant/hibiscus-arnottianus

"Hibiscus arnottianus subsp. arnottianus." Native Plants Hawai'i > Browse Plants > Listing of Native Hawaiian Plants.
Available @ http://nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Hibiscus_arnottianus_arnottianus

"Hibiscus arnottianus subsp. immaculatus." National Tropical Botanical Garden > Meet the Plants. Copyright 2019.
Available @ https://ntbg.org/database/plants/detail/hibiscus-arnottianus-ssp-immaculatus

"Hibiscus arnottianus subsp. immaculatus." Native Plants Hawai'i > Browse Plants > Listing of Native Hawaiian Plants.
Available @ http://nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Hibiscus_arnottianus_immaculatus

"Hibiscus arnottianus subsp. punaluuensis." Native Plants Hawai'i > Browse Plants > Listing of Native Hawaiian Plants.
Available @ http://nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Hibiscus_arnottianus_punaluuensis

"Hibiscus Species, Hawaiian White Hibiscus. Native White Rose Mallow, Pamakani: Hibiscus arnottianus." Dave's Garden.
Available @ https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/41274/

"Koki'o." Kapi'olani Community College > Campus Tour > Native Hawaiian Plants.
Available via Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20090818200720/http://old.kcc.hawaii.edu/campus/tour/plants/pkokio.htm

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2020. "Barking Sands Beach and Magnum's No Way Out Sometimes Are Under Attack." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/barking-sands-beach-and-magnums-no-way.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2020. "Kiawe Trees Perhaps Ally Magnum's Easy Money With the Niihau Incident." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/kiawe-trees-perhaps-ally-magnums-easy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 December 2020. "Ohelo Ai Hawaiian Blueberries Are Iconic for Magnum's Double Jeopardy." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/ohelo-ai-hawaiian-blueberries-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2020. "Lahaina Banyan Figs Are Not on Magnum’s The Day It All Came Together." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/lahaina-banyan-figs-are-not-on-magnums.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 November 2020. "Lauwiliwili Lemon Butterflyfish Attend Magnum’s Day the Past Came Back." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/lauwiliwili-lemon-butterflyfish-attend.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 August 2020. "Inamona Hawaiian Salted Nut Sauce Actuates Magnum’s Day of the Viper." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/inamona-hawaiian-salted-nut-sauce.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 August 2020. "Kawailoa Activities Antedate Magnum’s Winner Takes All Jan. 20, 2019." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/kawailoa-activities-antedate-magnums.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2020. "Konane Assuages, Like Chess on Magnum's Blood in the Water." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/konane-assuages-like-chess-on-magnums.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2020. "Uhi Hawaiian Tattoos Acquit Magnum's The Woman Who Never Died." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/uhi-hawaiian-tattoos-acquit-magnums.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 August 2020. "Hinahina Beach Heliotrope Abhors Bombs on Magnum’s Nowhere to Hide." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/hinahina-beach-heliotrope-abhors-bombs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 August 2020. "Lapis on Magnum’s Six Paintings Acts Like Silver on The Night Has Eyes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/lapis-on-magnums-six-paintings-acts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 May 2020. "'Uki'uki Hawaiian Lilies Aid Memory on Magnum PI's The Ties That Bind." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ukiuki-hawaiian-lilies-aid-memory-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 May 2020. "Orange Tabby Cats Act Like and Unlike Magnum's A Leopard on the Prowl." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/orange-tabby-cats-act-like-and-unlike.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 May 2020. "Mahoe Tree Fruits Are Sweet As Pies on Magnum's May the Best One Win." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/mahoe-tree-fruits-are-sweet-as-pies-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 May 2020. "Pioeoe Purple Rock Barnacles Age Ships on Magnum's I Saw the Sun Rise." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/pioeoe-purple-rock-barnacles-age-ships.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 May 2020. "Wahiawa Botanical Garden Awes As Magnum's A World of Troubles Alarms." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/wahiawa-botanical-garden-awes-as.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 April 2020. "Mamaki Tea, Not Coffee on Magnum's The Night Has Eyes, Aids Alertness." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/mamaki-tea-not-coffee-on-magnums-night.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 April 2020. "Tiger Mosquitoes Annoy Magnum's Death Is Only Temporary and Farewell to Love." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/tiger-mosquitoes-annoy-magnums-death-is.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2020. "Maui's Fishhook Manaiakalani Arrived After Magnum's Farewell to Love." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/mauis-fishhook-manaiakalani-arrived.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2020. "Olive Ridley Sea Turtles Are Helped by Magnum’s Murder Is Never Quiet." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/olive-ridley-sea-turtles-are-helped-by.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 April 2020. "Kamehameha Butterflies Perhaps Are on Magnum's Say Hello to Your Past." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/kamehameha-butterflies-perhaps-are-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 February 2020. "Hawaiian House Mice Are Not Playing Magnum's A Game of Cat and Mouse." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/hawaiian-house-mice-are-not-playing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2020. "Iliahi Forest Sandalwood Aims at What Magnum's Black Is the Widow Aims." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/iliahi-forest-sandalwood-aims-at-what.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2020. "Beach Naupaka Are Security Hedges for Magnum's Mondays Are For Murder." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/beach-naupaka-are-security-hedges-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2020. "Hoi Hawaiian Bitter Yams Are Symbols for Magnum's Desperate Measures." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/hoi-hawaiian-bitter-yams-are-symbols.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2019. "Kauna'oa Devil Dodder Abides Around Magnum's Day I Met the Devil." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/kaunaoa-devil-dodder-abides-around.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2019. "Kauna'oa Hawaiian Red Algae Affirm Aspects of Magnum's Blood Brothers." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/kaunaoa-hawaiian-red-algae-affirm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 November 2019. "Ka'upu Black-Footed Albatrosses Avert Magnum's A Bullet Named Fate." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/kaupu-black-footed-albatrosses-avert.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2019. "Maiapilo Hawaiian Capers Are Absent From Magnum's He Came by Night." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/maiapilo-hawaiian-capers-are-absent.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2019. "Lama Hawaiian Ebony Persimmon Augurs Magnum's Man in the Secret Room." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/lama-hawaiian-ebony-persimmon-augurs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 November 2019. "Milo Pacific Rosewood Applies Five-0's All Knowledge to Magnum's Lie." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/milo-pacific-rosewood-applies-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 October 2019. "Hawaiian Hoary Bats Acquit Five-0's Ghosts, Magnum's Make It 'Til Dawn." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/hawaiian-hoary-bats-acquit-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 October 2019. "Molassesgrass Appalls Five-0's Tiny Is the Flower, Magnum's Dead Inside." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/molassesgrass-appalls-five-0s-tiny-is.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2019. "Akohekohe Honeycreepers Attack Like Magnum PI's Knight Lasts Forever." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/akohekohe-honeycreepers-attack-like.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 October 2019. "Hawaiian Quilts Are More Cryptic Than Magnum PI's Honor Among Thieves." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/hawaiian-quilts-are-more-cryptic-than.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2019. "Ti Tree Root Okolehao Applies To Magnum PI's Payback Is For Beginners." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/ti-tree-root-okolehao-applies-to-magnum.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 September 2019. "Yellow Fever Mosquitoes Air a Killer on Magnum's A Kiss Before Dying." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/yellow-fever-mosquitoes-air-killer-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 September 2019. "Hawaii Mamo Feathers Are Like Gold Necklaces on Magnum's Die He Said." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/hawaii-mamo-feathers-are-like-gold.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 September 2019. "Koloa Maoli Hawaiian Ducks Are One Duck Less on Magnum's Sudden Death." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/koloa-maoli-hawaiian-ducks-are-one-duck.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 February 2019. "Makou Hawaiian Buttercups Add No Aconitine to Magnum's I, the Deceased." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
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Friday, January 1, 2021

Raisen Teak Forests Once Angled Around Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi

Summary: Raisen District teak forests once angled aesthetically around ancient Buddhist monuments at Sanchi Hill in central Raisen, Madhya Pradesh, central India.

1850 watercolor, General View of the Stupas at Sanchi, by 19th-century English archaeological surveyor and antiquities painter Frederick Charles Maisey (Aug. 27, 1925-Sept. 2, 1892), shows the Great Stupa on hilltop and Stupa 2 in forefront; British Library Online Gallery: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Raisen District teak forests once angled abundantly, aesthetically around the most ancient, 2,250-plus-year-old Buddhist monuments at Sanchi Hill above Sanchi Town at the center of Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh state, central India.

Sanchi Hill (from Sanskrit शान्ति, “calmness, pacification, quietism”) still bears its Buddhist monuments because of its mineral-bearing, stone-bound cliffs whose soils bad monsoonal weather barely budges. Raisen (royal residence, from Sanskrit राजन्, “king” and वासिनी, “abiding”) District soils contain black, kalmat; kalmat- and light-colored soyar-composed gray bhanwar; or two-soil bhanwar-colored, kalmat-colored domatya. They derive from teak forest leaf litter and tree roots delivering nutrients to soil food web members and designing anti-compaction, anti-waterlogging air and moisture pore spaces.

The tropical dry climate evens environmental extremes with annual average 49.21-inch (1,249.8-millimeter) rainfall and temperatures between 35.6 and 104 degrees Fahrenheit (2 and 40 degrees Celsius).

The Raisen District features coldest, hottest, wettest months and seasons as January, May and July and December through February, March through mid-June and mid-June through September.

Generous rainfall, soils and temperatures greet Sanchi Hill area locals and visitors with graceful woody-plant survivors of Raisen District teak forests (sagon locally, Tectona grandis scientifically). The Anacardiaceae (cashew) family, one of 20 Raisen District plant families, once had almondette (achar, Buchanania latifolia) and Indian ash (moyan, Lannea coromandelica) all over there. Annonaceae (soursop) and Burseraceae (torchwood) families inserted their sugar-apple (sitaphal, Annona squamosa) and Indian frankincense (salai, Boswellia serrata) members among Raisen District vegetation around Sanchi Hill.

The Combretaceae (white mangrove) family never jeopardized Buddhist monuments at Sanchi Hill with its arjun (koha, Terminalia arjuna) and axlewood (dhaora, Anogeissus latifolia) members journeying there.

Combretaceae and Dipterocarpaceae (resin-tree) families kept beach almond (bahera, Terminalia bellirica), Indian laurel (saj, Terminalia elliptica), ink-nut (harra, Terminalia chebula); and Philippine mahogany (sal, Shorea robusta).

Ebenaceae (ebony) and Fabaceae (bean) families located Coromandel ebony (tendu, Diospyros melanoxylon); Andaman redwood (biza, Pterocarpus marsupium), blackwood (shisham, Dalbergia latifolia) and cutch-tree (khair, Senegalia catechu). The Fabaceae family manifested its flame-of-the-forest (palas, Butea monosperman), golden shower (amaltash, Cassia fistula), gum arabic (babul, Vachellia nilotica) and Indian blackwood (anjan, Hardwickia binata) there. Fabaceae and Lythraceae loosestrife families respectively nestled tamarind (imli, Tamarindus indica), Ujjian-tree (uinsa, Ougeinia oojeinense), white-barked acacia (reonja, Vachellia leucophloea); and fire-flame (dhawai, Woodfordia fruticosa) there.

Lythraceae and Malvaceae (mallow) families once offered Buddhist monuments at Sanchi Hill their respective small-flowered crape-myrtle (lendia, Lagerstroemia parviflora) and linden-leaved mallow (dhaman, Grewia tiliaefolia) members.

Malvaceae, Meliaceae (mahogany) and Moraceae (mulberry) families presented silk-cotton (semal, Bombax ceiba); Indian redwood (rohan, Soymida febrifuga); banyan (bar, Ficus benghalensis) and bo-tree (pipal, Ficus religiosa).

Myrtaceae (myrtle), Phyllanthaceae (leaf-flower) and Piperaceae (pepper) families queued their black plum (jamun, Syzygium cumini), Indian gooseberry (aonla, Phyllanthus emblica) and black pepper (Piper nigrum) there. Male bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus); jujab (ghont, Ziziphus xylopyrus), jujube (ber, Ziziphus jujuba); and resin-tree (dikamali, Gardenia resinifera) represented Poaceae (grass), Rhamnaceae (buckthorn) and Rubiaceae (madder) families. Rubiaceae, Rutaceae (rue) and Sapotaceae (naseberry) families once sheltered their heart-leaf adina (haldu, Haldina cordifolia), stone-apple (bel, Aegle marmelos) and butter-tree (mahua, Madhura longifolia latifolia) there.

We treasure Buddhist monuments at Sanchi Hill thanks to rainfall, soils and temperatures tempered, tenderized and toughened by Raisen District teak forests and their woody-plant survivors.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Pencil, pen and ink and watercolour on paper, Gateway of the Buddhist Tope at Sanchi, by Scottish artist William Simpson (Oct. 28, 1823-Aug. 17, 1899); Victoria and Albert Museum: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Simpson_-_Gateway_of_the_Buddhist_Top_at_Sanchi.jpg

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